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3
vkse Fkkuoh

vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

v Hkh Hkh eqvutks&nM+ks1 vkSj gM+Iik2 izkphu

Hkkjr osQ gh ugha] nqfu;k osQ nks lcls iqjkus fu;ksftr 'kgj ekus tkrss gSaA ;s flaèkq ?kkVh
lH;rk osQ ijorhZ ;kuh ifjiDo nkSj osQ 'kgj gSaA [kqnkbZ esa vkSj 'kgj Hkh feys gSaA ysfdu
eqvutks&nM+ks rkez dky osQ 'kgjksa esa lcls cM+k gSA og lcls mRo`Q"V Hkh gSA O;kid
[kqnkbZ ;gha ij laHko gqbZA cM+h rknkn esa bekjras] lM+osaQ] èkkrq&iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡] pkd ij
cus fpf=kr HkkaMs] eqgjsa] lk”kks&lkeku vkSj f[kykSus vkfn feysA lH;rk dk vè;;u laHko
gqvkA mèkj lSdM+ksa ehy nwj gM+Iik osQ ”;knkrj lk{; jsyykbu fcNus osQ nkSjku ^fodkl
dh HksaV p<+ x,A*
eqvutks&nM+ks osQ ckjs esa èkkj.kk gS fd vius nkSj esa og ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk osaQnz
jgk gksxkA ;kuh ,d rjg dh jktèkkuhA ekuk tkrk gS ;g 'kgj nks lkS gSDVj {ks=k esa iSQyk
FkkA vkcknh dksbZ ipklh g”kkj FkhA ”kkfgj gS] ik¡p g”kkj lky igys ;g vkt osQ ^egkuxj*
dh ifjHkk"kk dks Hkh yk¡?krk gksxkA
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd flaèkq ?kkVh eSnku dh laLo`Qfr Fkh] ij iwjk eqvutks&nM+ks
NksVs&eksVs Vhyksa ij vkckn FkkA ;s Vhys izko`Qfrd ugha FksA dPph vkSj iDdh nksuksa rjg dh

1- ikfdLrku osQ ¯l/ izkar esa fLFkr iqjkrkfÙod LFkku] tgk¡ ¯l/q ?kkVh lH;rk clh FkhA eqvutks&nM+ks dk
vFkZ gS eqqnks± dk VhykA orZeku le; esa bls eksgutksnM+ks osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
2- ikfdLrku osQ iatkc izkar dk iqjkrkfÙod LFkku] tgk¡ ¯l/q ?kkVh lH;rk dk nwljk izeq[k uxj clk Fkk

2019-20

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bZaVksa ls èkjrh dh lrg dks m¡Qpk mBk;k x;k Fkk] rkfd flaèkq dk ikuh ckgj ilj vk, rks
mlls cpk tk losQA
eqvutks&nM+ks dh [kwch ;g gS fd bl vkfne 'kgj dh lM+dksa vkSj xfy;ksa esa vki
vkt Hkh ?kwe&fiQj ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ dh lH;rk vkSj laLo`Qfr dk lkeku Hkys vtk;c?kjksa dh

eqvutks&nM+ks
36 dh ,d xyh

'kksHkk c<+k jgk gks] 'kgj

eqvutks&nM+ks dh ,d eq[; tgk¡ Fkk vc Hkh ogha gSA
lM+d tks 33 iQhV pkSM+h gS vki bldh fdlh Hkh nhokj
ij ihB fVdk dj lqLrk
ldrs gSaA og ,d [kaMgj
D;ksa u gks] fdlh ?kj dh
nsgjh ij ik¡o j[kdj vki
lglk lge ldrs gSa] jlksbZ
dh f[kM+dh ij [kM+s gksdj
mldh xaèk eglwl dj
ldrs gSaA ;k 'kgj osQ fdlh

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

lqulku ekxZ ij dku nsdj ml cSyxkM+h dh jQu&>qu lqu ldrs

gSa ftls vkius iqjkrÙo dh rlohjksa esa fe^h osQ jax esa ns[kk gSA
lp gS fd ;gk¡ fdlh vk¡xu dh VwVh&iwQVh lhf<+;k¡ vc vkidks
dgha ugha ys tkrha_ os vkdk'k dh rjI+kQ vèkwjh jg tkrh gSaA
ysfdu mu vèkwjs ik;nkuksa ij [kM+s gksdj vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk
gS fd vki nqfu;k dh Nr ij gSa_ ogk¡ ls vki bfrgkl dks ugha] 37
mlosQ ikj >k¡d jgs gSaA
lcls m¡Qps pcwrjs ij cM+k ckS¼ Lrwi gSA exj ;g eqvutks&nM+ks
dh lH;rk osQ fc[kjus osQ ckn ,d th.kZ&'kh.kZ Vhys ij cukA
dksbZ iphl iqQV m¡Qps pcwrjs ij NCchl lnh igys cuh bZaVksa osQ
ne ij Lrwi dks vkdkj fn;k x;kA pcwrjs ij fHk{kqvksa osQ dejs
Hkh gSaA 1922 esa tc jk[kkynkl cuthZ ;gk¡ vk,] rc os blh
Lrwi dh [kkstchu djuk pkgrs FksA blosQ fxnZ [kqnkbZ 'kq: djus
osQ ckn mUgsa bygke3 gqvk fd ;gk¡ bZlk iwoZ osQ fu'kku gSaA
Hkkjrh; iqjkrÙo losZ{k.k osQ egkfuns'kd tkWu ek'kZy osQ funsZ'k ij
[kqnkbZ dk O;kid vfHk;ku 'kq: gqvkA èkhes&èkhes ;g [kkst
fo'ks"kKksa dks flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh nsgjh ij ys vkbZA bl [kkst
us Hkkjr dks felz vkSj eslksiksVkfe;k (bjkd) dh izkphu lH;rkvksa
osQ led{k yk [kM+k fd;kA nqfu;k dh izkphu lH;rk gksus osQ
Hkkjr osQ nkos oQks iqjkrÙo dk oSKkfud vkèkkj fey x;kA
i;ZVd c¡xys ls ,d lfiZy ixMaMh ikj dj ge lcls
igys blh Lrwi ij ig¡qpsA igyh gh >yd us gesa viyd dj
fn;kA bls ukxj Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk ySaMLosQi dgk x;k gSA ;g
'kk;n lcls jksekapd Hkh gSA u vkdk'k cnyk gS] u èkjrhA ij
fdruh lH;rk,¡] bfrgkl vkSj dgkfu;k¡ cny xb±A bl Bgjs gq,
n`'; esa g”kkjksa lky ls ysdj iyHkj igys rd dh èkM+du clh
gqbZ gSA bls ns[kdj lquk tk ldrk gSA Hkys gh fdlh txg osQ
ckjs esa geus fdruk i<+&lqu j[kk gks] rlohjsa ;k o`Ùkfp=k ns[ks gksa]

