Arab Academy for Science, Technology

and Maritime Transportation

Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346
Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Mehanna
Associate Professor
a.khalifa@aast.edu
ahmed_marines@yahoo.com
Room No: 223
Course Assistance Lecturer:
Eng. Mohamed Osama
mohamed.osama@aast.edu
 Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346

Lecture 7:
Fluid Dynamics
Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle –
Part I
 Recall Uniform and Non-uniform flow
 Uniform : at the given instant, the velocity is the same in
magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid.
 Non-Uniform : at the given instant, the velocity changes from
point to point.
The flow may be considered uniform in real fluids if the velocity
distribution is the same at all sections.

Ideal uniform Real assumed uniform

Ideal non-uniform Real non-uniform

 Recall Steady and Unsteady flow
 If the fluid properties/condition at a point in a field DO NOT
Change With Time, the flow is termed a steady flow.
 In steady flow, properties (velocity, pressure) may vary from
point to point in the field, but they must remain constant with time
at a given point.
For a constant head in a tank the fluid velocity is constant at
certain position w.r.t. time.
 Unsteady Flow
 Condition Do Change With Time; (If at any point in the fluid,
the conditions change with time, the flow is described as
unsteady)
For a varying level in a tank the fluid velocity changes at certain
position w.r.t. time.
In practise there is always slight variations in velocity and pressure,
but if the average values are constant, the flow is considered steady
 Recall Appearance of Flow
Laminar Flow:
 A fluid flow is said to be laminar, if each particle of the fluid
follows the path of its preceding particle.
 In laminar flow, individual fluid particles do not cross each
other. They move in regular paths in an orderly manner.
 The fluid particles move smoothly in layers (laminae), one
over the other.
 A good example of laminar flow is the flow of blood through
the arteries and veins of the human body. Another example is
the flow of oil through a thin tube.
 Recall Appearance of Flow
Turbulent Flow:
 In turbulent flow, fluid particles move in a zig-zag and
haphazard way. They do not follow any regular pattern while
flowing.
 Individual fluid particles cross one another and exhibit
irregular energy losses.
 A good example of turbulent flow is the flow of river water.
River water does not follow any regular flow pattern. It moves
in a zig-zag and haphazard manner.
 Reynolds Number
VD VD
Re  
 v
V  Average / Mean Velocity of the fluid in m/s
μ  Dynamic viscosity of the fluid in N.s/m 2
v  Kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m 2 /s
  Density of the fluid in kg/m 3

D  Diameter of the pipe in m

Re < 2200, the flow is laminar
2200 > Re < 4000, the flow is transitional
Re > 4000, the flow is turbulent
 Fluid Kinematics
Recall the Flow Types

Types of Flows

Time Space Appearance

Non
Steady Unsteady Uniform Laminar Turbulent
Uniform

V V V V
0 0 0 0
t t s s

V represents any flow variable (i.e. Velocity, Pressure, Temp, ..etc )

 Flow Kinematics
a. Pattern

Use of arrows to show “flow” directions

 Flow Kinematics
a. Pattern

Tangents to Flow Directions “Streamlines”

Flow Pattern
 Flow Kinematics
b. Position
Particle position at any time (t)

  
ri (t )  xi t i  yi t  j  zi t k

y(t) r(t)
O
x(t) x
 Flow Kinematics
c. Velocity

Velocity: The rate of change of position at a point in a flow field. It

is used not only to specify flow field characteristics but
also to specify flow rate, momentum, and viscous effects
for a fluid in motion.

There are two different approaches in analyzing problems in

mechanics & describe the fluid kinematics.
 Lagrangian Approach, and
 Eulerian Approach
 Flow Kinematics
c. Velocity
Particle velocity at any time (t)

(Lagrangian Approach)
y

Vi (t ) 
d
dt

ri

Vi (t ) 
dt

d   
xi i  yi j  zi k 
dxi  dyi  dzi 
Vi (t )  i j k
dt dt dt

r(t)
O
x
 Lagrangian Approach
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813)

dxi
Vi (t ) 
dxi  dyi  dzi 
i j k let u
dt dt dt dt
dyi
Hence,
v
   dt
Vi (t )  ui  vj  wk
dzi
w
dt
Lagrangian frame, follows the moving
position of individual particles.
 Flow Kinematics
c. Velocity
(Euler Approach) Control Point (2)
(x2, y2, z2)

Control Point (1)

(x1, y1, z1)

Control Point (3)

(x3, y3, z3)
 Euler Approach
Euler Approach: Is to focus on a
certain point in space and consider
the motion of fluid particles that
pass that point as time goes on. In
this case, the fluid particle velocity
depends on the point in space and
time.

u  f 1 ( x, y , z, t )
Leonhard Euler
v  f 2 ( x, y , z, t ) Born: 15 April 1707 in Basel,
Switzerland
Died: 18 Sept 1783
w  f 3 ( x, y , z, t ) in Saint Petersburg, Russia