Arab Academy for Science, Technology

and Maritime Transportation

Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346
Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Mehanna
Associate Professor
a.khalifa@aast.edu
ahmed_marines@yahoo.com
Room No: 223
Course Assistance Lecturer:
Eng. Mohamed Osama
mohamed.osama@aast.edu
Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346

Lecture 6:
Fluid Dynamics
Kinematics and Kinetics
 Fluid Dynamics
 Introduce concepts necessary to analyze fluids in motion.
 Identify differences between classification of flow
Steady/unsteady; uniform/non-uniform; …. etc.
 Introduce the Continuity principle through conservation of
mass and control volumes.
 Demonstrate practical uses of continuity equation in the
analysis of flow.
 Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid.
 Demonstrate how the momentum equation and principle of
conservation of momentum is used to predict forces induced
by flowing fluids.
 Recall
Possible Classification of Continuum Fluid Mechanics
 Fluid Kinematics and Kinetics
 Kinematics describes motion in terms of displacements, velocities,
and accelerations regardless to the forces which are associated with
these variables. So you only have velocities and accelerations without
the forces/torques which creates the motion.
 Kinetics is a term for the branch of classical mechanics that is
concerned with the relationship between the motion of bodies and its
causes, namely forces and torques. So here you have both
Velocities/Accelerations and The Forces which creates the motion.
 Flow may be classified in many ways such as:
 Ideal or Real.
 Uniform or Non-uniform.
 Steady or Unsteady.
 Laminar or Turbulent.
 One, Two, or Three dimensional.
 Rotational or Ir-rotational.
 Type of Flow
Ideal and Real Fluid Flow
 An Ideal Fluid is a fluid that has NO viscosity, (μ = 0), and thus
no shear stress between fluid layers; (No boundary layers).
(Practically, no ideal fluid exists.)
 A Real Fluid includes the effects of viscosity, and thus has
boundary layers, and a velocity distribution.
Examples: Kerosene, Petrol, Oil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JomTmOapAfY&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnNhDNpz_QE
 Uniform and Non-uniform flow
 Uniform : at the given instant, the velocity is the same in
magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid.
 Non-Uniform : at the given instant, the velocity changes from
point to point.
The flow may be considered uniform in real fluids if the velocity
distribution is the same at all sections.

Ideal uniform Real assumed uniform

Ideal non-uniform Real non-uniform

 Steady and Unsteady flow
 If the fluid properties/condition at a point in a field DO NOT
Change With Time, the flow is termed a steady flow.
 In steady flow, properties (velocity, pressure) may vary from
point to point in the field, but they must remain constant with time
at a given point.
For a constant head in a tank the fluid velocity is constant at
certain position w.r.t. time.
 Unsteady Flow
 Condition Do Change With Time; (If at any point in the fluid,
the conditions change with time, the flow is described as
unsteady)
For a varying level in a tank the fluid velocity changes at certain
position w.r.t. time.
In practise there is always slight variations in velocity and pressure,
but if the average values are constant, the flow is considered steady
Steady, Unsteady, Uniform and Non-uniform flow
 Steady uniform flow: Conditions do not change with position in
the stream or with time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe
of constant diameter at constant velocity.
 Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point
in the stream but do not change with time. An example is flow in a
tapering pipe with constant velocity at the inlet - velocity will
change as you move along the length of the pipe toward the exit.
 Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions
at every point are the same, but will change with time. An example
is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a
constant rate which is then switched off.
 Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may
change from point to point and with time at every point. For
example waves in a channel.
 Compressible and Incompressible

 Compressible
 Density will change with pressure
 mostly; gases are easily compressed
 Incompressible
 liquid difficult to compress
 Density constant
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow:
 A fluid flow is said to be laminar, if each particle of the fluid
follows the path of its preceding particle.
 In laminar flow, individual fluid particles do not cross each
other. They move in regular paths in an orderly manner.
 The fluid particles move smoothly in layers (laminae), one
over the other.
 A good example of laminar flow is the flow of blood through
the arteries and veins of the human body. Another example is
the flow of oil through a thin tube.
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow:
 In turbulent flow, fluid particles move in a zig-zag and
haphazard way. They do not follow any regular pattern while
flowing.
 Individual fluid particles cross one another and exhibit
irregular energy losses.
 A good example of turbulent flow is the flow of river water.
River water does not follow any regular flow pattern. It moves
in a zig-zag and haphazard manner.
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
 In laminar flow the fluid moves in separate layers which slide
against each other without mixing. The resistance to the flow is due
to the viscous shear stresses between the layers. It is sometimes
called viscous flow.
 In turbulent flow, there is mixing and we have no separate layers.
The resistance to the flow is due to the friction with the solid walls.
 In the case of flow a pipe, the nature of the flow (laminar or
turbulent) is determined by the value of a dimensionless
parameter, the Reynolds Number, Re.
 Examples

Turbulent flow Laminar flow

 Examples

Turbulent flow Laminar flow

 Examples

Turbulent flow Laminar flow

 Reynolds Number
VD VD
Re  
 v
V  Average / Mean Velocity of the fluid in m/s
μ  Dynamic viscosity of the fluid in N.s/m 2
v  Kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m 2 /s
  Density of the fluid in kg/m 3

D  Diameter of the pipe in m

Re < 2200, the flow is laminar
2200 > Re < 4000, the flow is transitional
Re > 4000, the flow is turbulent
 Natural (or Unforced) and Forced Flow

Natural flow (Unforced): Fluid motion is due to natural.

Forced flow: A fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe

by external means such as a pump or a fan.
 One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flow
 A flow field is best characterized by its velocity distribution.
 A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three -dimensional if the flow velocity varies in one,
two, or three dimensions, respectively.
 However, the variation of velocity in certain directions can be small relative to the
variation in other directions and can be ignored.

 The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in
the flow direction, V = V(r).
 One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flow

Examples of one- and two-dimensional flows:

 The velocity u(r) is a function of only one coordinate, and so the flow is
one-dimensional;
 On the other hand, in the diverging section; The velocity decreases in
the x direction, and the flow becomes two-dimensional: u = u(r, x).
 While in the three-dimensional; the velocity at any point in the flow field
depends on the three coordinates required to locate the point in space.
u = (r, θ , x)
 Rotational and Ir-rotational Flow
 The rotation is the average value of rotation of two lines in the flow.
 If this average = 0 then there is no rotation and the flow is called ir-
rotational flow
 Flow Kinematics
Description of motion:
 Flow Pattern (Visualization)
How could you visualize a velocity field in a real fluid?
 Position
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Flow Patterns
The below pictures showing how the flow looks like

Flow over a circular cylinder

Air flow past a car Air flow at a wing tip

 Flow Patterns
The below pictures showing how the flow looks like

Vortex flow at a wing tip

 Flow Patterns Elements
Prevailing wind directions over Egypt and surrounding region
 Flow Patterns Elements
Prevailing wind directions over Egypt and surrounding region

Stream Lines
Traffic is an Example of Flow Patterns
Traffic is an Example of Flow Patterns
Traffic is an Example of Flow Patterns
Traffic is an Example of Flow Patterns