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1
euksgj ';ke tks'kh

flYoj oSfMax

t c lsD'ku vkfI+kQlj okbZ-Mh- (;'kksèkj)

iar us vkf[kjh I+kQkby dk yky iQhrk ck¡èkdj fuxkg es”k ls mBkbZ rc nÝ+rj dh iqjkuh
nhokj ?kM+h ik¡p ctdj iPphl feuV ctk jgh FkhA mudh viuh dykbZ ?kM+h esa lk<+s
ik¡p ct jgs FksA iarth viuh ?kM+h jks”kkuk lqcg&'kke jsfM;ks lekpkjksa ls feykrs gSa blfy,
mUgksaus nÝ+rj dh ?kM+h dks gh lqLr Bgjk;kA I+kQkby vkmV Vªs esa Mkydj mUgksaus ,d fuxkg
vius ekrgrksa ij Mkyh tks
muosQ gh dkj.k ik¡p cts osQ
ckn Hkh nÝ+rj esa cSBus dks
etcwj gksrs gSaA pyrs&pyrs
twfu;jksa ls dksbZ euksjatd ckr
dj fnu Hkj osQ 'kq"d O;ogkj
dk fujkdj.k dj tkus dh
Ñ".kkuan (fd'kunk) ikaMs ls
feyh gqbZ ijaijk dk ikyu
djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk] ¶vki
yksxksa dh ns[kkns[kh lsD'ku dh
?kM+h Hkh lqLr gks xbZ gS!¸

2019-20

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Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com

forku

lhèks ^vflLVsaV xzsM* esa vk, u, Nksdjs pbk us] ftldh pkSM+h eksgjhokyh irywu vkSj
m¡Qph ,M+h okys twrs iarth dks] ^le gkm baçkij* ekywe gksrs gSa] FkksM+h cnreh”kh&lh dhA
^,st ;wtqvy* cksyk] ¶cM+s ckÅ] vkidh viuh pwusnkuh dk D;k gky gS\ oDr lgh
nsrh gS\¸
iarth us pbk dh èk`"Vrk dks vuns[kk fd;k vkSj dgk] ¶fefuV&Vw&fefuV djsDV pyrh gSA¸
pbk us oqQN vkSj èk`"V gksdj iarth dh dykbZ Fkke yhA bl rjg dh èk`"Vrk dk çdV
fojksèk djuk ;'kksèkj ckcw us NksM+ fn;k gSA eu&gh&eu og ml ”kekus dh ;kn ”k:j djrs
gSa tc nÝ+rj esa og fd'kunk dks HkkbZ ugha ^lkgc* dgrs vkSj le>rs FksA ?kM+h dh vksj
2 ns[kdj og cksyk] ¶ckck vkne osQ ”kekus dh gS cM+s ckÅ ;g rks! vc rks fMftVy ys
yks ,d tkikuhA lLrh fey tkrh gSA¸
¶;g ?kM+h eq>s 'kknh esa feyh FkhA ge iqjkuh pky osQ] gekjh ?kM+h iqjkuh pky dhA vjs
;gh cgqr gS fd vc rd ^jkbZV VkbZe* py jgh gSµD;ksa oSQlh jgh\¸
bl rjg dk ugys ij ngyk tokc nsrs gq, ,d gkFk vkxs c<+k nsus dh ijaijk Fkh] jsEts
LowQy] vYeksM+k esa tgk¡ ls dHkh ;'kksèkj ckcw us eSfVªd dh ijh{kk ikl dh FkhA bl rjg
osQ vkxs c<+s gq, gkFk ij lquus okyk crkSj nkn viuk gkFk ekjk djrk Fkk vkSj oDrk&Jksrk
nksuksa BBkdj gkFk feyk;k djrs FksA ,slh gh ijaijk fd'kunk osQ DokVZj esa Hkh Fkh tgk¡
jks”kh&jksVh dh ryk'k esa vk, ;'kksèkj iar uked ,d eSfVªd ikl ckyd dks 'kj.k feyh
Fkh dHkhA fd'kunk oq¡Qvkjs Fks vkSj igkM+ ls vk, gq, fdrus gh yM+osQ Bhd&fBdkuk gksus
ls igys muosQ ;gk¡ jg tkrs FksA eSl tSlh FkhA feydj ykvks] idkvks] [kkvksA ;'kksèkj ckcw
ftl le; fnYyh vk, Fks mudh mez ljdkjh ukSdjh osQ fy, de FkhA dksf'k'k djus ij
Hkh ^ckW; lfoZl* esa og ugha yxk, tk losQA rc fd'kunk us mUgsa eSl dk jlksb;k cukdj
j[k fy;kA ;gh ugha] mUgksaus ;'kksèkj dks ipkl jQi;s mèkkj Hkh fn, fd og vius fy,
diM+s cuok losQ vkSj xk¡o iSlk Hkst losQA ckn esa bUgha fd'kunk us vius gh uhps ukSdjh
fnyokbZ vkSj nÝ+rjh thou esa ekxZ&n'kZu fd;kA
pbk us ”kksj ls dgk] ¶cM+s ckÅ] vki fdu [k;kyksa esa [kks x,\ esuu iwN jgk gS fd
vkidh 'kknh gqbZ dc Fkh\¸
;'kksèkj ckcw us ldidkdj viuk c<+k gqvk gkFk okil [khapk vkSj esuu ls eq[kkfrc
gksdj cksys] ¶uko ySV eh lh] vkbZ okW”k eSfjM vkWu flDLFk I+kQjojh ukbafVu I+kQksVhZ lsouA¸

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

esuu us I+kQkSju fglkc yxk;k vkSj pgddj cksyk] ¶eSuh gSIih

fjVu~Zl vkI+kQ n Ms lj! vkt rks vkidk ^flYoj oS¯Mx* gSA 'kknh
dks iwjk iPphl lky gks x;kA¸
;'kksèkj th [kq'k gksrs gq, >sia s vkSj >sia rs gq, [kq'k gq,A ;g vnk
mUgkaus s fd'kunk ls lh[kh FkhA
3
pbk us ?kaVh ctkdj pijklh dks cqyk;k vkSj dgk] ¶lqu HkbZ
Hkxokunkl] cM+s ckÅ ls cM+k uksV ys vkSj lkjs lsD'ku osQ fy,
pk&ikuh dk bar”kke dj iQVkiQVA¸
;'kksèkj th cksys] ¶vjs ;s ^oS¯Mx ,fuolZjh* oxSjg lc xksjs
lkgcksa osQ pksapys gSaµgekjs ;gk¡ FkksM+h ekurs gSaA¸
pbk cksyk] ¶feDpj er fiykb, xqjQnsoA pk;&e_h&yaw cl bruk
gh rks lkSnk gSA buesa dkSu vkidh cM+h ek;k fudyh tkuh gSA¸
;'kksèkj ckcw us tsc ls cVqvk vkSj cVq, esa ls nl dk uksV
fudkyk vkSj dgk] ¶vki yksx pk; ihft,] ^nSV* rks ^vkbZ Mw
ukV ekbaM*] ysfdu tks gekjs yksxksa esa ^dLVe* ugha gS] ml ij
^buflLV* djuk] ^nSV* eSa ^legkm baçkWij I+kQkbaM* djrk gw¡A¸
pbk us nl dk uksV pijklh dks fn;k vkSj iqu% cM+s ckÅ osQ
vkxs gkFk IkSQyk fn;k fd ,d uksV ls lsD'ku dk D;k curk gS\
jQi;s rhl gksa rks pqXxs Hkj dk tqxkM+ djk losaQA
lkjk lsD'ku tkurk gS fd ;'kksèkj ckcw vius cVq, esa lkS&Ms<+
lkS jQi;s ges'kk j[krs gSa Hkys gh mudk nSfud [kpZ ux.; gSA
vkSj rks vkSj] cl&fVdV dk [kpZ Hkh ughaA xksy ekosZQV ls
^lsozsQfVª,V* rd igys lkbfdy esa vkrs&tkrs Fks] bèkj iSny
vkus&tkus yxs gSa D;ksafd muosQ cPps vkèkqfud ;qok gks pys gSa
vkSj mUgsa vius firk dk lkbfdy&lokj gksuk l[r ukxokj
xq”kjrk gSA cPpksa osQ vuqlkj lkbfdy rks pijklh pykrs gSaA cPps
pkgrs gSa fd firkth LowQVj ys ysaA ysfdu firkth dks ^legkm*
LowQVj fugk;r csgwnk lokjh ekywe gksrh gS vkSj dkj tc
^vI+kQksMZ* dh ugha tk ldrh rc mldh ckr lkspuk gh D;ksa\

