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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering

Calculation
Calculation of of the
the Ordinates
Ordinates of of Influence
Influence Surfaces
Surfaces onon Straight
Straight and
and
ManufacturingOblique Plates
Engineering SocietyUsing the
International Finite Strips
Oblique Plates Using the Finite Strips Method
Conference 2017, Method
MESIC 2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a, b
Ovidiu
Ovidiu Gavriș
Gavrișa, *,
*, Mihaela
Mihaela Dumitran
Dumitranb
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
0F

0F

a
Civil Engineering and Management,Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,C.Daicoviciu Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Romania
a
Civil Engineering and Management,Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,C.Daicoviciu Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Romania
between used capacity University ofand operational Street,efficiency
b
Civil Engineering and Management,Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,C.Daicoviciu Street, Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Romania
b
Civil Engineering and Management,Technical Cluj-Napoca,C.Daicoviciu Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Romania

A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb

Abstract
Abstract a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
In dimensioning calculation of the bridge superstructure,
b
the major Chapecó,
Unochapecó, 89809-000 problem SC,
is toBrazil
determine the worst position of the mobile loads
In dimensioning calculation of the bridge superstructure, the major problem is to determine the worst position of the mobile loads
on the deck. The influence surfaces, through their ordonates, allow the rapid placement of forces on the plate in order to obtain
on the deck. The influence surfaces, through their ordonates, allow the rapid placement of forces on the plate in order to obtain
the greatest effort or displacement in a section of the structure. The article presents how to obtain these ordonates using the
the greatest effort or displacement in a section of the structure. The article presents how to obtain these ordonates using the
numerical method of finite strips. The method used is the numerical finite strips method (FSM) associated with the Rayleigh-Ritz
numerical method of finite strips. The method used is the numerical finite strips method (FSM) associated with the Rayleigh-Ritz
Abstract
variation principle. The road deck bridge was considered to be made from reinforced concrete and is considered to be modelled
variation principle. The road deck bridge was considered to be made from reinforced concrete and is considered to be modelled
by isotropic plates with varying boundary conditions. The vehicle is represented as a concentrated mobile force moving over the
by isotropic
Under the plates
conceptwithofvarying boundary
"Industry 4.0",conditions. The processes
production vehicle is represented as a concentrated
will be pushed mobile forceinterconnected,
to be increasingly moving over the
deck bridge
deck bridge
information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
goes
© beyond
2018
© 2018
2019 The the traditional
Authors.
The Authors. Published aimby of capacity
Elsevier Ltd.maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
© The Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
Indeed,
This is anlean
open management and the
access article under continuous
CC BY-NC-ND improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review
maximization. under responsibility of the 12thand
International Conference
is anInterdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th Internationalmodels
The study of capacity optimization costing Conference important research
Interdisciplinarity topic that deserves
in Engineering.
contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
Keywords: Numerical methods; finite strips method; plates; bridge decks; influence surfaces.
model forNumerical
Keywords: capacitymethods;
management based
finite strips on plates;
method; different costing
bridge modelssurfaces.
decks; influence (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The dimensioning of decksofbridges in dynamic mode is Manufacturing
made using influence surfaces. For calculating manually
The dimensioning
Peer-review of decks bridges
under responsibility in dynamic
the scientific mode
committee is made using influence
of the surfaces.
Engineering SocietyFor calculating
International manually
Conference
the ordinates of influence surfaces, there are data given in specialized books for the case of straight decks
2017.
the ordinates of influence surfaces, there are data given in specialized books for the case of straight decks
(rectangular decks). If the bridge is an oblique one, the effort in the plate, in the manual version, can only be done by
(rectangular decks). If the bridge is an oblique one, the effort in the plate, in the manual version, can only be done by
using anCost
Keywords: approximate calculation,
Models; ABC; sinceManagement;
TDABC; Capacity the ordinates of influence
Idle Capacity; surface
Operational are different
Efficiency from the straight decks.
using an approximate calculation, since the ordinates of influence surface are different from the straight decks.