3- vuqHkwfr

2019-20

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ns[kuk viuh vk¡[k ls ns[kuk gSA ckdh lc vk¡[k dk >iduk gSA tSls ;k=kk vius ik¡o
pyuk gS] ckdh lc rks dne&rky gSA
ekSle tkM+s dk Fkk ij nqigj dh èkwi cgqr dM+h FkhA lkjs vkye dks tSls ,d iQhosQ
jax esa jaxus dh dksf'k'k djrh gqbZ A ;g bykdk jktLFkku ls cgqr feyrk&tqyrk gSA jsr
osQ Vhys ugha gSaA [ksrksa dk gjkiu ;gk¡ gSA exj ckdh ogh [kqyk vkdk'k] lwuk ifjos'k_ èkwy]
ccwy vkSj ”;knk BaM] ”;knk xjehA exj ;gk¡ dh èkwi dk fetk”k tqnk gSA jktLFkku dh
èkwi ikjn'khZ gSA flaèk dh èkwi pkSafèk;krh gSA rlohj mrkjrs oDr vki oSQejs esa ”k:jh iq”ksZ
u ?kqek,¡ rks ,slk tku iM+sxk tSls n`';ksa osQ jax mM+s gq, gksaA
ij blls ,d Ik+ Qk;nk gqvkA gesa gj n`'; ij u”kjsa nqckjk fiQjkuh iM+rh A bl rjg
38 ckj&ckj fugkjsa rks n`'; ”ksgu esa ,sls Bgjrs gSa ekuks rlohj ns[kdj mudh ;kn rk”kk djus
dh dHkh ”k:jr u iM+sA
Lrwi okyk pcwrjk eqvutks&nM+ks osQ lcls [kkl fgLls osQ ,d fljs ij fLFkr gSA bl
fgLls dks iqjkrÙo osQ fo}ku ^x<+* dgrs gSaA pkjnhokjh osQ Hkhrj ,sfrgkfld 'kgjksa osQ
lÙkk&osaQnz vofLFkr gksrs Fks] pkgs og jktlÙkk gks ;k èkeZlÙkkA ckdh 'kgj x<+ ls oqQN nwj
cls gksrs FksA D;k ;g jkLrk Hkh nqfu;k oQks eqvutks&nM+ks us fn[kk;k\

eqvutks&nM+ks esa ckS¼ Lrwi

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

lHkh vge vkSj vc nqfu;k&Hkj esa izfl¼ bekjrksa osQ

[kaMgj pcwrjs osQ ihNs ;kuh if'pe esa gSaA buesa ^iz'kklfud*
bekjrsa] lHkk Hkou] Kku'kkyk vkSj dksBkj gSaA og vuq"Bkfud
egkoqaQM Hkh tks flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk osQ vf}rh; okLrqdkS'ky dks
LFkkfir djus osQ fy, vosQyk gh dkI+kQh ekuk tkrk gSA vly esa
;gk¡ ;gh ,d fuekZ.k gS tks vius ewy Lo:i osQ cgqr u”knhd 39
cpk jg ldk gSA ckdh bekjrsa bruh mtM+h gqbZ gSa fd dYiuk
vkSj cjken ph”kksa osQ tksM+ ls muosQ mi;ksx dk vank”kk Hkj
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
uxj fu;kstu dh eqvutks&nM+ks vuwBh felky gSA bl dFku
dk eryc vki cM+s pcwrjs ls uhps dh rjI+kQ ns[krs gq, lgt
gh Hkk¡i ldrs gSaA bekjrsa Hkys [kaMgjksa esa cny pqdh gksa exj
^'kgj* dh lM+dksa vkSj xfy;ksa osQ foLrkj dks Li"V djus osQ fy,
;s [kaMgj dkI+kQh gSaA ;gk¡ dh dekscs'k lkjh lM+osaQ lhèkh gSa ;k
fiQj vkM+hA vkt okLrqdkj bls ^fxzM Iyku* dgrs gSaA vkt dh
lsDVj&ekdkZ dkWyksfu;ksa esa gesa vkM+k&lhèkk ^fu;kstu* cgqr feyrk
gSA ysfdu og jgu&lgu dks uhjl cukrk gSA 'kgjksa esa fu;kstu
osQ uke ij Hkh gesa vjktdrk ”;knk gkFk yxrh gSA czklhfy;k ;k
paMhx<+ vkSj bLykekckn ^fxzM* 'kSyh osQ 'kgj gSa tks vkèkqfud
uxj fu;kstu osQ izfreku Bgjk, tkrs gSa] ysfdu mudh clkoV
'kgj osQ [kqn fodlus dk fdruk vodk'k NksM+rh gS bl ij
cgqr 'kadk izdV dh tkrh gSA
eqvutks&nM+ks dh lk{kj lH;rk ,d lqlaLo`Qr lekt dh
LFkkiuk Fkh] ysfdu mlesa uxj fu;kstu vkSj okLrqdyk dh
vkf[kj fdruh Hkwfedk Fkh\
Lrwi okys pcwrjs osQ ihNs ^x<+* vkSj Bhd lkeus ^mPp*
oxZ dh cLrh gSA mlosQ ihNs ik¡p fdyksehVj nwj flaèkq cgrh gSA
iwjc dh bl cLrh ls nf{k.k dh rjI+kQ u”kj nkSM+krs gq, iwjk ihNs
?kwe tk,¡ rks vkidks eqvutks&nM+ks osQ [kaMgj gj txg fn[kkbZ
nsaxsA nf{k.k esa tks VwVs&iwQVs ?kjksa dk te?kV gS] og dkexkjksa dh