2019-20

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forku

pbk osQ ”kksj nsus ij cM+s ckÅ us nl&nl osQ uksV nks vkSj ns fn, ysfdu lkjs lsD'ku osQ
bljkj djus ij Hkh og viuh ^flYoj oSfMax* dh bl nkor osQ fy, jQosQ ughaA ekrgr
yksxksa ls pyrs&pykrs FkksMk+ g¡lh&e”kkd dj ysuk fd'kunk dh ijaijk esa gSA muosQ lkFk
cSBdj pk;&ikuh vkSj xIi&xIik"Vd esa oDr cjckn djuk ml ijaijk osQ fojQ¼ gSA
bèkj ;'kksèkj ckcw us nÝ+rj ls ykSVrs gq, jks”k fcM+yk eafnj tkus vkSj mlosQ m|ku esa
cSBdj dksbZ çopu lquus vFkok Lo;a gh çHkq dk è;ku yxkus dh u;h jhr viukbZ gSA
;g ckr muosQ iRuh&cPpksa dks cgqr v[kjrh gSA cCck] vki dksbZ cqbs FkksM+h gSa tks
jks”k&jks”k eafnj tk,¡] brus ”;knk ozr djsaµ,slk dgrs gSa osA ;'kksèkj ckcw bl vkykspuk dks
vulquk dj nsrs gSaA fl¼kar osQ èkuh dh] fd'kunk osQ vuqlkj] ;gh fu'kkuh gS!
4
fcM+yk eafnj ls mBdj ;'kksèkj ckcw igkM+xat tkrs gSa vkSj ?kj osQ fy, lkx&lC”kh
[kjhn ykrs gSaA fdlh ls feyuk&feykuk gks rks og Hkh blh le; dj ysrs gSaA rks Hkys gh
nÝ+rj ik¡p cts NwVrk gks og ?kj vkB cts ls igys ugha igq¡prsA
vkt fcM+yk eafnj tkrs gq, ;'kksèkj ckcw dh fuxkg ml vgkrs ij iM+h ftlesa dHkh
fd'kunk dk rhu cSM:e okyk DokVZj gqvk djrk Fkk vkSj ftl ij bu fnuksa ,d Ng
eaf”kyk bekjr cukbZ tk jgh gSA bèkj ls xq”kjrs gq, dHkh osQ ^Mh-vkbZ-tSM-* ,fj;k dh
cnyrh 'kDy ns[kdj ;'kksèkj ckcw dks cqjk&lk yxrk gSA ;s yksx lkjk xksy ekosZQV {ks=k
rksM+dj ;gk¡ ,d eaf”kyk DokVZjksa dh txg m¡Qph bekjrsa cuk jgs gSaA ;'kksèkj ckcw dks irk
ugha fd os yksx Bhd dj jgs gSa fd xyr dj jgs gSaA mUgsa ;g ”k:j irk gS fd mudh
;knksa osQ xksy ekosZQV osQ <gk, tkus dk xe eukus osQ fy, mudk bl {ks=k esa MVs jguk
fugk;r ”k:jh gSA mUgsa ,aMª;w”kxat] y{ehckbZ uxj] iaMkjk jksM vkfn u;h cfLr;ksa esa in
dh xfjek osQ vuq:i Mh&2 Vkbi DokVZj feyus dh vPNh [kcj dbZ ckj vkbZ gS exj
gj ckj mUgksaus xksy ekosZQV NksM+us ls badkj dj fn;k gSA tc mudk DokVZj VwVus dk uacj
vk;k rc Hkh mUgksaus blh {ks=k dh bu cfLr;ksa esa cps gq, DokVZjksa esa ,d vius uke vykV
djk fy;kA iRuh osQ ;g iwNus ij fd tc ;g Hkh VwV tk,xk rc D;k djksxs\ mUgksaus
dgkµ rc dh rc ns[kh tk,xhA dgk vkSj mlh rjg eqLkoqQjk, ftl rjg fd'kunk ;gh
fI+kQdjk dg dj eqLkoqQjkrs FksA
lp rks ;g gS fd fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls ;'kksèkj ckcw dk viuh iRuh vkSj cPpksa ls gj
NksVh&cM+h ckr esa erHksn gksus yxk gS vkSj blh otg ls og ?kj tYnh ykSVuk ilan ugha
djrsA tc rd cPps NksVs Fks rc rd og mudh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa enn dj ldrs FksA

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

vc cM+k yM+dk ,d çeq[k foKkiu laLFkk esa ukSdjh ik x;k gSA

;|fi ^legkm* ;'kksèkj ckcw dks vius lkèkkj.k iq=k dks vlkèkkj.k
osru nsus okyh ;g ukSdjh oqQN le> esa vkrh ughaA
og dgrs gSa fd Ms<+ g”kkj jQi;k rks gesa vc fjVk;jesaV osQ
ikl igq¡p dj feyk gS] 'kq: esa gh Ms<+ g”kkj jQi;k nsus okyh bl
ukSdjh esa ”k:j oqQN isap gksxkA ;'kksèkj th dk nwljk csVk nwljh 5
ckj vkbZ-,-,l- nsus dh rS;kjh dj jgk gS vkSj ;'kksèkj ckcw osQ
fy, ;g le> lduk vlaHko gS fd tc ;g fiNys lky
^,ykbM lfoZls”k* dh lwph esa] ekuk dkI+kQh uhps vk x;k Fkk] rc
blus ^Tokbu* djus ls badkj D;ksa dj fn;k\ mudk rhljk csVk
Ldkyjf'ki ysdj vejhdk pyk x;k gS vkSj mudh ,dek=k csVh
u osQoy reke çLrkfor oj vLohdkj djrh pyh tk jgh gS
cfYd MkDVjh dh mPpre f'k{kk osQ fy, Lo;a Hkh vejhdk pys
tkus dh èkedh ns jgh gSA ;'kksèkj ckcw tgk¡ cPpksa dh bl rjDdh
ls [kq'k gksrs gSa ogk¡ ^legkm* ;g Hkh vuqHko djrs gSa fd og
[kq'kgkyh Hkh oSQlh tks viuksa esa ijk;kiu iSnk djsA vius cPpksa
}kjk xjhc fj'rsnkjksa dh mis{kk mUgsa ^legkm* t¡prh ughaA
^,uhosµ tsujs'kuksa esa xSi rks gksrk gh gS lquk*µ,slk dgdj Lo;a
dks fnyklk nsrk gS firkA
;|fi ;'kksèkj ckcw dh iRuh vius ewy laLdkjksa ls fdlh Hkh
rjg vkèkqfud ugha gS rFkkfi cPpksa dh rjI+kQnkjh djus dh
ekr`lqyHk etcwjh us mUgsa Hkh ekWM cuk Mkyk gSA oqQN ;g Hkh gS
fd ftl le; mudh 'kknh gqbZ Fkh ;'kksèkj ckcw osQ lkFk xk¡o ls
vk, rkÅth vkSj muosQ nks fookfgr cssVs Hkh jgk djrs FksA bl
la;qDr ifjokj esa ihNs gh ihNs cgqvksa esa x”kc osQ ruko Fks ysfdu
rkÅth osQ Mj ls dksbZ oqQN dg ugha ikrk FkkA ;'kksèkj ckcw dh
iRuh dks f'kdk;r gS fd la;qDr ifjokj okys ml nkSj esa ifr us
gekjk i{k dHkh ugha fy;k] cl ftBkfu;ksa dh pyus nhA mudk
;g Hkh dguk gS fd eq>s vkpkj&O;ogkj osQ ,sls caèkuksa esa j[kk
x;k ekuks eSa toku vkSjr ugha] cqf<+;k FkhA ftrus Hkh fu;e budh