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0264-401-355; fax: +4-0264-401-355.
* The
Corresponding
cost author.
of idle Tel.: +4-0264-401-355;
capacity fax: information
is a fundamental +4-0264-401-355.
for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: ovidiugavrilg@yahoo.com
E-mail address: ovidiugavrilg@yahoo.com
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is anAfonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.:article under
+351 253 510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC fax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.199
172 Ovidiu Gavriș et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178
2 Gavriș Ovidiu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Approximate methods remove more or less (depending on the approximation method) the results from the actual
behavior. In this situation, the use of numerical methods approximates very well the actual behavior of the boards
under traffic loads.
Using the Finite Elements Method (FEM) through specialized computing programs greatly facilitates the work of
the designers.
However, using these programs requires rigorous knowledge of structure shaping and contouring conditions. In
order to help those who dimension bridges, this article calculates the ordinates of influence surface by the numerical
method of finite strips.

2. Research problem

The method of finite strips (FSM), although an old and little used method, has a very good applicability in
calculating the plates [8],[9], which is why this article presents a method of calculating the influence surfaces and
values for the ordinates of the oblique and straight plates. For the calculus of the ordinates, the numerical method of
the finite strips is associated with the Raylegh-Ritz variational principle. The deck bridge is considered isotropic
with various boundary conditions. The deck divides into a small number of finite elements (finite strips) placed side
by side. The strips must be considered as having a constant thickness over their length. Continuity of displacements
is approximated by trigonometric functions in the longitudinal direction of the bands and by polynomial functions in
the direction perpendicular to the bands (ensuring the continuity of displacements).
It is considered a bridge deck that is driven by a vehicle modeled as a concentrated force according to the figure:
y,y1

b' B

A b
M a x1
Φ1 E β

O Φ2 x
D

C
h

Fig. 1. The modeling of the bridge deck.

3. Research methodology

The panel is assimilated to an isotropic plate with stiffness:

 
 D υD 0 
D = υD D 0  (1)
 (1 − υ ) D 
0 0 
 2 

where
 Ovidiu Gavriș et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178 173
Gavriș Ovidiu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Eh 3
D= (2)
12(1 − υ )

E – elasticity module of the plate

υ – the transversal contraction coefficient (Poisson)
According to this method the plate will be divided into a number of strips having the length L and the width b. The
thickness of a strip is constant over the entire length of the strip, but may vary from one strip to another.
Analytically moving a point of the plate on a strip "e" is given by the expression [1],[4],[5]:

n m
w e ( x, y ) = ∑∑ d ije Gi ( x) F j ( y ) (3)
i =1 j =1

Where Fj (y) are characteristic functions that define the behavior of the beam along itself, and satisfy the end
conditions and are [1],[4],[5]:

µy µy µy µy
F j ( y ) = C1 sin( ) + C 2 cos( ) + C 3 sinh( ) + C 4 cosh( ) (4)
L a a a
dij- are generalized displacements (rotations and movements) of each strip associated with the nodal lines
The matrix expression of desplacements (2) is written:

 d1e 
 e
d 2 
 . 
W(e) = [GF1GF2 ....GFn ]  (5)
 . 
 . 
 e
d m 

The Fj and Gi functions are given by the bearing conditions of the board in the two directions and for generalized
displacements it is applied the principle of stationarity potential energy for a conservative system results:

∂V / ∂d = 0 (6)

Where

V =U − L (7)

U is the deformation energy of the plate and has the expression:

1 e T e e
U(e) = (d ) K (d ) (8)
2
And L is the mechanical work of the exterior forces and is written:
174 Ovidiu Gavriș et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178
4 Gavriș Ovidiu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

L(e) = ( Sν + S d )(d e ) T (9)

The expression of potential energy for the entire plate is:

NEF
V = ∑V
1
e
(10)

Returning to the potential energy of the plate (6), (7) from the stationarity condition in relation with the generalized
displacements it results the matrix equation:

Kd − ( S p + S d ) = 0 (11)

and the generalized displacement matrix d is:

d = K −1 ( S p + S d ) (12)

Generalized displacements dij are rotations and translations associated with the boundary lines between the strips
from which the first n / 2 elements are associated with the left border of the border line and the following n / 2 strips
on the right. From the generalized placement matrix through the approximation functions F and G (4) we obtain the
matrix of punctual movements w is:

w = dGF (13)