2019-20

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forku

cLrh gSA dgk tk ldrk gS brj oxZ dhA laiUu lekt esa oxZ Hkh gksaxsA ysfdu D;k fuEu
oxZ ;gk¡ ugha Fkk\ dgrs gSa] fuEu oxZ osQ ?kj bruh e”kcwr lkexzh osQ ugha jgs gksaxs fd
ik¡p g”kkj lky fVd losaQA mudh cfLr;k¡ vkSj nwj jgh gksaxhA ;g Hkh gS fd lkS lky esa
vc rd bl bykosQ osQ ,d&frgkbZ fgLls dh [kqnkbZ gh gks ikbZ gSA vc og Hkh can gks
pqdh gSA
ge igys Lrwi osQ Vhys ls egkoqaQM osQ fogkj dh fn'kk esa mrjsA nkbZa rjIk+ Q ,d yach
xyh nh[krh gSA blosQ vkxs egkoqaQM gSA irk ugha lk;kl gS ;k la;ksx fd èkjksgj osQ
izcaèkdksa us ml xyh dk uke nSo ekxZ (fMfofufV LVªhV) j[kk gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd ml
lH;rk esa lkewfgd Luku fdlh vuq"Bku dk vax gksrk FkkA oqaQM djhc pkyhl IkqQV yack
40 vkSj iPphl iqQV pkSM+k gSA xgjkbZ lkr IkqQVA oqaQM esa mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k ls lhf<+;k¡ mrjrh
gSaA blosQ rhu rjI+kQ lkèkqvksa osQ d{k cus gq, gSaA mÙkj esa nks ik¡r esa vkB Luku?kj gSaA buesa
fdlh dk }kj nwljs osQ lkeus ugha [kqyrkA fl¼ okLrqdyk dk ;g Hkh ,d uewuk gSA

eqvutks&nM+ks dk izfl¼ ty oqaQM

bl oqaQM esa [kkl ckr iDdh b±Vksa dk teko gSA oqaQM dk ikuh fjl u losQ vkSj ckgj
dk ^v'kq¼* ikuh oqaQM esa u vk,] blosQ fy, oqaQM osQ ry esa vkSj nhokjksa ij b±Vksa osQ
chp pwus vkSj fpjksM+h osQ xkjs dk bLrseky gqvk gSA ik'oZ dh nhokjksa osQ lkFk nwljh nhokj
[kM+h dh xbZ gS ftlesa lI+ksQn Mkej dk iz;ksx gSA oqaQM osQ ikuh osQ cankscLr osQ fy, ,d
rjI+kQ oqQvk¡ gSA nksgjs ?ksjs okyk ;g vosQyk oqQvk¡ gSA bls Hkh oqaQM osQ ifo=k ;k vuq"Bkfud
gksus dk izek.k ekuk x;k gSA oqaQM ls ikuh dks ckgj cgkus osQ fy, ukfy;k¡ gSaA budh
[kkfl;r ;g gS fd ;s Hkh iéïh b±Vksa ls cuh gSa vkSj b±Vksa ls <dh Hkh gSaA

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

ty fudklh dk mUur izca/ tks

¯l/q ?kkVh dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gS

41

iDdh vkSj vkdkj esa le:i èkwlj b±Vas rks flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dh
fof'k‘ igpku ekuh gh xbZ gS]a <dh gqbZ ukfy;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh
iqjkrkfÙod fo}ku vkSj bfrgkldkj ”kksj nsdj djrs gSAa ikuh&fudklh
dk ,slk lqO;ofLFkr cankscLr blls igys osQ bfrgkl esa ugha feyrkA
egkoqaQM osQ ckn geus ^x<+* dh ^ifjØek* dhA oqaQM osQ
nwljh rjI+kQ fo'kky dksBkj gSA dj osQ :i esa gkfly vukt
'kk;n ;gk¡ tek fd;k tkrk FkkA blosQ fuekZ.k :i [kkldj
pkSfd;ksa vkSj goknkjh dks ns[kdj ,slk d;kl yxk;k x;k gSA ;gk¡
ukS&ukS pkSfd;ksa dh rhu drkjsa gSaA mÙkj esa ,d xyh gS tgk¡
cSyxkfM+;ksa dkµftuosQ iz;ksx osQ lk{; feys gSaµ<qykbZ osQ fy,
vkokxeu gksrk gksxkA Bhd blh rjg dk dksBkj gM+Iik esa Hkh
ik;k x;k gSA
vc ;g tx”kkfgj gS fd flaèkq ?kkVh osQ nkSj esa O;kikj gh
ugha] mUur [ksrh Hkh gksrh FkhA cjlksa ;g ekuk tkrk jgk fd flaèkq

2019-20

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forku

?kkVh osQ yksx v mitkrs ugha Fks] mldk vk;kr djrs FksA u;h [kkst us bl [k;ky dks
fueZwy lkfcr fd;k gSA cfYd vc oqQN fo}ku ekurs gSa fd og ewyr% [ksfrgj vkSj
i'kqikyd lH;rk gh FkhA yksgk 'kq: esa ugha Fkk ij iRFkj vkSj rk¡cs dh cgqrk;r FkhA iRFkj
flaèk esa gh Fkk] rk¡cs dh [kkusa jktLFkku esa FkhaA buosQ midj.k [ksrh&ckM+h esa iz;ksx fd,
tkrs FksA tcfd feÏ vkSj lqesj esa pded vkSj ydM+h osQ midj.k bLrseky gksrs FksA
bfrgkldkj bjI+kQku gchc osQ eqrkfcd ;gk¡ osQ yksx jch dh I+kQly ysrs FksA dikl] xsgw¡]
tkS] ljlksa vkSj pus dh mit osQ iq[rk lcwr [kqnkbZ esa feys gSaA og lH;rk dk rj&;qx
Fkk tks èkhes&èkhes lw[ks esa <y x;kA
fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;gk¡ Tokj] cktjk vkSj jkxh dh mit Hkh gksrh FkhA yksx
42
[ktwj] [kjcw”ks vkSj vaxwj mxkrs FksA >kfM+;ksa ls csj tek djrs FksA dikl dh [ksrh Hkh gksrh
FkhA dikl dks NksM+dj ckdh lcosQ cht feys gSa vkSj mUgsa ij[kk x;k gSA dikl osQ cht
rks ugha] ij lwrh diM+k feyk gSA ;s nqfu;k esa lwr osQ nks lcls iqjkus uewuksa esa ,d gSA
nwljk lwrh diM+k rhu g”kkj bZlk iwoZ dk gS tks tkWMZu esa feykA eqvutks&nM+ks esa lwr dh
drkbZ&cqukbZ osQ lkFk jaxkbZ Hkh gksrh FkhA jaxkbZ dk ,d NksVk dkj[kkuk [kqnkbZ esa ekèkksLo:i
oRl dks feyk FkkA NkyVh (fyuu) vkSj mQu dgrs gSa ;gk¡ lqesj ls vk;kr gksrs FksA 'kk;n
lwr mudks fu;kZr gksrk gksA tSlk fd ckn esa flaèk ls eè; ,f'k;k vkSj ;wjksi dks lfn;ksa
gqvkA izlaxo'k] eslksiksVkfe;k osQ f'kykys[kksa esa eqvutks&nM+ks osQ fy, ^esyqgk* 'kCn dk
laHkkfor iz;ksx feyrk gSA
egkoqaQM osQ mÙkj&iwoZ esa ,d cgqr yach&lh bekjr osQ vo'ks"k gSaA blosQ chpkaschp
[kqyk cM+k nkyku gSA rhu rjI+kQ cjkens gSaA buosQ lkFk dHkh NksVs&NksVs dejs jgs gksaxsA
iqjkrÙo osQ tkudkj dgrs gSa fd èkkfeZd vuq’kuksa esa Kku'kkyk,¡ lVh gqbZ gksrh Fkha] ml
u”kfj, ls bls ^dkWyst vkWiQ izhLV~l* ekuk tk ldrk gSA nf{k.k esa ,d vkSj HkXu bekjr
gSA blesa chl [kaHkksa okyk ,d cM+k gkWy gSA vuqeku gS fd ;g jkT; lfpoky;]
lHkk&Hkou ;k dksbZ lkeqnkf;d osaQnz jgk gksxkA
x<+ dh pkjnhokjh yk¡?k dj ge cfLr;ksa dh rjIk+ Q c<+sA ;s ^x<+* osQ eqdkcys NksVs
Vhyksa ij cuh gSa] blfy, bUgsa ^uhpk uxj* dgdj Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA [kqnkbZ dh izfØ;k
esa Vhyksa dk vkdkj ?kV x;k gS] dgha&dgha os fiQj ”kehu ls tk feys gSa vkSj cLrh osQ
oqQ,¡] yxrk gS tSls ehukjksa dh 'kDy esa èkjrh NksM+dj ckgj fudy vk, gSaA
iwjc dh cLrh ^jbZlksa dh cLrh* gSA gkyk¡fd vkt osQ ;qx esa iwjc dh cfLr;k¡ xjhcksa
dh cfLr;k¡ ekuh tkrh gSaA eqvutks&nM+ks bldk myV FkkA ;kuh cM+s ?kj] pkSM+h lM+osaQ]

