3 Tmo18042 Wcdma For Umts

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
TMO18042 Edition D0 SG DEN I2.0

Section 2 · Pager 1
See http://www.cdg.org for IS-95
In CDMA field, we have experience of IS-95
IS-95 vocabulary:
⚫ forward channel=downlink
⚫ reverse channel=uplink
⚫ handoff=handover

Spectrum efficiency : transmission capacity per spectrum unit (bandwidth), i.e kbit/MHz.
This must not be confused with the traffic capacity.
The spectrum efficiency in UMTS is higher than in GSM (25x200kHz carriers in GSM offering 335 kbps**
while a 5 MHz UMTS carrier offers 400 kbps).
If we factor in densification (frequency reuse pattern), the UMTS traffic capacity is dramatically
increased. According to CDMA Development Group:
⚫ “Capacity increases by a factor of between 8 to 10 compared to an AMPS
⚫ analog system and between 4 to 5 times compared to a GSM system”

The equivalence are:
⚫ Restaurant room -> Cell
⚫ Table -> UE
⚫ Language -> Code
Here the important point is all the UEs send and receive on the same time and on the same frequency.
The WCDMA is really different because with the GSM, the UEs are separated by the time (TS of TDMA)
and the frequency. Here the UEs are separated with codes applied on the signals.
Another important point is for someone the conversation on a neighbour table is considered like noise. It
is the same principle with the WCDMA, for a user the other UEs generates some noises.

In downlink,
⚫ In the restaurant, the steward want to ask to every table who have order a cake. If some people
speak to loud, the table at the back of the room can’t hear the question. It is the same case, if
there are too many users in the room.
⚫ In the cell, it is the same principle. If there are too many Ues on the cell or if some Ues use too
much power, the interference level for a UE far from the Node B is too high to allow the UE
decoding the message.

In Uplink,
⚫ In the restaurant, a steward can understand all the conversation if he knows all the languages.
⚫ But if on a table, close to him, some one speak to loud the steward can’t understand people on
the other tables. It is the same problem if there are too many people it is too noisy to able to
understand a conversation far from him.
⚫ With the WCDMA, there is the same problem. That means if the cell is too load,
⚫ the interference level at the Node B is too high to be able to decode the weakest signal.

What is the interference level ?
The interference level is the power received on the UMTS bandwidth used. These interferences are made
of:
⚫ the background noise,
⚫ the messages of the other users,
⚫ the traffic on the neighbouring cells.
Because all the users on a cells use the same bandwidth on the same time, and the users on the other
cells too, the decoding and so the error ratio depend on the interference level.

Code synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial for de-spreading the wideband
signal successfully.

What is the spreading factor?
⚫ It is the number of chips per bit (=chip rate/bit rate).
⚫ The chip rate is linked with the CDMA carrier bandwidth and has a constant value of 3,84 Mcps.
⚫ It is quite easy to match the bit rate of the signal with the CDMA chip rate just by choosing the
adequate spreading factor.
⚫ The higher the spreading factor, the more redundancy you add in the signal and the lower the
probability of bit error is by transmitting the signal.
⚫ It is also traduced by the processing gain (see below).
Code synchronization?
⚫ It is difficult to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated code signal
and the received signal.
⚫ Indeed synchronization has to be kept within a fraction of the chip time.

The Spreading Factor available are 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 in uplink, plus 512 in downlink for signaling
at very low bit rate.

Another way to understand this relation is with the redundancy.
⚫ If the SF is small, 4 for example, the useful bit, 0 or 1, is sent just 4 time. The data rate is high.
⚫ If the SF is higher, 64 for example, the useful bit is sent 64 time. The data rate is smaller.
So if an error occurs, it is more significant if the SF is 4 than if the SF is 64.

RSSI: This is the total received wideband (UTRA carrier RSSI) power over 5Mhz
including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the Node B, and by difference with
the thermal noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.

The rainbows cells mean that the whole bandwidth (5 MHz) is reused in each cell.
In GSM there is also intra-cell interference when there are 2 (or more) TRXs in the same cell. But it is a
small problem (as each TRX runs on a different frequency)
In CDMA intra-cell interference is an important problem.

Quasi-orthogonal: it is not necessary to have primary colors at the receiver to separate the user. Red and
orange for example can also be distinguished.
Orthogonality between the codes is impossible to maintain after transfer over the radio interface (multi-
path on DL, UEs not synchronized on UL )

CDMA is instable by nature:
⚫ one user may jam a whole cell by transmitting with too high power
⚫ need for accurate and fast power control
⚫ too many users in one cell would have the same effect
⚫ need for congestion control
A CDMA resource has 2 dimensions: the codes and the power. Obviously the power is the limiting factor ;
the better we can control the power usage, the more capacity (users) we can allocate.

Spreading consists of two steps:
⚫ The channelization code (also called spreading code) transforms every data symbol into a number
of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The narrowband signal is spread into a
wideband signal with a chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s.
 The system must choose the adequate spreading factor to match the bit rate of the
narrowband signal.
 The spreading factor is directly linked with the length of the channelization code.
⚫ The scrambling code does not affect the signal bandwidth: it is only a chip-by-chip operation.
 The scrambling code is cell-specific on the downlink and terminal-specific on the uplink.

What is a channelization code?
⚫ OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
⚫ Length: 4-256 chips according to the spreading factor
⚫ (in downlink also 512 chips is possible to match very low bit rate)
⚫ Number of codes:
⚫ The channelization codes can be defined in a code tree, which is shared by several users.
⚫ If one code is used by a physical channel, the codes of underlying branches may not be used.
⚫ The number of codes is consequently variable: the minimum is 4 codes of length 4, the maximum
is 256 codes of length 256.
⚫ The channelization code (and consequently the spreading factor) may change on a frame-by-
frame basis
How is Code Allocation managed?