The moment matrix is :

[
M mT = M x M y M xy ] (14)

And it is given by the equation:

M m = Dχ (e ) (15)

Where
−w x
χ = −w
(e)
 y represents the matrix of the plate element curves (16)
2w
 xy

4. Numerical results

For the calculation of the coordinates, a rectangular plate, simply supported on two sides and free on the other
two (the model of a bridgeboard), is driven by a concentrated force P (representing the model of a vehicle moving
over the bridge) at point B (u, v). In the linear elastic domain the displacement produced at point A by the force P
acting in B (figure) 2 is written:
 Ovidiu
Gavriș Gavriș
Ovidiu et al. /etProcedia
al. / Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 32 (2019)
00 (2018) 171–178
000–000 1755

w( x, y ) = K A P (17)

KA(u,v) – displacement produced at point A by the force P acting in B is written:

P
x,u
A(x,y) * * B(u,v)

y,v

Fig. 2. Determination of influence areas.

If the load P acts in a1, the deformation of the plate was calculated at the points determined according to figure 3.
The comparison of research results will be done with those published in [7] obtained in the analytical way.

y
a8
a7
a6
a5 x
a4
a3
a2
a1
d c b a

Fig. 3. The points where the surface ordinances were calculated.

For the numerical example there were used:

The mobile loading P – 1 u.m. (constant)
Number of approximation functions Fj (j=1,4) – four functions
Number of approximation functions Gi ( i=1,4) – four functions
Number of strips in which the plate was divided - 9 strips
Plate sides ratio L/B = 1:1
Bearing type of plate: simple bearing on direction x and free on direction y

Table 1.Surface Smy in a1 calculated with the FSM.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a
0.574 0.441 0.310 0.234 0.179 0.140 0.112 0.092 0.075
b 0.375 0.332 0.270 0.209 0.163 0.129 0.103 0.085 0.070
c 0.200 0.200 0.178 0.149 0.120 0.097 0.079 0.065 0.054
d 0.088 0.081 0.084 0.075 0.063 0.051 0.042 0.035 0.029

Table 2.Surface Smy in a1 calculated in [7].

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a
0.461 0.316 0.234 0.179 0.140 0.112 0.092 0.075
b 0.350 0.331 0.268 0.209 0.163 0.129 0.103 0.085 0.070
c 0.193 0.192 0.175 0.149 0.120 0.097 0.079 0.065 0.054
d 0.089 0.090 0.085 0.075 0.063 0.051 0.042 0.035 0.029
176 Ovidiu Gavriș et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178
6 Gavriș Ovidiu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 4. Influence surface graph Smy in a1.

It is noted that in the force application point the values differ. This difference is due to the fact that in the
analytical calculation the value of the ordinate of the influence surface in the force application area tends to infinity
(singular point) and in the case of the numerical calculation the values are calculated.
Surface S y in a5 calculated with:

Table 3. MFS ν=0 in [ 7 ] ν = 0.

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
a
0.179 0.197 0.222 0.264 0.277 0.179 0.197 0.224 0.277
b 0.163 0.176 0.193 0.205 0.208 0.163 0.176 0.192 0.203 0.190
c 0.120 0.127 0.131 0.128 0.120 0.120 0.127 0.130 0.124 0.117
d 0.063 0.065 0.063 0.0592 0.0380 0.063 0.065 0.064 0.06 0.037

Fig. 5. Influence surface my in a5.

In the case of oblique decks, the Smy influence surfaces are given in Table 4 for various angles of obliquity β (fig 1).