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

”;knk oqQ,¡A eqvutks -nM+ks osQ lHkh [kaMgjksa dks [kqnkbZ djkus okys
iqjkrÙoosÙkkvksa dk laf{kIr uke ns fn;k x;k gSA tSls ^MhosQ*
gydk& nhf{kr dk'khukFk dh [kqnkbZA muosQ uke ij ;gk¡ nks gyosQ
gSaA ^MhosQ* {ks=k nksuksa cfLr;ksa esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ gSaA 'kgj dh
eq[; lM+d (I+kQLVZ LVªhV) ;gha ij gSA ;g cgqr yach lM+d gS]
ekuks dHkh iwjs 'kgj dks ukirh gksA vc ;g vkèkk ehy cph gSA 43
bldh pkSM+kbZ rSarhl I+kqQV gSA eqvutks&nM+ks ls rhu rjg osQ okguksa
osQ lk{; feys gSaA buesa lcls pkSM+h cSyxkM+h jgh gksxhA bl
lM+d ij nks cSyxkfM+;k¡ ,d lkFk vklkuh ls vk&tk ldrh gSaA
;g lM+d ogk¡ igq¡prh gS] tgk¡ dHkh ^ck”kkj* FkkA
bl lM+d osQ nksuksa vksj ?kj gSaA ysfdu lM+d dh vksj lkjs
?kjksa dh flI+kZQ ihB fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;kuh dksbZ ?kj lM+d ij ugha
[kqyrk_ muosQ njok”ks vanj xfy;ksa esa gaSA fnypLi la;ksx gS fd
paMhx<+ esa Bhd ;gh 'kSyh ipkl lky igys dkcwZft, us
bLrseky dhA ogk¡ Hkh dksbZ ?kj eq[; lM+d ij ugha [kqyrkA
vkidks fdlh osQ ?kj tkus osQ fy, eq[; lM+d ls igys lsDVj
osQ Hkhrj nkf[ky gksuk iM+rk gS] fiQj ?kj dh xyh esa] fiQj ?kj
esaA D;k dkcwZft, us ;g lh[k eqvutks&nM+ks ls yh\ dgrs gSa]
dfork esa ls dfork fudyrh gSA dykvksa dh rjg okLrqdyk esa
Hkh dksbZ izsj.kk psru&vopsru ,sls gh lI+kQj djrh gksxh!
<dh gqbZ ukfy;k¡ eq[; lM+d osQ nksuksa rjI+kQ lekarj fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSaA cLrh osQ Hkhrj Hkh budk ;gh :i gSA gj ?kj esa ,d
Luku?kj gSA ?kjksa osQ Hkhrj ls ikuh ;k eSy dh ukfy;k¡ ckgj gkSnh
rd vkrh gSa vkSj fiQj ukfy;ksa osQ tky ls tqM+ tkrh gSaA
dgha&dgha os [kqyh gSa ij ”;knkrj can gSaA LokLF; osQ izfr
eqvutks&nM+ks osQ ckf'kanksa osQ ljksdkj dk ;g csgrj mnkgj.k gSA
cLrh osQ Hkhrj NksVh lM+osaQ gSa vkSj muls NksVh xfy;k¡ HkhA NksVh
lM+osaQ ukS ls ckjg I+kqQV rd pkSM+h gSaA bekjrksa ls igys tks ph”k
nwj ls è;ku [khaprh gS] og gS oqQvksa dk izcaèkA ;s oqQ,¡ Hkh idh
gqbZ ,d gh vkdkj dh b±Vksa ls cus gSaA bfrgkldkj dgrs gSa ¯lèkq