2019-20

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forku

cqf<+;k rkbZ osQ fy, Fks] os lc eq> ij Hkh ykxw djok,µ,slk dgrh gS ?kjokyh cPpksa lsA
cPps mlls lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrs gSaA fiQj og ;'kksèkj th ls mUeq[k gksdj dgrh
gSµrqEgkjh ;s ckck vkne osQ ”kekus dh ckrsa esjs cPps ugha ekurs rks blesa mudk dksbZ
dlwj ughaA eSa Hkh bu ckrksa dks mlh gn rd ekuw¡xh ftl gn rd lqHkhrk gksA vc esjs
dgus ls og lc <ksax&<dkslyk gks ugha ldrkµlkI+kQ ckrA
èkeZ&deZ] oqQy&ijaijk lcdks <ksax&<dkslyk dgdj ?kjokyh vkèkqfudkvksa&lk vkpj.k
djrh gS rks ;'kksèkj ckcw ^'kku;y cqf<+;k*] ^pVkbZ dk y¡gxk* ;k ^cw<+h eq¡g eq¡gkls] yksx
djsa rekls* dgdj mlosQ fonzksg dks e”kkd esa mM+k nsuk pkgrs gSa] vuns[kk dj nsuk pkgrs
gSa ysfdu ;g Lohdkj djus dks ckè; Hkh gks tkrs gSa fd rek'kk Lo;a mudk cu jgk gSA
6
ftl txg fd'kunk dk DokVZj Fkk mlosQ lkeus [kM+s gksdj ,d xgjk fu%'okl NksM+rs
gq, ;'kksèkj th us vius ls iwNk fd D;k ;g ^cSVj* ugha jgrk fd fd'kunk dh rjg]
?kj&x`gLFkh dk coky gh u ikyk gksrk vkSj ^ykbI+kQ* dE;wfuVh osQ fy, ^MsMhosQV* dj nh
gksrhA
fiQj mudk è;ku bl vksj x;k fd cky&trh fd'kunk dk cq<+kik lq[kh ugha jgkA mlosQ
reke lkfFk;ksa us gkS”k[kkl] xzhuikoZQ] oSQyk'k dgha&u&dgha ”kehu yh] edku cuok;k]
ysfdu mlus dHkh bl vksj è;ku gh ugha fn;kA fjVk;j gksus osQ Ng eghus ckn tc mls
DokVZj [kkyh djuk iM+k rc] gn gks xbZ] mlosQ }kjk miÑr brus lkjs yksxksa esa ls ,d
us Hkh mls vius ;gk¡ j[kus dh is'kd'k ugha dhA Lo;a ;'kksèkj ckcw mlosQ lkeus ,slk dksbZ
çLrko ugha j[k ik, D;ksafd ml le; rd mudh 'kknh gks pqdh Fkh vkSj muosQ nks dejksa
osQ DokVZj esa rhu ifjokj jgk djrs FksA fd'kunk oqQN lky jktsanz uxj esa fdjk, dk DokVZj
ysdj jgk vkSj fiQj vius xk¡o ykSV x;k tgk¡ lky Hkj ckn mldh e`R;q gks xbZA ”;knk
isa'ku [kk ugha ldk cspkjk! fofp=k ckr ;g gS fd mls dksbZ Hkh chekjh ugha gqbZA cl
fjVk;j gksus osQ ckn eqj>krk&lw[krk gh pyk x;kA tc mlosQ ,d fcjknj ls e`R;q dk
dkj.k iwNk rc mlus ;'kksèkj ckcw dks ;gh tokc fn;k] ¶tks gqvk gksxkA¸ ;kuh ^irk ugha]
D;k gqvkA*
ftu yksxksa osQ cky&cPps ugha gksrs] ?kj ifjokj ugha gksrk mudh fjVk;j gksus osQ ckn
^tks gqvk gksxk* ls Hkh ekSr gks tkrh gSµ ;g tkurs gSa ;'kksèkj th! cPpksa dk gksuk Hkh ”k:jh
gSA ;g lgh gS fd ;'kksèkj th osQ cPps euekuh dj jgs gSa vkSj ,slk laosQr ns jgs gSa fd
muosQ dkj.k ;'kksèkj th dks cq<+kis esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lq[k izkIr ugha gksxk ysfdu ;'kks/j th

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

vius e;kZnk iqjQ"k fd'kunk ls lquh gqbZ ;g ckr ugha Hkwys gSa fd
xèkk&iphlh esa dksbZ D;k djrk gS bldh fpark ugha djuh pkfg,
D;ksafd ckn esa gj vkneh le>nkj gks tkrk gSA ;|fi ;qok
;'kksèkj dks fo'okl ugha gksrk rFkkfi fd'kunk crkrs gSa fd fdl
rjg eSaus tokuh esa ipklksa fdLe dh [kqjkI+kQkr dh gSA ddM+h
pqjkuk] xnZu eksM+ osQ eqxhZ ekj nsuk] ihNs dh f[kM+dh ls owQn dj 7
lsosaQM 'kks flusek ns[k vkukµdkSu dje ,slk gS tks rqEgkjs bl
fd'kunk us ugha dj j[kkA
f”kEesnkjh lj ij iM+sxh rc lc vius gh vki Bhd gks tk,¡xs]
;g Hkh fd'kunk ls fojklr esa feyk gqvk ,d fI+kQdjk gS ftls
;'kksèkj ckcw vdlj vius cPpksa osQ çlax esa nksgjkrs gSaA mUgsa
dHkh&dHkh yxrk gS fd vxj esjs firk rc ugha xq”kj x, gksrs
tc eSa eSfVªd esa Fkk rks 'kk;n eSa Hkh xèkk&iphlh osQ yacs nkSj ls
xq”kjrkA f”kEesnkjh lj ij tYnh iM+ xbZ rks tYnh gh f”kEesnkj
vkneh Hkh cu x;kA tc rd cki gS rc rd ekSt dj ysA ;g
ckr ;'kksèkj th dHkh&dHkh raf”k;k1 dgrs gSASa ysfdu dgrs gq, muosQ
psgjs ij tks eqLkdku [ksy tkrh gS og cPpksa ij ;g çdV djrh gS
fd cki dks mudk lukFk gksuk] xSj&f”kEesnkj gksuk] oqQy feykdj
vPNk yxrk gSA
;'kksèkj ckcw dHkh&dHkh eu gh eu Lohdkj djrs gSa fd
nqfu;knkjh esa choh&cPps muosQ vfèkd lqy>s gq, gks ldrs gSa
ysfdu nks osQ pkj djus okyh nqfu;k gh mUgsa dgk¡ ea”kwj gS tks
mldh jhr ea”kwj djsaA nqfu;knkjh osQ fglkc ls cPpksa dk ;g
dguk lgh gks ldrk gS fd cCck us Mh-Mh-,- Ý+ySV osQ fy, iSlk
u Hkj osQ Hk;adj Hkwy dh gS foaQrq ^legkm* ;'kksèkj ckcw dks
fd'kunk dh ;g mfDr vc Hkh t¡prh gSµewj[k yksx edku cukrs
gSa] l;kus muesa jgrs gSaA tc rd ljdkjh ukSdjh rc rd ljdkjh
DokVZjA fjVk;j gksus ij xk¡o dk iq'rSuh ?kjA cl!