5. Conclusions

To determine the efforts and displacements in various points of the board of a bridge loaded with mobile forces,
the influence surfaces are used. The ordinate of the influence surfaces for straight (rectangular) casting was done in
the paper [7] analytically. The use of programs for calculating orders based on numerical methods is a real help for
the manual calculation because in the case of bridges that have a certain obliquity an analytical calculation is very
difficult to achieve. Through this computation method (FSM) and the related program, the solution convergence is
very fast. The rapidity of the solution convergence is greater than in the case of FEM because the mesh elements of
the plate are larger, and therefore less, and the dimensions of the stiffness matrices K and the masses M are smaller.
 Ovidiu Gavriș et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 171–178 177
Gavriș Ovidiu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

Table 4. Smy influence surfaces

βº 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

a 0.152 0.1722 0.1981 0.2328 0.2562 0.2328 0.1981 0.1778 0.1526

15º b 0.1178 0.1320 0.1504 0.1761 0.2058 0.2102 0.1944 0.1472 0.1641

c 0.0682 0.0744 0.0816 0.0878 0.1005 0.1271 0.1429 0.0823 0.1474

d 0.0255 0.0272 0.0287 0.0255 0.0236 0.0469 0.0715 0.1722 0.0912

a 0.0912 0.1131 0.1399 0.1749 0.1970 0.1749 0.1399 0.1132 0.0912

30º b 0.0533 0.0637 0.0801 0.1077 0.1483 0.1663 0.1556 0.1400 0.1253

c 0.0250 0.0234 0.0253 0.0308 0.0513 0.0882 0.1128 0.1232 0.1307

d 0.0085 0.0047 0.0017 -0.004 -0.006 0.0190 0.0501 0.0696 0.0860

a 0.0336 0.0495 0.0709 0.0991 0.1158 0.0991 0.0709 0.0495 0.0336

45º b 0.0082 0.0117 0.0208 0.0430 0.0797 0.1003 0.0942 0.0807 0.0685

c 0.0058 -0.0004 -0.005 -0.005 0.0106 0.0415 0.0636 0.0729 0.0800

d 0.0082 0.0026 -0.004 -0.014 -0.021 -0.006 0.0198 0.0375 0.0529

a 0.0076 0.0128 0.0209 0.0329 0.0397 0.0329 0.0209 0.0128 0.0076

60º b -0.003 -0.0019 0 0.0091 0.0253 0.0352 0.033 0.0269 0.0236

c 0.0002 -0.0024 -0.006 -0.007 -0.001 0.0112 0.0206 0.024 0.0272

d 0.0049 0.0022 -0.001 -0.007 -0.012 -0.007 0.0034 0.0108 0.0164

The research aims to develop alternative programs to the FEM (universally valid method) that offer very fast
solutions for large structures and which pose particular problems in modeling the structureHere is the new band and
four approximation functions in each direction yielding results with differences only to the third or fourth decimals
of the analytical (exact) method. As we have not found any concerns in this field, verifying the correctness of the
results obtained with FSM was made using the same input data with [7]. This is also the explanation for the low
bibliography.
On the other hand, studying the behavior of the oblique plates shows that for high obliquities and for L / B ratios
≥ 3 sharp corners have a tendency to lift and in the obtuse the torsional moments are much higher. This can be
explained by the fact that the total effort is discharged through a Z-shaped band (the intersection points of the Z-
diagonal with the parallel sides are in the obtuse corners). As can be seen in the example above confirms the
increase of the torsional moments in the obtuse angles. It is also confirmed the increase of the moment values with
the decrease of the obliquity.

References

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[2] C Bucur, The answer of the bridge structures to the dynamic action of the vehicles. PhD Thesis (1994).
[3] L Friba, Vibration of Solids and Structures Under Moving Loads. Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
[4] O. Gavriş, Dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete road bridges subjected to action heavy mobile convoys. PhD (2006).
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[5] O. Gavris, Numerical method to determine the vibration modes of the deck bridge by finite strip. Construction 4 (2003) 133-143.
[6] R.K Gupta, Dynamic Loading of Highwai Bridges. Journal of the Engineering Mecanics Division (1980).
[7] S. Timoshenko, Woinovsky , S. Krieger,The theory of flat and curved plates. EdituraTehnică Bucuresti (1968).
[8] G. Honcock and C.H. Pham, Developments in the Finite Stripe Bucking Analysis of Plates and Channel Section under localised loading,
Cold-Formed steel structures (2014) 295-309.
[9] B. Bologh, J.Logo, Optimization of curved plated structural with the Finite Stripe and Finite Element Methods, Transactions of the VSB-
T.U. of Ostrova, 15 (2015) 1-10.