⚫ The codes within each cell are managed by the RNC.
⚫ No need to coordinate code tree resource between different base stations or terminals.
⚫ Usually one code tree per cell. If two code trees are used, it is necessary to use the secondary
scrambling code.

In fact, there are two types of scrambling codes:
Long codes:
⚫ Gold codes constructed from a position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary
sequences (generated by means of 2 generators polynomials of degree 25)
⚫ used with Rake Receiver : the PRACH is constructed from the long scrambling sequences. There
are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes in total, divided into 512 groups of 16 each.
Short codes:
⚫ Length : 256 chips
⚫ used with advanced multi-user detector
⚫ likely to be used later
Refer to Technical Specification 3GPP TS 25.213

Softer HO : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to the same Node B

Soft HO intra RNC : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to different Node Bs and
same RNC

Soft HO inter RNC : the cells with which the mobile is in communication belong to different Node Bs and
different RNC
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own Node-B and
performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates
⚫ Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed
by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE.
Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC.
⚫ There may be up to 4 Drift RNC(s) per UE.

SRNC Relocation : the Drift RNC becomes a serving RNC. Se we gain intransmission (no need for Iur for
the communication) and delay

“A single carrier”: in fact each operator may use several carriers of 5MHz each (2 in Germany, 3 in
France)
The rake receiver can only be used with signals on the same carrier.

Rake fingers are allocated to the peaks at which significant energy arrives. Update rate: tens of ms
Each finger tracks the fast-changing phase and amplitude values due to fast fading and removes them
Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B.
The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.

* We will see later that it is also possible to multiplex several services on the same code!
Indeed on a dedicated physical channel (which is identified by its spreading code) a user can multiplex
several services as long as the total bit rate of the services does not exceed the bit rate of the physical
channel.
See subchapter 4 UTRAN/ Physical Layer (Transport Channel Multiplexing)

What is multipath propagation?
⚫ The signal travels from transmitter to receiver over different paths, due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering. Consequently the same signal arrives at the receiver with a little
delay.
⚫ The chip rate can be considered as the resolution of the CDMA system. It is linked with the 5 MHz
carrier.

Multi-path propagation usually reduces the quality of the signal.
But in most cases a Rake Receiver can take advantage of multi-path to improve the quality of the signal.
Indeed the dispersion is often greater than the chip duration.
Note: with IS-95 (cdmaOne), the carrier bandwidth is about 1 MHz and the chip duration is consequently
longer: 1 µs (300 m). Multi-path components can not be separated in urban areas with IS-95.

In UTRA/FDD, the power control is a key functionality : the users using
⚫ simultaneously the same frequency band interfere each other.
The transmit power must be dynamically adapted in order to
⚫ Enable to reach the quality of service
⚫ Compensate fading occurrences
⚫ Avoid interfering other users (and thus decreasing the system capacity)
Two main power control algorithms can be distinguished:
⚫ Open-loop power control (UL only)
⚫ Closed loop power control (UL/DL)

How is Power Control performed ?
⚫ Open loop power control:
⚫ it consists for the mobile station of making a rough estimate of path loss by means of a
⚫ DL beacon signal and adding the interference level of the Node-B and a constant value.
⚫ It’s far too inaccurate and only used to provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile
⚫ station at the beginning of a connection

Inner Loop (Fast Loop Power Control)
⚫ In UL, the serving cells should estimate signal-to-interference ratio SIRest
⚫ of the received uplink DPCH. The serving cells should then generate TPC commands
⚫ and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget
⚫ then the TPC command to transmit is "0" , while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC
⚫ command to transmit is "1".
⚫ Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a single
⚫ TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more
⚫ than one is received in a slot. TPC_cmd values = +1(power up), -1 (power down), 0
⚫ The step size DTPC is under the control of the UTRAN (value = 1 dB or 2 dB)
⚫ UE shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DDPCCH (in dB)
⚫ which is given by DDPCCH = DTPC  TPC_cmd.
⚫ The command rate of 1500Hz is faster than any significant change of path loss.
Outer Loop
⚫ The RNC checks the quality of the signal using for example a CRC-based approach
⚫ (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and uses this result to adjust SIR target for the inner loop.
⚫ The big issue is to meet constantly the required quality: no worse and also no better,
⚫ because it would be a waste of capacity.
⚫ The required quality may change with the multi-path profile (related to the environment)
⚫ and with the UE speed.
⚫ The outer loop management is handled by the CRNC because a soft HO may be performed.

⚫ Frequency of the outer loop: 10-100 Hz typically
⚫ Note: in GSM only slow power control is employed (about 2 Hz)

The AMR (Adaptive Multi-rate) speech codec:
⚫ offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbps and 12,2 kbps
⚫ is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
⚫ is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)

The capacity depends also on:
⚫ the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor)
⚫ the terminal speeds
⚫ the distribution of the terminals
⚫ the load of the cell: trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells)
Due to all these parameters, it is harder than in GSM to give a typical value of the capacity of a cell.


3 Tmo18042 Wcdma For Umts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 Tmo18042 Wcdma For Umts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

TMO18042 Edition D0 SG DEN I2.0

In CDMA field, we have experience of IS-95

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

⚫ Restaurant room -> Cell

⚫ Language -> Code

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

How is Code Allocation managed?

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Refer to Technical Specification 3GPP TS 25.213

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B.

The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

You might also like