1- O;aX;kRed

2019-20

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forku

xk¡o dk iq'rSuh ?kj VwV&iwQV pqdk gS vkSj ml ij brus yksxksa dk gd gS fd ogk¡ tkdj
cluk] ejEer dh f”kEesnkjh vks<+uk vkSj csdkj osQ >xM+s eksy ysuk gksxkµbl ckr dks
;'kksèkj th vPNh rjg le>rs gSaA cPps cgl eas tc ;g roZQ nksgjkrs gSa rc muls dksbZ
tokc nsrs ugha curkA mUgksaus ges'kk ;gh dYiuk dh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh djrs gSa] fd mudk
dksbZ yM+dk fjVk;j gksus ls igys ljdkjh ukSdjh esa vk tk,xk vkSj DokVZj muosQ ifjokj
osQ ikl cuk jg losQxkA vc Hkh iRuh }kjk Hkfo"; dk ç'u mBk, tkus ij ;'kksèkj ckcw
bl laHkkouk dks js[kkafdr dj nsrs gSaA tc iRuh dgrh gS] ^vxj ,slk ugha gqvk rks\
vkneh dks rks gj rjg ls lkspuk pkfg,A* rc ;'kksèkj ckcw fVIi.kh djrs gSa fd lc rjg
ls lkspus okys gekjh fcjknjh esa ugha gksrs gSaA mlesa rks ,d dh rjg ls lkspus okys gksrs
8 gSaA dgrs gSa vkSj dgdj yxHkx udyh&lh g¡lh g¡lrs gSaA
ftruk gh bl yksd dh f”kanxh ;'kksèkj ckcw dks ;g udyh g¡lh g¡lus osQ fy, ckè;
dj jgh gS mruk gh og ijyksd osQ ckjs esa mRlkgh gksus dk ;Ru dj jgs gSaA rks mUgksaus
fcM+yk eafnj dh vksj rs”k dne c<+k,] y{eh&ukjk;.k osQ vkxs gkFk tksM+s] vlhd dk
iwQy2 pqfV;k esa [kkaslk vkSj ihNs ls ml çkax.k esa tk igq¡ps tgk¡ ,d egkRek th xhrk ij
çopu dj jgs FksA
vI+kQlksl] vkt çopu lquus esa ;'kksèkj th dk eu [kkl yxk ughaA lp rks ;g gS fd
og Hkhrj ls cgqr ”;knk èkkfeZd vFkok deZdkaMh gSa ughaA gk¡ bl lacèa k eas vius e;kZnk iqjQ"k
fd'kunk }kjk LFkkfir ekud ges'kk muosQ lkeus jgs gSAa tSl&s tSls mez <y jgh gS oSl&s oSls
og Hkh fd'kunk dh rjg jks”k eafnj tkus] laè;k&iwtk djus vkSj xhrk çsl xksj[kiqj dh fdrkcsa
i<+us dk ;Ru djus yxs gSAa vxj dHkh mudk eu f'kdk;r djrk fd bl lc esa yx ugha
ik jgk gw¡ rc mlls dgrs fd HkkbZ yxuk pkfg,A vc rks ek;k&eksg osQ lkFk&lkFk
Hkxor~&Hktu dks Hkh oqQN LFkku nsuk gksxk fd ugha\ u;h ih<+h dks nsdj jktikV rqe yx
tkvks ckV ou&çns'k dhA tks djrs gS]a tSlk djrs gS]a djsAa gesa rks vc bl ^o&jYM* dh
ugha] mldh] bl ^ykbIk+ Q* dh ugha] mldh ¯prk djuh gSA oSls vxj cPps lykg ek¡x]as
vuqHko dk vknj djsa rks vPNk yxrk gSA vc ugha ek¡xrs rks u ek¡xAas
;'kksèkj ckcw us fiQj vius dks f>M+dk fd ;g Hkh D;k gqvk fd eu dks le>kus esa
fiQj HkVd x,A xhrk efgek lquksA

2- Hkxoku osQ pj.kksa ls mBk, gq, vk'khokZn osQ iwQy

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

lquus yxs exj O;k[;k esa tuknZu 'kCn tks lqukbZ iM+k rks mUgsa
vius thtk tuknZu tks'kh dh ;kn gks vkbZA ijlksa gh dkMZ vk;k
gS fd mudh rch;r [kjkc gSA ;'kksèkj ckcw lkspus yxs fd
thtkth dk gky iwNus vgenkckn tkuk gh gksxkA ,slk lksprs gh
mUgsa ;g Hkh [k;ky vk;k fd ;g izLrko mudh iRuh vkSj cPpksa
dks ilan ugha vk,xk] lkjk la;qDr ifjokj fc[kj x;k gSA iRuh 9
vkSj cPPkksa dh èkkj.kk gS fd bl fc[kjs ifjokj osQ izfr ;'kksèkj
th dk ,drjI+kQk yxko vkfFkZd n`f"V ls loZFkk ew[kZrkiw.kZ gSA
;'kksèkj th [kq'kh&xe osQ gj ekSosQ ij fj'rsnkjksa osQ ;gk¡ tkuk
”k:jh le>rs gSaA og pkgrs gSa fd cPps Hkh ikfjokfjdrk osQ izfr
mRlkgh gksaA cPps ozqQ¼ gh gksrs gSaA vHkh ml fnu gn gks xbZA
dekmQ csVs us ;g dg fn;k fd vkidks cqvk dks Hkstus osQ fy,
iSls eSa rks ugha nw¡xkA ;'kksèkj ckcw dks dguk iM+k fd vHkh rqEgkjs
cCck dh bruh lk[k gS fd lkS jQi;s mèkkj ys losaQA
;'kksèkj th dk ukjk] ^gekjk rks lSi3 gh ,slk ns[kk Bgjk*µgesa
rks ;gh ijaijk fojklr esa feyh gSA bl ukjs ls mudh iRuh cgqr
fp<+rh gSA iRuh dk dguk gS] vkSj lgh dguk gS fd ;'kksèkj th
dk Lo;a dk ns[kk gqvk oqQN ugha gSA ek¡ osQ ej tkus osQ ckn
NksVh&lh mez esa og xk¡o NksM+dj viuh foèkok cqvk osQ ikl
vYeksM+k vk x, FksA cqvk dk dksbZ ,slk yack&pkSM+k ifjokj rks Fkk
ugha tgk¡ fd ;'kksèkj th oqQN ns[krs vkSj ijaijk osQ jax esa jaxrsA
eSfVªd ikl djrs gh og fnYyh vk x, vkSj ;gk¡ jgs oq¡Qvkjs
o`Q".kkuan th osQ lkFkA oq¡Qvkjs dh fxjLrh esa ns[kus dks gksrk D;k
gS\ iRuh vkxzgiwoZd dgrh gS fd oqQN ugha rqe vius mu
fd'kunk osQ eq¡g ls lquh&lqukbZ ckrksa dks viuh vk¡[kksa ns[kh ;knsa
cuk Mkyrs gks fd'kunk dks tks Hkh ekywe FkkA og mudk iqjkus
x¡obZ yksxksa ls lh[kk gqvk BgjkA fnYyh vkdj mUgksaus ?kj&ifjokj
rks clk;k ugha tks tku ikrs fd dkSu ls fjokt fuHk ldrs gSa]
dkSu ls ughaA iRuh dk dguk gS fd fd'kunk rks Fks gh tue osQ

