Lesson 215 - Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications, Single-Voltage Calculations and Connections

Second Year
Apprenticeship
Lesson 215 – Single-Phase

Transformers: Introduction, Types
and Applications, Single-Voltage
Calculations and Connections
Objectives
Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,
Single-Voltage Calculations and Connections
• 215.1 Describe the basic transformer terms and
theory.
• 215.2 Master calculations for single-phase,
single-voltage transformers.
• 215.3 Recognize transformer applications and use.
• 215.4 List transformer types as per NEC® 450
part II. Describe general information and
special considerations for dry-type
transformers.
…continued on next slide

© 2021 by IEC
All rights reserved 2
Objectives
• 215.5 Select single-phase transformer connection
diagrams. Master connections for single-
phase, single-voltage primary transformers.
• 215.6 Locate code requirements for transformers
as per Article 450 parts II and III.
© 2021 by IEC
215.1 Describe the Basic Transformer Terms and Theory.

• A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy

from one electrical circuit to another without changing
the frequency.
• This is accomplished using the principles of
electromagnetic induction.
• Usually, the energy transfer takes place with a change of
voltage from the input to the output.

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There are four basic parts of a transformer:

• Input connections
• Output connections
• Windings or coils
• Core

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• When an input voltage is

applied to the primary winding,
alternating current starts to
flow in the primary winding.
• As the current flows, a
changing magnetic field is set
up in the transformer core.
• As this magnetic field cuts
across the secondary winding,
alternating voltage is
produced in the secondary
winding.
© 2021 by IEC

Turns ratio is:
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 (𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭) 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬

=
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 (𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭) 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬

© 2021 by IEC

• The primary winding of a

step-up transformer has
fewer turns than the
secondary winding, with
the resultant secondary
voltage being higher than
the primary.
• The primary winding of a
step-down transformer has
more turns than the
secondary winding, so the
secondary voltage is lower
than the primary.
© 2021 by IEC
215.2 Master Calculations for Single-Phase, Single-Voltage Transformers.

• Transformers are frequently rated in kilovolt-amperes

(kVA or KVA), although there are other rating
designations.
• The rating enables you to calculate the maximum
current that a transformer can deliver to a load without
overheating.
• Knowing the ratings (power and voltage), the current
can be calculated.
Nameplate Power Rating (inVA)
Nameplate Current Rating ( in A) =
Nameplate Voltage Rating (inV )

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• Surges can be very damaging to transformers and other

electrical equipment.
• The basic impulse level (BIL) is a measure of the ability
of the transformer’s insulation system to withstand very
high-voltage, short-time surges.

© 2021 by IEC

• Efficiency is an indicator of how much you get out versus

how much you put in.
• Most of the energy provided to the primary of a
transformer is transferred to the secondary. However,
some energy is lost in the form of heat.
Formula for Transformer Efficiency:

Efficiency = Output Power / Input Power
or
% Efficiency = [Output Power ÷ Input Power] ´ 100

© 2021 by IEC

Copper Loss
• The copper windings, although a good conductor of
electricity, are not perfect conductors.
• One of the factors influencing copper loss is heat
generated by current flow (P = I2R).
• Resistance increases with an increase in temperature.
To minimize this problem, large electrical power
distribution transformers are often cooled by circulation
of water, forced air, or oil.

© 2021 by IEC

• Voltages in the core create eddy currents.

• Because eddy currents create heat in the core and do
not aid the induction process, they are a waste of
energy, referred to as eddy-current losses.

© 2021 by IEC

• Heat generated by losses must be removed to prevent

deterioration of the transformer’s insulation system and
the actual magnetic properties of the core.
• A transformer’s Insulation System Temperature
Classification states the maximum temperature
permitted in the hottest spot in the winding, at a
specified ambient temperature, usually 40°C.

© 2021 by IEC

• Transformers can use a number of methods to dissipate

heat. The method used depends primarily on the amount
of heat that needs to be dissipated and the application
surroundings.
• There are two main transformer design types to deal
with the problem: liquid-filled and dry.
© 2021 by IEC
215.3 Recognize Transformer Applications and Use.

• Power transformers are used at generating stations to

step up the generated voltage to high levels (115kV to
765kV) for transmission.
• Higher voltages are used for transmission because the
current levels are reduced.
• A power transformer’s rating is given in terms of the
secondaries’ maximum voltage and current-delivering
capacity.

© 2021 by IEC

• A distribution transformer is used to supply power to

customers.
• The transmission voltage is stepped down in a number
of steps, with the last step handled by the local pole-type
or pad-mounted (mounted on the ground) distribution
transformer.
• After all of these steps, the customer has access to
power at voltages needed for lighting and equipment.