2019-20

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?kkVh lH;rk lalkj esa igyh Kkr laLo`Qfr gS tks oqQ,¡ [kksn dj Hkw&ty rd igqq¡phA
muosQ eqrkfcd osQoy eqvutks&nM+ks esa lkr lkS osQ djhc oqQ,¡ FksA
unh] oqQ,¡] oqaQM] Lukukxkj vkSj cstksM+ ikuh&fudklhA D;k flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dks
ge ty&laLo`Qfr dg ldrs gSa\

eqvutks&nM+ks
dk ,d oqQvk¡

44

cM+h cLrh esa iqjkrÙo'kkL=kh dk'khukFk nhf{kr osQ uke ij ,d gydk ^MhosQ&th*
dgykrk gSA blosQ ?kjksa dh nhokjsas m¡Qph vkSj eksVh gSAa eksVh nhokj dk vFkZ ;g yxk;k tkrk
gS fd ml ij nwljh eaf”ky Hkh jgh gksxhA oqQN nhokjksa esa Nsn gSa tks laoQs r nsrs gSa fd nwljh
eaf”ky mBkus osQ fy, 'kk;n ;g 'kgrhjksa dh txg gksA lHkh ?kj b±V osQ gSAa ,d gh vkdkj
dh b±V&as 1%2%4 osQ vuqikr dhA lHkh Hk^h esa idh gqbAaZ gM+Iik ls gVdj] tgk¡ iDdh vkSj
dPph b±Vksa dk feyk&tqyk fuekZ.k mtkxj gqvk gSA eqvutks&nM+ks esa iRFkj dk iz;ksx ekewyh
gqvkA dgha&dgha ukfy;k¡ gh vux<+ iRFkjksa ls <dh fn[kkbZ nhaA

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

bu ?kjksa esa fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd lkeus dh nhokj esa

osQoy izos'k }kj cuk gS] dksbZ f[kM+dh ugha gSA f[kM+fd;k¡ 'kk;n
mQij dh nhokj esa jgrh gksa] ;kuh nwljh eaf”ky ijA cM+s ?kjksa osQ
Hkhrj vk¡xu osQ pkjksa rjI+kQ cus dejksa esa f[kM+fd;k¡ ”k:j gSaA cM+s
vk¡xu okys ?kjksa osQ ckjs esa le>k tkrk gS fd ogk¡ oqQN m|e
gksrk gksxkA oqQEgkjh dk dke ;k dksbZ èkkrq&deZA gkyk¡fd lHkh ?kj 45
[kaMgj gSa vkSj fn[kkbZ nsus okyh ph”kksa ls ge flI+kZQ vank”kk yxk
ldrs gSaA
?kj NksVs Hkh gSa vkSj cM+s HkhA ysfdu lc ?kj ,d drkj esa
gSaA ”;knkrj ?kjksa dk vkdkj rdjhcu rhl&xq.kk&rhl I+kqQV dk
gksxkA oqQN blls nqxus vkSj frxqus vkdkj osQ Hkh gSaA budh okLrq
'kSyh dekscs'k ,d&lh izrhr gksrh gSA O;ofLFkr vkSj fu;ksftr
'kgj esa 'kk;n bldk Hkh dksbZ dk;nk uxjokfl;ksa ij ykxw gksA
,d ?kj dks ^eqf[k;k* dk ?kj dgk tkrk gSA blesa nks vk¡xu vkSj
djhc chl dejs gSaA
MhosQ&ch] lh gydk vkxs iwjc esa gSA nk<+h okys ^;ktd&ujs'k*
dh ewfrZ blh rjI+kQ osQ ,d ?kj ls feyh FkhA MhosQ&th dh ¶eq[;
lM+d¸ ij nf{k.k dh vksj c<+sa rks Ms<+ iQyk±x dh nwjh ij
^,pvkj* gydk gSA lM+d mls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡V nsrh gSA ;s gydk
gsjYM gjxzhOt osQ uke ij gS ftUgksaus 1924&25 esa jk[kkynkl
cuthZ osQ ckn [kqnkbZ djokbZ FkhA ;gha ij ,d cM+s ?kj esa oqQN
oaQdky feys Fks] ftUgsa ysdj dbZ rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ curh jghaA
izfl¼ ^urZdh* f'kYi Hkh ;gha ,d NksVs ?kj dh [kqnkbZ esa fudyk
FkkA blosQ ckjs esa iqjkrÙofon ekfVZej ohyj us dgk Fkk fd lalkj
esa blosQ tksM+ dh nwljh ph”k 'kk;n gh gksxhA ;g ewfrZ vc
fnYyh osQ jk"Vªh; laxzgky; esa gSA
;gha ij ,d cM+k ?kj gS ftls mikluk&osaQnz le>k tkrk gSA
blesa vkeus&lkeus dh nks pkSM+h lhf<+;k¡ mQij dh (èoLr)
eaf”ky dh rjI+kQ tkrh gSaA

2019-20

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if'pe esaµx<+h osQ Bhd ihNsµekèkksLo:i oRl osQ uke ij oh,l fgLlk gSA ;gk¡
og ^jaxjs”k dk dkj[kkuk* Hkh yksx pko ls ns[krs gSa] tgk¡ ”kehu esa b±Vksa osQ xksy xbs mHkjs
gq, gSaA vuqeku gS fd buesa jaxkbZ osQ cM+s crZu j[ks tkrs FksA nks drkjksa esa lksyg NksVs
,d&eaf”kyk edku gSaA ,d drkj eq[; lM+d ij gS] nwljh ihNs dh NksVh lM+d dh
rjI+kQA lc esa nks&nks dejs gSaA Luku?kj ;gk¡ Hkh lc ?kjksa esa gSaA ckgj cLrh esa oqQ,¡ lkewfgd
iz;ksx osQ fy, gSaA ;s deZpkfj;ksa ;k dkexkjksa osQ ?kj jgs gksaxsA
eqvutks&nM+ks esa oq¡Qvksa dks NksM+dj yxrk gS tSls lc oqQN pkSdksj ;k vk;rkdkj gksA
uxj dh ;kstuk] cfLr;k¡] ?kj] oqaQM] cM+h bekjrsa] BIisnkj eqgjsa] pkSiM+ dk [ksy] xksfV;k¡]
rkSyus osQ ckV vkfn lcA
46 NksVs ?kjksa esa NksVs dejs le> esa vkrs gSaA ij cM+s ?kjksa esa NksVs dejs ns[kdj vpjt
gksrk gSA bldk ,d vFkZ rks ;g yxk;k x;k gS fd 'kgj dh vkcknh dkI+kQh jgh gksxhA
nwljh rjI+kQ ;g fopkj lkeus vk;k gS fd cM+s ?kjksa esa fupyh(Hkwry)eaf”ky esa
ukSdj&pkdj jgrs gksaxsA ,slk vesfjdh u`rÙo'kkL=kh xzsxjh ikslsy dk ekuuk gSA cM+s ?kjksa osQ
vk¡xu esa pkSM+h lhf<+;k¡ gSaA oqQN ?kjksa esa mQij dh eaaf”ky osQ fu'kku gSa] ij lhf<+;k¡ ugha
gSaA 'kk;n ;gk¡ ydM+h dh lhf<+;k¡ jgh gksa] tks dkykarj esa u"V gks xbZaA laHko gS mQij dh
eaf”ky esa ”;knk f[kM+fd;k¡] >jks[ks vkSj lkt&lTtk jgh gksA ydM+h dk bLrseky Hkh cgqr
laHko gS iwjs ?kj esa gksrk gksA oqQN ?kjksa esa ckgj dh rjiQ lhf<+;ksa osQ laosQr gSaA ;gk¡ 'kk;n
mQij vkSj uhps vyx&vyx ifjokj jgrs gksaxsA NksVs ?kjksa dh cLrh esa NksVh ladjh lhf<+;k¡
gSaA muosQ ik;nku Hkh mQ¡ps gSaA ,slk txg dh raxh dh otg ls gksrk gksxkA
xkSj fd;k fd eqvutks&nM+ks osQ fdlh ?kj esa f[kM+fd;ksa ;k njok”kksa ij NTtksa osQ fpÉ
ugha gSaA xje bykdksa osQ ?kjksa esa Nk;k osQ fy, ;g vke izkoèkku gksrk gSA D;k ml oDr
;gk¡ bruh dM+h èkwi ugha iM+rh gksxh\ eq>s eqvutks&nM+ks dh tkuh&ekuh eqgjksa osQ i'kq ;kn
gks vk,A 'ksj] gkFkh ;k xSaMk bl e#&Hkwfe esa gks ugha ldrsA D;k ml oDr ;gk¡ taxy Hkh
Fks\ ;g rF; LFkkfir gks pqdk gS fd ;gk¡ vPNh [ksrh gksrh FkhA iqjkrÙoh 'khjhu jRukxj
dk ekuuk gS fd flaèkq&oklh oqQ¡vksa ls flapkbZ dj ysrs FksA nwljs] eqvutks&nM+ks dh fdlh
[kqnkbZ esa ugj gksus osQ izek.k ugha feys gSaA ;kuh ckfj'k ml dky esa dkI+kQh gksrh gksxhA
D;k ckfj'k ?kVus vkSj oq¡Qvksa osQ vR;fèkd bLrseky ls Hkw&ry ty Hkh igq¡p ls nwj pyk
x;k\ D;k ikuh osQ vHkko esa ;g bykoQk mtM+k vkSj mlosQ lkFk flaèkq ?kkVh dh le`¼
lH;rk Hkh\

