Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHRONICLES
MASONRY
Winter
2005-06
This edition of masonry chronicles will discuss
the procedures for designing to provide
anchorage for concrete masonry walls subjected
to out-of-plane earthquake loads. Examples
that highlight some specific code requirements
will also be presented.
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Introduction
Figure 2 Failure of Roof Anchorage Due to Inadequate Anchorage and Collector Design (Courtesy Gregg Brandow,
Brandow and Johnston)
Ip = Importance Factor.
Wp = Weight of wall tributary to diaphragm The 2003 IBC provides a similar procedure for calculating
providing lateral support. anchorage forces that are required to support masonry
walls. The following equation calculates the seismic
Figure 4 illustrates how the anchorage forces are design force Fp on the wall, which is to be supported by
calculated in a multi-story building taking into account the diaphragm:
the wall weight tributary to each floor.
0.4ap SDSWP z
Fp = 1 + 2 h
RP / IP (2)
where
• The strength design forces for steel elements When designing buildings to resist earthquakes, it
of the wall anchorage system shall be increased is important that all parts of the structure are tied
by 1.4 times. together with struts, collectors or ties that are capable
of transmitting the earthquake-induced forces to
• The strength design forces for wood elements the primary lateral-load resisting system. Bearing in
of the anchorage system shall be multiplied by mind that this is particularly important when flexible
0.85. diaphragms provide out-of-plane support for relatively
heavy concrete or masonry walls, section 1633.2.9 of
A primary aspect of the design process is the design of the 1997 UBC states that:
anchor bolts to resist the out-of-plane anchorage forces.
When anchor bolts embedded in concrete masonry are Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry
loaded in tension, the capacity is determined by the walls shall have continuous ties or struts
following equations when using strength design: between diaphragm chords to distribute the
anchorage forces specified in Section 633.2.8.
Btn = φ Ap f 'm (3)
One way of interpreting this requirement is this would
mean that each joist in the north-south direction in
Btn = φ 0.4 Ab fy (4) Figure 6 would have to transfer the load from one end of
the building to the other. Each joist-to-girder connection
where would have to be capable of transmitting the anchorage
force, and require splice with the capacity of resisting the
horizontal loads. Such a design would be quite expensive
and is clearly not the most effective method of providing Out-of-Plane Anchorage Details
continuity. Fortunately, the UBC also states that:
Figures 8 and 9 show typical details for connecting
Added chords of subdiaphragms may be used to concrete masonry walls to wood-framed diaphragms.
form subdiaphragms to transmit the anchorage The 1997 UBC requires that wall anchorage utilizing
forces to the main continuous cross-ties. The embedded straps must have the straps attached or
maximum length to width ratio of the wood hooked around reinforcing steel. In addition, wood
structural subdiaphragm shall be 21/2 :1 framing or ledgers should not be used in cross-grain
bending or cross-grain tension and the use of toe
This concept of subdiaphragms is extremely useful in nails or nails subject to withdrawal is not permitted. All
providing continuous ties, as illustrated in Figure 7. wood elements of the anchorage system must have a
While each subdiaphragm chord must be designed minimum actual net thickness of 21/2 inches.
to resist axial chord forces, the number of splice
connections required to transmit the anchorage load is
reduced significantly.
Figure 7 Continuous Ties With Subdiaphragms Figure 9 Typical Connection for Anchorage of Concrete
Masonry Wall to Wood Diaphragm
Example Reduction due to overlapping area:
= 96 in2
Strength Design:
bt = Eh = 2024 lbs/ft
= 0.8(1.0)(96) 1500
Solution
= 0.8(0.4)(0.44)36000 = 5068 lbs
Tributary wall weight:
29 2Bt 2(2975)
Wp = 124 + 2.5 = 2108 lbs/ft sreqd = = = 2.94 ft
2 bt 2024
apCa I p Eh 2024
hx bt = = = 1446 lbs/ft
Fp = 1 + 3 Wp 1.4 1.4
Rp hr
Anchor bolts pullout capacity:
1.5Ca I p 29 Bt = 1.33(0.5)A ' p f 'm
= 1 + 3 Wp = 2Ca I pWp
3.0 29
= 1.33(0.5)(96) 1500
= 2(0.48)(1.0)Wp = 0.96 Wp
[1] International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), Dr. Chukwuma Ekwueme received his BSCE from the
1997 Uniform Building Code, International University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 1987, in Civil
Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Engineering, his MSSE, at the University of California,
California, 1997. Los Angeles, CA, 1990, in Earthquake and Structural
Engineering, a DEng, (Degree of Engineer) from the
[2] International Code Council (ICC), 2003 International University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 1992, and
Building Code, International Code Council, Inc., his PhD, from the University of California, Los Angeles,
Falls Church, Virginia, 2003. CA, 1994, in Structural Engineering. He is a registered
Structural Engineer in California. Dr. Ekwueme has
[3] Seismology Committee, Structural Engineers worked for Hart-Weidlinger in many capacities since
Association of California, Recommended Lateral 1992 and since 2004 continues to work as a Senior
Force Requirements and Commentary, Structural Associate.
Engineers Association of California (SEAOC),
Sacramento, CA 1999. Dr. Ekwueme is a member and leader of many
organizations and committees such as ASCE, SEI,
EERI, SEAOC, ACI and TMS. He has written several
publications and co-authored CMACN’s Seismic
Design of Masonry Using the 1997 UBC and our soon
This issue of “Masonry Chronicles” was written by to be released 2006 edition of Design of Reinforced
Chukwuma Ekwueme, PhD., S.E., of Hart-Weidlinger Masonry Structures. He has also received awards for
Division, Weidlinger Associates, Inc. his outstanding work as a structural engineer.
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