© 2021 by IEC

• The autotransformer is a special type of power

transformer.
• It consists of a single, continuous winding that is tapped
on one side to provide either a step-up or step-down
function.

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• Unlike a conventional two-winding transformer, which

has the primary and secondary completely insulated
from each other, the autotransformer’s windings are both
electrically and mechanically interconnected.

© 2021 by IEC

• For measuring high values of current or voltage, it is

desirable to use standard low-range measuring
instruments together with specially constructed
instrument transformers, also called accurate ratio
transformers.
• An accurate ratio transformer transforms at an accurate
ratio to allow an attached instrument to gauge the
current or voltage without actually running full power
through the instrument.

© 2021 by IEC

• A potential transformer is a carefully designed, extremely

accurate step-down transformer.
• These are frequently used for metering purposes.

© 2021 by IEC

• Sometimes a transformer is used to supply “clean

power” to sensitive electronic equipment, such as
computers.
• These are referred to as isolation transformers, because
a system neutral is created on the secondary.
© 2021 by IEC
List Transformer Types as per NEC® 450 Part II. Describe General
215.4 Information and Special Considerations for Dry-Type Transformers.

• Standard, ventilated indoor transformers are supplied

with NEMA Type 2 enclosures.
• This automatically qualifies them for any NEMA 1
specification.
• Most can be converted to NEMA 3R with the addition of
weathershield accessories.

© 2021 by IEC
List Transformer Types as per NEC® 450 Part II. Describe General
215.4 Information and Special Considerations for Dry-Type Transformers.

• Type 1 Enclosures are intended for indoor use,

primarily to provide a degree of protection against
contact with the enclosed equipment.
• Type 2 Enclosures are intended for indoor use,
primarily to provide a degree of protection against limited
amounts of falling water and dirt.
• Type 3R Enclosures are intended for outdoor use,
primarily to provide a degree of protection against falling
rain, sleet, and external ice formation.
© 2021 by IEC
Select Single-Phase Transformer Connection Diagrams. Master
215.5 Connections for Single-Phase, Single-Voltage Primary Transformers.

• The output voltage is determined by the voltage ratio.

• This voltage ratio is determined from the nameplate
ratings.
• We use this ratio to determine the actual output voltage
on the secondary when something less than the rated
voltage is applied to the primary.
The formula for voltage ratio is:

Erated primary ÷ Erated secondary = voltage ratio = V.R.

© 2021 by IEC

• The ratio of primary current to secondary current is

inversely proportional to the voltage ratio.
• Assuming that Pprimary = Psecondary, we can rewrite this
using Ohm’s Law equivalents.
The formulas for primary and secondary currents are:

Ppri = Ipri ´ Epri
and
Psec = Isec ´ Esec

© 2021 by IEC

• When the primary voltage (Epri) increases, the primary

current (Ipri) decreases.
• Likewise, when the secondary voltage (Esec) increases,
the secondary current (Isec) decreases since Psec is a
constant value and is equal to Ppri.

© 2021 by IEC

Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio

• Be extremely careful when using tap connections in
transformers!
• If you apply too much voltage to the primary winding,
you will damage it.
• If you connect loads to a voltage that is too high, you will
damage those.
© 2021 by IEC
Locate Code Requirements for Transformers as per Article 450
215.6 Parts II and III.

• Discuss specific provisions of different types of

transformers.
• Discuss specifics of transformer vaults.
• Focus on NEC® Article 450 parts II and III.
© 2021 by IEC
215 Safety Information

Transformer Safety includes:
• Follow any and all of the manufacturer’s instructions that
are included with every transformer.
• Danger warning from an instruction sheet packaged with
a transformer:
© 2021 by IEC
Second Year
Apprentice
© 2021 by IEC

Lesson 215 - Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications, Single-Voltage Calculations and Connections

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Second Year

Lesson 215 – Single-Phase

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

There are four basic parts of a transformer:

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• When an input voltage is

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

Turns ratio is:

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 (𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭) 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• The primary winding of a

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Transformers are frequently rated in kilovolt-amperes

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Surges can be very damaging to transformers and other

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Efficiency is an indicator of how much you get out versus

Formula for Transformer Efficiency:

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Voltages in the core create eddy currents.

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Heat generated by losses must be removed to prevent

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Transformers can use a number of methods to dissipate

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Power transformers are used at generating stations to

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• A distribution transformer is used to supply power to

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• The autotransformer is a special type of power

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Unlike a conventional two-winding transformer, which

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• For measuring high values of current or voltage, it is

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• A potential transformer is a carefully designed, extremely

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Sometimes a transformer is used to supply “clean

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Standard, ventilated indoor transformers are supplied

…continued on next slide

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,

• Type 1 Enclosures are intended for indoor use,

Lesson 215 — Single-Phase Transformers: Introduction, Types and Applications,