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

eqvutks&nM+ks esa ml jks”k gok cgqr rs”k cg jgh FkhA fdlh

cLrh osQ VwVs&iwQVs ?kj esa njok”ks ;k f[kM+dh osQ lkeus ls ge
xq”kjrs rks lka;&lka; dh èofu esa gok dh y; lkI+kQ idM+ esa
vkrh FkhA oSls gh tSls lM+d ij fdlh okgu ls xq”kjrs gq,
fdukjs dh iVjh osQ varjkyksa esa jg&jgdj gok osQ y;c¼ FkisM+s
lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA lwus ?kjksa esa gok dh y; vkSj ”;knk xw¡trh gSA 47
bruh fd dksuksa dk v¡fèk;kjk Hkh lqukbZ nsA ;gk¡ ,d ?kj ls nwljs
?kj esa tkus osQ fy, vkidks fdlh ?kj ls okil ckgj ugha vkuk
iM+rkA vkf[kj lc [kaMgj gSaA lc oqQN [kqyk gSA vc dksbZ ?kj
tqnk ugha gSA ,d ?kj nwljs esa [kqyrk gS] nwljk rhljs esaA tSls iwjh
cLrh ,d cM+k ?kj gksA ysfdu ?kj ,d uD'kk gh ugha gksrkA gj
?kj dk ,d laLdkje; vkdkj gksrk gSA Hkys gh og ik¡p g”kkj
lky iqjkuk ?kj D;ksa u gksA geesa dekscs'k gj dksbZ ik¡o vkfgLrk
mBkrs gq, ,d ?kj ls nwljs ?kj esa csgn èkheh xfr ls nkf[ky gksrk
FkkA ekuks eu esa vrhr dks fugkjus dh ftKklk gh u gks] fdlh
vtuch ?kj esa vufèkdkj pgy&dneh dk vijkèk&cksèk Hkh gksA
tSls fdlh ijk, ?kj esa fiNokM+s ls pksjh&Nqis ?kql vk, lc tkurs
gSa ;gk¡ vc dksbZ clus ugha vk,xkA ysfdu ;g eqvutks&nM+ks osQ
iqjkrkfÙod vfHk;ku dh gh [kwch Fkh fd feêðh esa bap&nj&bap
oaQ?kh dj bl dnj 'kgj] mldh xfy;ksa vkSj ?kjksa dks <w¡<k+ vkSj
lgstk x;k gS fd ;g vglkl gj oDr vkiosQ lkFk jgrk gS] dy
dksbZ ;gk¡ cLkrk FkkA ”k:j ;g vkidh lH;rk ijaijk gSA exj ?kj
vkidk ugha gSA
vupkgs eq>s eqvutks&nM+ks dh xfy;ksa ;k ?kjksa esa jktLFkku
dk [k;ky u vk,] ,slk ugha gks ldkA eg”k blfy, ugha fd
(if'peh) jktLFkku vkSj flaèk&xqtjkr dh n`';koyh ,d&lh gSA
dbZ ph”ksa gSa tks eq>s ;gk¡ ls ogk¡ tksM+ tkrh gSaA tSls g”kkjksa lky
iqjkus ;gk¡ osQ [ksrA cktjs vkSj Tokj dh [ksrhA eqvutks&nM+ks osQ
?kjksa esa Vgyrs gq, eq>s oqQyèkjk dh ;kn vkbZA ;g tSlyesj osQ
eqgkus ij ihys iRFkj osQ ?kjksa okyk ,d [kwclwjr xk¡o gSA ml