3- lkgc dk cksypky esa iz;qDr :i

2019-20

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forku

cw<+s] rqEgsa D;k lqj yxk tks mudk cq<+kik [kqn vks<+us yxs gks\ rqe 'kq: esa rks ,sls ugha Fks] 'kknh
osQ ckn eSaus rqEgsa ns[k tks D;k ugha j[kk gS! gÝ+rs esa nks&nks flusek ns[krs Fks] x”ky xkrs Fks x”ky!
x”ky gqbZ vkSj lgxy osQ xkusA
;'kksèkj ckcw Lohdkj djrs gSa fd muesa oqQN ifjorZu gqvk gS ysfdu og le>rs gSa fd
mez osQ lkFk&lkFk cq”kqfxZ;r vkuk Bhd gh gSA iRuh ls og dgrs gSa fd ftl rjg rqeus
cq<+;kdky ;g cxSj ck¡g dk Cykmt iguuk] ;g jlksbZ ls ckgj nky&Hkkr [kk ysuk] ;g
m¡Qph ghy okyh lSaMy iguuk] vkSj ,sls gh ipklksa dke viuh csVh dh lykg ij 'kq:
dj fn, gSa] eq>s rks os ^legkm baçkWij* gh ekywe gksrs gSaA ,uhos eSa rqEgsa ,slk djus ls jksd
ugha jgkA ns;jiQksj rqe yksxksa dks Hkh esjs thus osQ <ax ij dksbZ ,rjk”k gksuk ugha pkfg,A
10
;'kksèkj ckcw dks èkkfeZd çopu lqurs gq, Hkh viuk ikfjokfjd fparu esa è;ku Mwck jguk
vPNk ugha yxkA lqcg&'kke laè;k djus osQ ckn tc og FkksM+k è;ku yxkus dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSa rc Hkh eu fdlh ije lÙkk esa ugha] blh ifjokj esa yhu gksrk gSA ;'kksèkj th
pkgrs gSa fd è;ku yxkus dh lgh fofèk lh[ksa rFkk lkFk gh og vius ls Hkh dgrs gSa fd
ijgSIl ,slh ph”k osQ fy, fjVk;j gksus osQ ckn dk le; gh çkWij BgjkA okuizLFk osQ fy,
izSlØkbCM Bgjh ;s ph”ksaA okuçLFk osQ fy, ;'kksèkj ckcw dk vius iq'rSuh xk¡o tkus dk
bjknk gS fjVk;j gksdjA iQkj izQke n eS¯Mx ØkmMµle>s!
bl rjg dh reke ckrsa ;'kksèkj ckcw iSnkb'kh cq”kqxZokj fd'kunk osQ 'kCnksa esa vkSj muosQ
gh ygts esa dgk djrs gSa vkSj dg dj mudh rjg dh og >saih&lh yxHkx udyh&lh
g¡lh g¡l nsrs gSaA tc rd fd'kunk fnYyh esa jgs ;'kksèkj ckcw fuR; fu;e ls gj nwljh
'kke muosQ njckj esa gkf”kjh yxkus igq¡prs jgsA
Lo;a fd'kunk gj lqcg lSj ls ykSVrs gq, vius bl ekul iq=k osQ DokVZj esa >k¡duk
vkSj ^gSYnh&oSYnh ,aM okb”k* cu jgk gS u Hkkŵ,slk dguk dHkh ugha HkwyrsA tc
;'kksèkj ckcw fnYyh vk, Fks rc mudh lqcg FkksM+h nsj ls mBus dh vknr FkhA fd'kunk
us mUgsa jks”k lqcg >d>ksj dj mBkuk vkSj lkFk lSj esa ys tkuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj ;g ea=k
fn;k fd ^vjyh Vw cSM ,aM vjyh Vw jkbt esDl , eSu gSYnh ,aM okb”k!* tc ;'kksèkj
ckcw vyx DokVZj esa jgus yxs vkSj viuh x`gLFkh esa Mwc x, rc Hkh fd'kunk us ;g ns[krs
jguk ”k:jh le>k fd HkkÅ ;kuh cPpk losjs tYnh mBrk gS fd ugha\ ;'kksèkj ckcw dks
;g vPNk yxrk Fkk fd dksbZ mUgsa HkkÅ dgrk gSA gj losjs og fd'kunk ls vuqjksèk djrs
fd pk; ihdj tk,A fd'kunk dHkh&dHkh bl vuqjksèk dh j{kk dj nsrsA ;'kksèkj ckcw us

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

fd'kunk dks ?kj vkSj nÝ+rj esa fofHk :iksa esa ns[kk gS ysfdu
fd'kunk dh tks Nfo muosQ eu esa clh gqbZ gS og lqcg dh lSj
dks fudys fd'kunk dh gh gS] oqQrsZ&itkes osQ Åij Åuh xkmu
igus] flj ij xksy foyk;rh Vksih vkSj ik¡oksa esa ns'kh [kM+km¡Q èkkj.k
fd, gq, vkSj gkFk esa (oqQÙkksa dks Hkxkus osQ fy,) ,d NM+h fy,
gq,A 11
tc rd fd'kunk fnYyh esa jgs rc rd ;'kksèkj ckcw us muosQ
i^f'k"; vkSj mRlkgh dk;ZdrkZ dh Hkwfedk iwjh fu"Bk ls fuHkkbZA
fd'kunk osQ pys tkus osQ ckn mUgksaus gh mudh dbZ ijaijkvksa dks
thfor j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj bl dksf'k'k esa iRuh vkSj cPpksa
dks ukjk”k fd;kA ?kj esa gksyh xokuk] ^tU;ks iqU;wa* osQ fnu lc
oqQekm¡fu;ksa dks tusÅ cnyus osQ fy, vius ?kj vkeaf=kr djuk]
jkeyhyk dh rkyhe osQ fy, DokVZj dk ,d dejk ns nsukµ;s
vkSj ,sls gh dbZ vkSj dke ;'kksèkj ckcw us fd'kunk ls fojklr
esa fy, FksA mudh iRuh vkSj cPpksa dks bu vk;kstuksa ij gksus
okyk [kpZ vkSj bu vk;kstuksa esa gksus okyk 'kksj] nksuksa gh l[r
ukilan FksA cnrj ;gh fd bu vk;kstuksa osQ fy, lekt esa Hkh
dksbZ [kkl mRlkg jg ugha x;k gSA
;'kksèkj th pkgrs gSa fd mUgsa lekt dk lEekfur cq”kqxZ ekuk
tk, ysfdu tc lekt gh u gks rks ;g in mUgsa D;ksadj feys\
;'kksèkj th dgrs gSa fd cPps esjk vknj djsa vkSj mlh rjg gj
ckr esa eq>ls lykg ysa ftl rjg eSa fd'kunk ls fy;k djrk FkkA
;'kksèkj ckcw MseksozsQV ckcw gSa vkSj gjfx”k ;g nqjkxzg ugha djuk
pkgrs fd cPps muosQ dgs dks iRFkj dh ydhj le>saA ysfdu
;g Hkh D;k gqvk fd iwNk u rkNk] ftlosQ eu esa tSlk vk;k
djrk jgkA xzkaVsM rqEgkjh ukWyst ”;knk gksxh ysfdu ,Dlihfj,al
dk dksbZ lcLVhV~;wV Bgjk ugha csVkA ekuks u ekuks] >wBs eq¡g ls
lgh] ,d ckj iwN rks fy;k djksµ,slk dgrs gSa ;'kksèkj ckcw vkSj
cPps ;gh mÙkj nsrs gSa] ¶cCck] vki rks gn djrs gSa] tks ckr vki
tkurs gh ugha vkils D;ksa iwNsa\¸