2019-20

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[kwclwjrh esa gjne ,d xeh O;kIr gSA xk¡o esa ?kj gSa] ij yksx ugha gSaA dksbZ Ms<+ lkS lky
igys jktk ls rdjkj ij LokfHkekuh xk¡o dk gj ckf'kank jkrksajkr viuk ?kj NksM+ pyk x;kA
njok”ks&vlckc ihNs yksx mBk ys x,A ?kj [kaMgj gks x, ij <gs ughaA ?kjksa dh nhokjsa]
izos'k vkSj f[kM+fd;k¡ ,slh gSa tSls dy dh ckr gksA yksx fudy x,] oDr ogha jg x;kA
[kaMgjksa us mls Fkke fy;kA tSls lqcg yksx ?kjksa ls fudys gksa] 'kk;n 'kke <ys ykSV vkus
okys gksaA
jktLFkku gh ugha] xqtjkr] iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk esa Hkh oqQ,¡] oqaQM] xyh&owQps]
dPph&iDdh bZaVksa osQ dbZ ?kj Hkh vkt oSls feyrs gSa tSls g”kkjksa lky igys gq,A
tkWu ek'kZy us eqvutks&nM+ks ij rhu [kaMksa dk ,d fo'kn izcaèk Niok;k FkkA mlesa
48 [kqnkbZ esa feyh Bksl ifg;ksa okyh fe^h dh xkM+h osQ fp=k osQ lkFk ¯lèk esa fiNyh lnh
esa cjrh tk jgh Bhd mlh rjg dh cSyxkM+h dk Hkh ,d fp=k izdkf'kr gSA rlohj ls
mUgksua s ,d lrr~ ijaijk dk b”kgkj fd;k] gkyk¡fd dekuh ;k vkjs okys ifg, dk vkfo"dkj
cgqr igys gks pqdk Fkk tc eSa NksVk Fkk] gekjs xk¡o esa Hkh ydM+h okys Bksl ifg, cSyxkM+h
esa tqM+rs FksA nqYgu igyh nIkQk blh cSyxkM+h esa llqjky tkrh FkhA ckn esa gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh
cSyxkM+h esa vkjs okys ifg, tqMu+ s yxsA vc rks mlesa thi osQ mrk: ifg, yxrs gSAa gokbZ
tgk”k osQ mrk: ifg, ck”kkj esa vkus osQ ckn m¡QVxkM+s (xkM+h ugha) dk Hkh vkfo"dkj gks
x;k gSA jsfxLrku osQ tgk”k ls gok osQ tgk”k dk ;g ,sfrgkfld xBtksM+ gSA gkyk¡fd dguk
eqf'dy gS fd nqYgu dh lokjh osQ :i esa cSyxkM+h ;k m¡QVxkM+s dk vc ogk¡ dHkh bLrseky
gksrk gksxk!
gekjs es”kcku us è;ku fnyk;k fd eqvutks&nM+ks dk vtk;c?kj ns[kuk vHkh ckdh
gSA [kaMgjksa ls fudy ge ml lkcqr bekjr esa vk x,A ysfdu iznf'kZr lkeku vkidks
[kaMgjksa ls fudy vkus dk ,glkl gksus ugha nsrkA vtk;c?kj NksVk gh gSA tSls fdlh
dLckbZ LowQy dh bekjr gksA lkeku Hkh ”;knk ugha gSA vge ph”ksa djkph] ykgkSj] fnYyh
vkSj yanu esa gSaA ;ksa vosQys eqvutks&nM+ks
dh [kqnkbZ esa fudyh iatho`Qr ph”kksa dh
la[;k ipkl g”kkj ls ”;knk gSA exj tks
eq_h Hkj ph”ksa ;gk¡ iznf'kZr gSa] igq¡ph gqbZ
flaèkqq lH;rk dh >yd fn[kkus dks dkI+kQh
gSaA dkyk iM+ x;k xsgw¡] rk¡cs vkSj dk¡ls osQ
crZu] eqgjsa] ok|] pkd ij cus fo'kky

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

e`n~&HkkaM] mu ij
dkys&Hkwjs fp=k] pkSiM+
dh xksfV;k¡] nh;s]
eki&rkSy iRFkj] rk¡cs
dk vkbZuk] fe^h dh
cS y xkM+ h vkS j nw l js 49
f[kykSus] nks ikVu okyh pDdh] oaQ?kh] fe^h osQ oaQxu] jax&fcjaxs
iRFkjksa osQ eudksa okys gkj vkSj iRFkj osQ vkS”kkjA vtk;c?kj esa
rSukr vyh uok”k crkrk gS] oqQN lksus osQ xgus Hkh ;gk¡ gqvk
djrs Fks tks pksjh gks x,A
,d [kkl ckr ;gk¡ dksbZ Hkh eglwl djsxkA vtk;c?kj esa
iznf'kZr ph”kksa esa vkS”kkj rks gS]a ij gfFk;kj dksbZ ugha gSA eqvutks&nM+ks
D;k] gM+Iik ls ysdj gfj;k.kk rd lewph flaèkq lH;rk esa
gfFk;kj ml rjg dgha ugha feys gSa tSls fdlh jktra=k esa gksrs gSaA
bl ckr dks ysdj fo}ku flaèkq
lH;rk esa 'kklu ;k lkekftd izcaèk
osQ rkSj&rjhosQ dks le>us dh dksf'k'k
dj jgs gSaA ogk¡ vuq'kklu ”k:j
Fkk] ij rkdr osQ cy ij ughaA os
ekurs gSa dksbZ lSU; lÙkk 'kk;n ;gk¡
u jgh gksA exj dksbZ vuq'kklu
”k:j Fkk tks uxj ;kstuk] okLrqf'kYi]
eqgj&BIiksa] ikuh ;k lkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ
tSlh lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa vkfn esa
,d:irk rd dks dk;e j[ks gq, FkkA nwljh ckr] tks lkaLo`Qfrd
èkjkry ij flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dks nwljh lH;rkvksa ls vyx yk
[kM+k djrh gS] og gS izHkqRo ;k fn[kkos osQ rsoj dk unkjn gksukA
nwljh txgksa ij jktra=k ;k èkeZra=k dh rkdr dk izn'kZu
djus okys egy] mikluk&LFky] ewfrZ;k¡ vkSj fijkfeM vkfn
feyrs gSaA gM+Iik laLo`Qfr esa u HkO; jktizlkn feys gSa] u eafnjA