2019-20

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forku

çopu lquus osQ ckn ;'kksèkj ckcw lC”kheaMh x,A ;'kksèkj ckcw dks vPNk yxrk vxj
muosQ csVs cM+s gksus ij viuh rjI+kQ ls ;g çLrko djrs fd nwèk ykuk] jk'ku ykuk] lh-
th- ,p- ,l- fMLisaljh ls nok ykuk] lnj ck”kkj tkdj nkysa ykuk] igkM+xat ls lC”kh
ykuk] fMiks ls dks;yk ykuk ;s lc dke vki NksM+ nsa] vc ge dj fn;k djsaxs] ,dkèk
ckj csVksa ls [kqn mUgksaus gh dgk rc os ,d&nwljs ls dgus yxs fd rw fd;k dj] rw D;ksa
ugha djrk\ bruk oqQgjke epk vkSj yM+dksa us ,d&nwljs dks bruk ”;knk cqjk&Hkyk dgk
fd ;'kksèkj ckcw us bl fo"k; dks mBkuk Hkh can dj fn;kA tc ls csVk foKkiu oaQiuh
esa cM+h ukSdjh ij x;k gS rc ls cPpksa dk bl çlax esa ,d gh oDrO; gS&¶cCck] gekjh
le> esa ugha vkrk fd bu dkeksa osQ fy, vki ,d ukSdj D;ksa ugha j[k ysrs\ bZtk dks
12 Hkh vkjke gks tk,xkA¸ dekÅ csVk ued fNM+drs gq, ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd ukSdj dh
ru[okg eSa ns nw¡xkA
;'kksèkj ckcw dks ;gh ^legkm baçkij* ekywe gksrk gS fd mudk csVk viuk osru muosQ
gkFk esa ugha j[ksA ;g lgh gS fd osru Lo;a csVs osQ vius gkFk esa ugha vkrk] ,dkmaV
VªkaliQj }kjk cSad esa tkrk gSA ysfdu D;k csVk cki osQ lkFk TokbaV ,dkmaV ugha [kksy
ldrk Fkk\ >wBs eq¡g ls gh lgh] ,d ckj ,slk dgrk rks! frl ij csVs dk vius osru
dks viuk le>rs gq, ckj&ckj dguk fd ;g dke eSa vius iSls ls djus dks dg jgk
gw¡] vkiosQ ls ugha tks vki uqDrkphuh djsaA bl Øe esa csVs us firk dk ;g DokVZj rd
viuk cuk fy;k gSA viuk osru vius <ax ls og bl ?kj ij [kpZ dj jgk gSA dHkh
dkjisV fcNok jgk gS] dHkh insZ yxok jgk gSA dHkh lksI+kQk vk jgk gS dHkh Muyiokyk
Mcy cSM vkSj ¯lxkj es”kA dHkh Vh- oh-] dHkh fizQt D;k gqvk ;g\ vkSj ,slk Hkh ugha
dgrk fd yhft, firk th eSa vkiosQ fy, ;g Vh- oh- ys vk;kA dgrk ;gh gS fd esjk
Vh- oh- gS le>s] bls dksbZ u Nqvk djs! DokVZj gh mldk gks x;k! ;g vPNh jghA vc
budk ,d ukSdj Hkh j[kks ?kj esaA budk ukSdj gksxk rks buosQ fy, gh gksxkA gekjs fy,
rks D;k gksxkµ,slk le>krs gSa ;'kksèkj ckcw ?kjokyh dksA dke lc vius gkFk ls Bhd gh
gksrs gSaA ukSdjksa dks lkSaik dkjksckj pkSiV gqvkA dgrs gSa ;'kksèkj ckcw] iRuh lqurh gS exj
ugha lqurhA ij lqudj vc fp<+rh Hkh ughaA
lC”kh dk >ksyk ysdj ;'kksèkj ckcw [kqnh gqbZ lM+dksa vkSj VwVs gq, DokVZjksa osQ eycs ls
iVs gq, ykuksa dks ikj djosQ LDok;j osQ ml dksus esa igq¡ps ftlesa rhu DokVZj vc Hkh
lkcqr [kM+s gq, FksA mu rhu esa ls oqQy ,d dks vc rd ,d flyflyk vkckn fd, gq,
gSA ckgj cnjax r[rh esa mldk uke fy[kk gSµokbZ-Mh- iarA

2019-20

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Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com

flYoj oSfMax

bl DokVZj osQ ikl igq¡pdj vkt okbZ-Mh- iar dks igys èkks[kk
gqvk fd fdlh xyr txg vk x, gSaA DokVZj osQ ckgj ,d dkj Fkh]
oqQN LowQVj&eksVj lkbfdy] cgqr ls yksx fonk ys&ns jgs FksA ckgj
cjkens esa jaxhu dkx”k dh >kyjsa vkSj xqCckjs yVosQ gq, Fks vkSj
jax&fcjaxh jks'kfu;k¡ tyh gqbZ FkhaA
fiQj mUgsa viuk cM+k csVk Hkw"k.k igpku esa vk;k ftlls dkj esa 13
cSBk gqvk dksbZ lkgc gkFk feyk jgk Fkk vkSj dg jgk Fkk] ¶fxo ekbZ
okeZ fjxkMZ~l Vw ;ksj I+kQknjA¸
;'kksèkj ckcw fBBd x,A mUgksua s vius ls iwNkµD;ks]a vkt esjs DokVZj
esa ;g D;k gks jgk gksxk\ mldk tokc Hkh mUgksua s vius dks fn;kµtks
djrs gksxa s ;g ykSMa &s ekSMa ]s budh ek;k ;gh tkusAa
vc ;'kksèkj ckcw dk è;ku bl vksj x;k fd mudh iRuh vkSj
mudh csVh Hkh oqQN eselkcksa dks fonk djrs gq, cjkens esa [kM+h gSa]
yM+dh thu vkSj cxSj ck¡g dk Vki igus gSA ;'kksèkj ckcw mlls dbZ
erZck dg pqosQ gSa fd rqEgkjh ;g irywu vkSj lSaMks cuus okyh MªSl
eq>s rks legkm baçkij ekywe gksrh gSA ysfdu og Hkh f”kíh ,slh gS
fd bls gh igurh gS vkSj iRuh Hkh mlh dh rjI+kQnkjh djrh gS]
dgrh gSµog flj ij iYyw&oYyw eSaus dj fy;k cgqr rqEgkjs dgus
ij le>s] esjh csVh ogh djsxh tks nqfu;k dj jgh gSA iq=kh dk i{k
ysus okyh ;g iRuh bl le; vksBksa ij ykyh vkSj ckyksa ij f[k”kkc
yxk, gq, Fkh tcfd ;s nksuksa gh ph”ksa vki oqQN Hkh dfg,] ;'kksèkj
ckcw dks ^legkm baçkij* gh ekywe gksrh gSaA
vkèkqfud fdLe osQ vtuch yksxksa dh HkhM+ ns[kdj ;'kksèkj ckcw
v¡èksjs esa gh nqcosQ jgsA muosQ cPpksa dks blfy, f'kdk;r gS fd cCck
rks ,y-Mh-lh- Vkbiksa ls gh feDl djrs gSaA
tc dkj okys yksx pys x, rc ;'kksèkj ckcw us vius DokVZj esa
dne j[kus dk lkgl tqVk;kA Hkhrj vc Hkh ikVhZ py jgh FkhA
muosQ iq=k&iqf=k;ksa osQ dbZ fe=k rFkk muosQ oqQN fj'rsnkj tes gq, FksA

2019-20

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forku

muosQ cM+s csVs us f>M+dh&lh lqukbZ] ¶cCck] vki Hkh gn djrs gSaA flYoj oSfMax osQ fnu
lk<+s vkB cts ?kj igq¡ps gSaA vHkh rd esjs ckWl vkidh jkg ns[k jgs FksA¸
¶ge yksxksa osQ ;gk¡ flYoj oSfMax dc ls gksus yxh gSA¸ ;'kksèkj ckcw us 'kehZyh g¡lh
g¡l nhA
¶tc ls rqEgkjk csVk Ms<+ g”kkj ekgokj dekus yxk] rc lsA¸ ;g fVIi.kh Fkh panznÙk
frokjh dh tks blh lky ,l-,-,l- ikl gqvk gS vkSj nwj osQ fj'rs ls ;'kksèkj ckcw dk
Hkkatk yxrk gSA
;'kksèkj ckcw dks vius csVksa ls reke rjg dh f'kdk;rsa gSa ysfdu oqQy feykdj mUgsa
14 ;g vPNk yxrk gS fd yksxµckx mUgsa bZ";kZ dk ik=k le>rs gSaA Hkys gh mUgsa Hkw"k.k dk
xSj&ljdkjh ukSdjh djuk le> esa u vkrk gks rFkkfi og ;g c[kwch le>rs gSa fd bruh

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

NksVh mez esa Ms<+ g”kkj ekgokj Iyl duos,al ,ykmal ,aM rqEgkjk
vnj iDlZ ik tkuk dksbZ ekewyh ckr ugha gSA blh rjg Hkys gh
;'kksèkj ckcw us csVksa dh [kjhnh gqbZ gj u;h ph”k osQ lanHkZ esa ;gh
fVIi.kh dh gks fd ;s D;k gqbZ] legkm esjh rks le> esa vkrk
ugha] bldh D;k ”k:jr Fkh] rFkkfi mUgsa dgha bl ckr ls FkksM+h
[kq'kh Hkh gksrh gS fd bl ph”k osQ vk tkus ls mUgsa u, nkSj osQ] 15
fu'p; gh xyr] ekudksa osQ vuqlkj cM+k vkneh eku fy;k tk
jgk gSA felky osQ fy, tc csVksa us xSl dk pwYgk tqVk;k rc
;'kksèkj ckcw us mldk fojksèk fd;k vkSj vkt Hkh og ;gh dgrs
gSa fd bl ij cuh jksVh eq>s rks legkm jksVh tSlh yxrh ugha]
rFkkfi og tkurs gSa] xSl u gksus ij og bl uxj esa pijklh Js.kh
osQ eku fy, tkrsA blh rjg fizQt osQ lanHkZ esa vkt Hkh ;'kksèkj
ckcw ;gh dgrs gSa fd esjh le> esa vkt rd ;g ugha vk;k fd
bldk I+kQk;nk D;k gS\ cklh [kkuk [kkuk vPNh vknr ugha BgjhA
vkSj ;g Bgjk blh dke dk fd lqcg cuk osQ j[k fn;k vkSj
'kke dks [kk;kA bl esa j[kk gqvk ikuh Hkh esjs eu rks vkrk ugha]
xyk idM+ ysrk gSA dgrs gSa exj bl ckr ls larq"V gksrs gSa fd
?kj vk, lkèkkj.k gSfl;r okys esgeku bl fizQt dk ikuh ihdj
vius dks èkU; vuqHko djrs gSaA
viuh flYoj oSfMax dh ;g HkO; ikVhZ Hkh ;'kksèkj ckcw dks
legkm baçkij gh yxh rFkkfi mUgsa bl ckr ls larks"k gqvk fd
ftl vukFk ;'kksèkj osQ tUefnu ij dHkh yaw ugha vk,] ftlus
viuk fookg Hkh dksvkWijsfVo ls nks&pkj g”kkj d”kkZ fudkydj
fd;k cxSj fdlh [kkl èkweèkke osQ] mlosQ fookg dh iPphloha
o"kZxk¡B ij osQd] pkj rjg dh feBkbZ] pkj rjg dh uedhu]
iQy] dksYMfMªaDl] pk; lc oqQN ekStwn gSA
fxjh'k cksyk] eq>s vkt lqcg cSBs&cSBs ;kn vk;k fd vkidh
'kknh Ng I+kQjojh lu~ lSarkyhl dks gqbZ Fkh vkSj bl fglkc ls
vkt mls iPphl lky iwjs gks x, gSaA eSaus vkiosQ nÝ+rj I+kQksu

2019-20

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forku

fd;k ysfdu 'kk;n vkidk I+kQksu [kjkc FkkA rc eSaus Hkw"k.k dks I+kQksu fd;kA Hkw"k.k us dgk]
'kke dks vk tkb, ikVhZ djrs gSaA eSa vius ckWl dks Hkh cqyk yw¡xk blh cgkusA¸
fxjh'k ;'kksèkj ckcw dh iRuh dk ppsjk HkkbZ gSA cM+h oaQiuh esa ekosZQfVax eSustj gS vkSj
bldh lgk;rk ls gh ;'kksèkj ckcw osQ csVs dks viuk ;g laiUu lkyk legkm Hk;adj
vksNkV ;kuh vksNsiu dk èkuh ekywe gksrk gSA mUgsa yxrk gS fd blh us Hkw"k.k dks fcxkM+
fn;k gSA dHkh dgrs gSa ,slk rks iRuh cjl iM+rh gSµ¯”knxh cuk nh rqEgkjs lsosaQM Dykl
ch-,- csVs dh] dgrs gks fcxkM+ fn;kA
Hkw"k.k us vius fe=kksa&lg;ksfx;ksa dk ;'kksèkj ckcw ls ifjp; djkuk 'kq: fd;kA mudh
16 ¶eSuh gSIih fjVu~Zl vkWI+kQ n Ms¸ dk ¶FkSaD;w¸ dgdj tokc nsrs gq,] ftu yksxksa dk uke
igys crk fn;k x;k gks mudh vksj ¶okbZ-Mh- iar] gkse fefuLVjh] Hkw"k.l I+kQknj¸ dgdj
Lo;a gkFk c<+krs gq, ;'kksèkj ckcw us gjpan ;g trkus dh dksf'k'k dh fd Hkys gh og
laLdkjh oqQekm¡Quh gS rFkkfi foyk;rh jhfr&fjokt ls Hkh Hkyh Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA fd'kunk
dgk djrs Fks fd vkuk lc oqQN pkfg,] lh[kuk gj ,d dh ckr Bgjh] ysfdu viuh
NksM+uh ugha gqbZA VkbZ&lwV iguuk vkuk pkfg, ysfdu èkksrh&oqQrkZ viuh iks'kkd gS ;g ugha
Hkwyuk pkfg,A
vc cPpksa us ,d vkSj foyk;rh ijaijk osQ fy, vkxzg fd;kµ;'kksèkj ckcw viuh iRuh
osQ lkFk osQd dkVsaA ?kjokyh igys FkksM+k 'kjekbZ ysfdu tc csVh us gkFk [khapk rc mls
osQd osQ ihNs tk [kM+h gksus esa dksbZ fgpd ugha gqbZ] ogha ls mlus ifr dks Hkh iqdkjkA
;'kksèkj ckcw dks osQd dkVuk cpdkuh ckr ekywe gqbZA csVh mUgsa yxHkx [khapdj ys
xbZA ;'kksèkj ckcw us dgk] ¶legkm vkbZ MksaV ykbd vky fnlA¸ ysfdu ,uhos mUgksaus
osQd dkV gh fn;kA fxjh'k us mudh ;g vueuh ¯drq larq"V Nfo oSQejs esa oSQn dj yhA
vc ifr&iRuh ls dgk x;k fd os osQd ls eq¡g ehBk djsa ,d&nwljs dkA iRuh us [kk fy;k
exj ;'kksèkj ckcw us badkj dj fn;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd eSa osQd [kkrk ugha] blesa vaMk
iM+k gksrk gSA mUgsa ;kn fnyk;k x;k fd vHkh oqQN o"kksZa igys rd vki ekalkgkjh Fks] ,d
VqdM+k osQd [kk ysus esa D;k gks tk,xk\ ysfdu og ugha ekusA rc muls vuqjksèk fd;k x;k
fd yaw gh [kk ysaA Hkw"k.k osQ ,d fe=k us yaw mBkdj muosQ eq¡g esa Bw¡lus dk ;Ru fd;k
ysfdu ;'kksèkj ckcw blosQ fy, Hkh jk”kh ugha gq,A mudk dguk Fkk fd eSaus vc rd laè;k
ugha dh gSA bl ij Hkw"k.k us >q¡>ykdj dgk] ¶rks cCck] igys tkdj laè;k dhft,]
vkidh otg ls ge yksx dc rd jQosQ jgsaxsA¸

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

¶ugha] ugha] vki lc yksx [kkb,]¸ ;'kksèkj ckcw us cPpksa osQ

nksLrksa ls dgk] ¶Iyh”k xks vgsMA uks I+kQkjeSYVhA¸
;'kksèkj ckcw us vkt iwtk esa oqQN ”;knk gh nsj yxkbZA bruh
nsj fd ”;knkrj esgeku mB dj pys tk,¡A
mudh iRuh] muosQ cPps] ckjh&ckjh ls vkdj >k¡drs jgs vkSj 17
dgrs jgs] tYnh dhft, esgeku yksx tk jgs gSaA
'kke dh ianzg feuV dh iwtk dks yxHkx iPphl feuV rd
[khap ysus osQ ckn Hkh tc cSBd ls esgekuksa dh vkok”kas vkrh
lqukbZ nh rc ;'kksèkj ckcw iÁklu lkèkdj è;ku yxkus cSB x,]
og pkgrs Fks fd mUgsa çdk'k dk ,d uhyk ¯cnq fn[kkbZ ns] exj
mUgsa fd'kunk fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA
;'kksèkj ckcw fd'kunk ls iwN jgs Fks fd ^tks gqvk gksxk* ls vki
oSQls ej x,\ fd'kunk dg jgs Fks fd HkkÅ lHkh tu blh ^tks
gqvk gksxk* ls ejrs gSa] x`gLFk gksa] czãpkjh gksa] vehj gksa] xjhc gksa]
ejrs ^tks gqvk gksxk* ls gh gSaA gk¡&gk¡] 'kq: esa vkSj vkf[kj esa] lc
vosQys gh gksrs gSaA viuk dksbZ ugha Bgjk nqfu;k esa] cl viuk
fu;e viuk gqvkA
;'kksèkj ckcw us iktkek&oqQrsZ ij Åuh Mªsflax xkmu igus] flj
ij xksy foyk;rh Vksih] ik¡oksa esa ns'kh [kM+km¡Q vkSj gkFk esa MaMk
èkkj.k fd, bl fd'kunk ls vosQysiu osQ fo"k; esa cgl djuh
pkghA mudk fojksèk djus osQ fy, ugha cfYd ckr oqQN vkSj
vPNh rjg le>us osQ fy,A
gj jfookj fd'kunk 'kke dks Bhd pkj cts ;'kksèkj ckcw osQ ?kj
vk;k djrs FksA muosQ fy, xjek&xje pk; cuokbZ tkrh FkhA mudk
dguk Fkk fd ftls iwQ¡ d ekjdj u ihuk iM+s og pk; oSQlhA pk;
lqMd+ rs gq, fd'kunk çopu djrs Fks vkSj ;'kksèkj ckcw chp&chp
esa 'kadk,¡ mBkrs FksA