2019-20

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u jktkvksa] egarksa dh lekfèk;k¡A ;gk¡ osQ ewfrZf'kYi NksVs gSa vkSj vkS”kkj HkhA eqvutks&nM+ks
osQ ^ujs'k* osQ flj ij tks ^eqoqQV* gS] 'kk;n mlls NksVs fljisap dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh
tk ldrhA vkSj rks vkSj] mu yksxksa dh ukosa cukoV esa feLkz dh ukoksa tSlh gksrs gq, Hkh
vkdkj esa NksVh jghaA vkt osQ eqgkojs esa dg ldrs gSa og ^yks&izksI+kQkby* lH;rk Fkh_
y?kqrk esa Hkh egÙkk vuqHko djus okyh laLo`QfrA
eqvutks&nM+ks flaèkq lH;rk dk lcls cM+k 'kgj gh ugha Fkk] mls lkèkuksa vkSj
O;oLFkkvksa dks ns[krs gq, lcls le`¼ Hkh ekuk x;k gSA fiQj Hkh bldh laiUurk dh ckr
de gqbZ gS rks 'kk;n blfy, fd mlesa HkO;rk dk vkMacj ugha gSA nwljh otg ;g Hkh
gS fd eqvutks&nM+ks vkSj gM+Iik fiNyh lnh esa gh mn~?kkfVr gks losQA mudh vucw>
50 fyfi vHkh Hkh lkjs jgL; vius esa fNik, gq, gSA
flaèkq ?kkVh osQ yksxksa esa dyk ;k lq#fp dk egÙo
”;knk FkkA okLrqdyk ;k uxj&fu;kstu gh ugha] èkkrq
vkSj iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡] e`n~&HkkaM] mu ij fpf=kr
euq";] ouLifr vkSj i'kq&if{k;ksa dh Nfo;k¡] lqfufeZr
eqgjsa] mu ij ckjhdh ls mRdh.kZ vko`Qfr;k¡] f[kykSus]
osQ'k&foU;kl] vkHkw"k.k vkSj lcls mQij lq?kM+ v{kjksa
dk fyfi:i flaèkq lH;rk dks rduhd&fl¼ ls ”;knk
dyk&fl¼ ”kkfgj djrk gSA ,d iqjkrÙoosÙkk osQ
eqrkfcd flaèkq lH;rk dh [kwch mldk lkSan;Z&cksèk gS]
¶tks jkt&iksf"kr ;k èkeZ&iksf"kr u gksdj lekt&iksf"kr
u`R; eqnzk esa FkkA¸ 'kk;n blhfy, vkdkj dh HkO;rk dh txg
yM+dh mlesa dyk dh HkO;rk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
2500 bZ- iwoZ
vtk;c?kj esa j[kh ph”kksa esa oqQN lqb;k¡ Hkh gSaA
[kqnkbZ esa rk¡cs vkSj dk¡ls dh rks cgqr lkjh lqb;k¡ feyh
FkhaA dk'khukFk nhf{kr dks lksus dh rhu lqb;k¡ feyha ftuesa ,d nks&bap yach FkhA le>k
x;k gS fd ;g ckjhd d'khnsdkjh4 esa dke vkrh gksxhA ;kn djsa] urZdh osQ vykok
eqvutks&nM+ks osQ uke ls izfl¼ tks nk<+h okys ^ujs'k* dh ewfrZ gS] mlosQ cnu ij vkd"kZd

4- diM+ksa ij iwQy @ fp=k vafdr djus dh dyk

2019-20

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vrhr esa ncs ik¡o

xqydkjh5 okyk nq'kkyk Hkh gSA vkt Nkis okyk diM+k ^vtjd*
flaèk dh [kkl igpku cu x;k gS] ij diM+ksa ij NikbZ dk
vkfo"dkj cgqr ckn dk gSA [kqnkbZ esa lqb;ksa osQ vykok gkFkhnk¡r
vkSj rk¡cs osQ lq, Hkh feys gSaA tkudkj ekurs gSa fd buls 'kk;n
nfj;k¡ cquh tkrh FkhaA gkyk¡fd njh dk dksbZ uewuk ;k lk{;
gkfly ugha gqvk gSA 51
og 'kk;n dHkh gkfly u gks] D;ksafd eqvutks&nM+ks esa vc
[kqnkbZ can dj nh xbZ gSA flaèkq osQ ikuh osQ fjlko ls {kkj vkSj
nyny dh leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gSA ekStwnk [kaMgjksa dks cpkdj
j[kuk gh vc vius vki esa cM+h pqukSrh gSA

5- d'khnkdkjh] diM+ksa ij iwQy @ fp=k vafdr djus dh dyk

2019-20

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Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com

forku

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1- flaèkq&lH;rk lkèku&laiUu Fkh] ij mlesa HkO;rk dk vkMacj ugha FkkA oSQls\
2- ^flaèkq&lH;rk dh [kwch mldk lkSna ;Z&cksèk gS tks jkt&iksf"kr ;k èkeZ&iksf"kr u gksdj lekt&iksf"kr
FkkA* ,slk D;ksa dgk x;k\
3- iqjkrÙo osQ fdu fpÉksa osQ vk/kj ij vki ;g dg ldrs gSa fdµ¶¯l/q&lH;rk rkdr ls 'kkflr
gksus dh vis{kk le> ls vuq'kkflr lH;rk FkhA¸
4- ^;g lp gS fd ;gk¡ fdlh vk¡xu dh VwVh&iwQVh lhf<+;k¡ vc vki dks dgha ugha ys tkrha_ os vkdk'k
dh rjIk+ Q vèkwjh jg tkrh gSAa ysfdu mu vèkwjs ik;nkuksa ij [kM+s gksdj vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk
gS fd vki nqfu;k dh Nr ij gS]a ogk¡ ls vki bfrgkl dks ugha ml osQ ikj >k¡d jgs gSAa * bl dFku
osQ ihNs ys[kd dk D;k vk'k; gS\
52 5- VwVs&iwQVs [kaMgj] lH;rk vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ bfrgkl osQ lkFk&lkFk èkM+drh ¯”knfx;ksa osQ vuNq,
le;ksa dk Hkh nLrkos”k gksrs gSaµ bl dFku dk Hkko Li"V dhft,A
6- bl ikB esa ,d ,sls LFkku dk o.kZu gS ftls cgqr de yksxksa us ns[kk gksxk] ijarq blls vkiosQ
eu esa ml uxj dh ,d rlohj curh gSA fdlh ,sls ,sfrgkfld LFky] ftldks vkius u”knhd
ls ns[kk gks] dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A
7- unh] oqQ,¡] Lukukxkj vkSj cstksM+ fudklh O;oLFkk dks ns[krs gq, ys[kd ikBdksa ls iz'u iwNrk
gS fd D;k ge flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dks ty&laLo`Qfr dg ldrs gSa\ vkidk tokc ys[kd osQ
i{k esa gS ;k foi{k esa\ roZQ nsaA
8- flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk dk dksbZ fyf[kr lk{; ugha feyk gSA flI+kZQ vo'ks"kksa osQ vkèkkj ij gh èkkj.kk cukbZ
gSA bl ys[k esa eqvutks&nM+ks osQ ckjs esa tks èkkj.kk O;Dr dh xbZ gSA D;k vkiosQ eu esa blls
dksbZ fHkUu èkkj.kk ;k Hkko Hkh iSnk gksrk gS\ bu laHkkoukvksa ij d{kk esa lewg&ppkZ djsAa

2019-20

Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com