2019-20

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forku

;'kksèkj ckcw dks yxrk gS fd fd'kunk vkt Hkh esjk ekxZ&n'kZu dj losaQxs vkSj crk
losaQxs fd esjs choh&cPps tks oqQN Hkh dj jgs gSa mlosQ fo"k; esa esjk joS;k D;k gksuk
pkfg,\
ysfdu fd'kunk rks ogh vosQysiu dk [kVjkx vykius ij vkeknk ls ekywe gksrs gSaA
oSQlh choh] dgk¡ osQ cPps] ;g lc ek;k Bgjh vkSj ;g tks Hkw"k.k vkt bruk mNy jgk
gS og Hkh fdlh fnu bruk gh vosQyk vkSj vlgk; vuqHko djsxk] ftruk fd vkt rw dj
jgk gSA
;'kksèkj ckcw ckr vkxs c<+krs ysfdu mudh ?kjokyh mUgsa f>M+drs gq, vk igq¡ph fd
18 D;k vkt iwtk esa gh cSBs jgksxsA ;'kksèkj ckcw vklu ls mBs vkSj mUgksaus ncs Loj esa iwNk]
¶esgeku x,\¸ iRuh us crk;k] ¶oqQN x, gSa] oqQN gSaA mUgksaus tkuuk pkgk fd dkSu&dkSu
gSa\ vk'oLr gksus ij fd lHkh fj'rsnkj gh gSa og mlh yky xeNs esa cSBd esa pys x,
ftls igudj og laè;k djus cSBs FksA ;g xeNk iguus dh vknr Hkh mUgsa fd'kunk ls
fojklr esa feyh gS vkSj muosQ cPps blosQ l[r f[kykI+kQ gSaA
¶,ojhcMh xkWu] ikVhZ vksoj\¸ ;'kksèkj ckcw us eqloqQjkdj viuh csVh ls iwNk] ¶vc
xks;k xeNk igus j[kk tk ldrk gS\¸
mudh csVh >YykbZ] ¶yksx pys x,] bldk eryc ;g FkksM+h gS fd vki xeNk
igudj cSBd esa vk tk,¡A cCck] ;w vkj n fyfeVA¸
¶csVh] gesa ftlesa lt vk,xh ogh djsaxs uk] rqEgkjh rjg thu igudj gesa rks lt
vkrhµughaA¸
;'kksèkj ckcw dh n`f"V es”k ij j[ks oqQN iSoQs Vksa ij iM+hA cksy]s ¶;s dkSu Hkwys tk jgk gS\¸
Hkw"k.k cksyk] ¶vkiosQ fy, izs”ksaV gSa] [kksfy, ukA¸
¶vg] bl mez esa D;k gks jgk gS izs”ksaV&ojtSaV! rqe [kksyks] rqEgha bLrseky djksA¸ dgdj
'kehZyh g¡lh g¡lsA
Hkw"k.k lcls cM+k iSosQV mBkdj mls [kksyrs gq, cksyk] ¶bls rks ys yhft,A ;g eSa
vkiosQ fy, yk;k gw¡A mQuh Mªs¯lx xkmu gSA vki losjs tc nwèk ysus tkrs gSa cCck] iQVk
iqyksoj igu osQ pys tkrs gSa tks cgqr gh cqjk yxrk gSA vki bls igu osQ tk;k dhft,A¸

2019-20

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flYoj oSfMax

csVh firk dk iktkek&oqQrkZ mBk ykbZ fd bls igudj xkmu iguasA

FkksM+k&lk uk&uqp djus osQ ckn ;'kksèkj th us bl vkxzg dh j{kk dhA
xkmu dk lS'k dlrs gq, mUgksaus dgk] ¶vPNk rks ;g Bgjk Msª¯lx
xkmuA¸
mUgksaus dgk vkSj mudh vk¡[kksa dh dksj esa ”kjk&lh ueh
ped xbZA 19

;g dguk eqf'dy gS fd bl ?kM+h mUgsa ;g ckr pqHk xbZ fd

mudk tks csVk ;g dg jgk gS fd vki losjs Msª¯lx xkmu igudj
nwèk ykus tk;k djsa] og ;g ugha dg jgk fd nwèk eSa yk fn;k d:¡xk
;k fd bl xkmu dks igudj muosQ vaxks esa og fd'kunk mrj vk;k
gS ftldh ekSr ^tks gqvk gksxk* ls gqbZA

2019-20

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Downloaded from https:// www.studiestoday.com

forku

vH;kl
1- ;'kksèkj ckcw dh iRuh le; osQ lkFk <y ldus esa liQy gksrh gS ysfdu ;'kksèkj ckcw vliQy
jgrs gSaA ,slk D;ksa\
2- ikB esa ^tks gqvk gksxk* okD; dh vki fdruh vFkZ Nfo;k¡ [kkst ldrs @ ldrh gSa\
3- ^legkm baizkij* okD;ka'k dk iz;ksx ;'kksèkj ckcw yxHkx gj okD; osQ izkajHk esa rfd;k dyke
dh rjg djrs gSaA bl okD;ka'k dk muosQ O;fDrRo vkSj dgkuh osQ dF; ls D;k lacaèk curk gS\
4- ;'kksèkj ckcw dh dgkuh dks fn'kk nsus esa fd'kunk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA vkiosQ thou dks
fn'kk nsus esa fdldk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk vkSj oSQls\
20 5- orZeku le; esa ifjokj dh lajpuk] Lo:i ls tqM+s vkiosQ vuqHko bl dgkuh ls dgk¡ rd
lkeatL; fcBk ikrs gSa\
6- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls vki dgkuh dh ewy laosnuk dgsaxs @ dgsaxh vkSj D;ksa\
(d) gkf'k, ij /osQys tkrs ekuoh; ewY;
([k) ih<+h dk varjky
(x) ik'pkR; laLo`Qfr dk izHkko
7- vius ?kj vkSj fo|ky; osQ vkl&ikl gks jgs mu cnykoksa osQ ckjs esa fy[ksa tks lqfoèkktud vkSj
vkèkqfud gksrs gq, Hkh cq”kqxks± dks vPNs ugha yxrsA vPNk u yxus osQ D;k dkj.k gksaxs\
8- ;'kks/j ckcw osQ ckjs esa vkidh D;k /kj.kk curh gS\ fn, x, rhu dFkuksa esa ls vki ftlosQ leFkZu
esa gSa] vius vuqHkokssa vkSj lksp osQ vk/kj ij mlosQ fy, roZQ nhft,µ
(d) ;'kks/j ckcw osQ fopkj iwjh rjg ls iqjkus gSa vkSj os lgkuqHkwfr osQ ik=k ugha gaSA
([k) ;'kks/j ckcw esa ,d rjg dk }a} gS ftlosQ dkj.k u;k mUgsa dHkh&dHkh [khaprk rks gS ij
iqjkuk NksM+rk ughaA blfy, mUgsa lgkuqHkwfr osQ lkFk ns[kus dh ”k:jr gSA
(x) ;'kks/j ckcw ,d vkn'kZ O;fDrRo gS vkSj u;h ih<+h }kjk muosQ fopkjksa dk viukuk gh
mfpr gSA

2019-20

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