Power Systems Energy Consulting

Guideform Specifications for Studies of Industrial and

Commercial Power Systems

This document provides suggested wording for specifications to describe the most common
analytical studies required to confirm the design of a power distribution system service the needs
of an industrial or commercial application. Each section of this guideform specification includes
three things:
• A basic description of the analytical study. This is intended to help the specifier determine
which studies are required for his application.
• A guideform specification. The wording of this section may be used to describe a minimum
study.
• Options. Often, the needs of the application require that the study include options that go
beyond the minimum requirements. The words in the options may be used to define
additional commonly required steps in a study.

It should be noted that the studies described by these guideform specifications are the most
commonly required analytical efforts on new installations. It is possible to develop a
customized specification to address any unique requirement that may be encountered on either
new or existing systems. For additonal information, or for assistance with more involved study
specifications, contact GE Power Systems Energy Consulting.
 Short-Circuit Study
General
Short-circuit studies may be made either as a means for evaluating the rated capabilities of fault interrupting
equipment, or as a necessary part of other required studies such as a protective device coordination study or a
conceptual design study.
Three-phase short-circuits usually produce the highest magnitudes of current the power system equipment must be
able to handle. Phase-to-ground short-circuit currents are sometimes higher than three-phase short-circuit currents
in high voltage systems with multiple-point solid neutral grounding. In general, power systems in industrial
facilities and commercial buildings, which employ single-point solid grounding or resistance grounding require
only a three-phase fault current calculation to determine current magnitudes for proper fault interrupter application
and for protective device coordination studies.
The purpose of a short-circuit current study is to compare the rated capabilities of system components with the
maximum available short circuit currents. There are two important aspects of this purpose. First, the comparison is
against the rated capability of components. These capabilities are determine by standards that define both a method
for calculating short circuit duties and a procedure for testing prototype equipment. The only capability that can be
evaluated in a short circuit current is the rated capability that is derived from these manufacturer’s “type tests”, and
therefore there is an implied assumption that existing equipment is maintained in a fashion that the manufacturer’s
original rating still applies. It is not possible to infer any interpretation of nameplates or ratings other than the rating
assigned to the equipment by its manufacturer.
The other consideration is that there are two bodies of standards used to assign short circuit ratings to equipment,
those published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the standards promulgated by the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). ANSI standards are the prevailing standards in North America,
while IEC standards are applied universally in Europe. Both sets of standards are used in other areas of the world,
and in some instances, systems may contain components rated under both standards. Each of these bodies of
standards include procedures that are intended to be used to calculate short circuit duties that are directly
comparable with ratings. It is essential that only these standard procedures be used to conduct the short circuit
study.

-2-
 Short-Circuit Study
(ANSI Standards)
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A short-circuit current study shall be performed and documented in a bound report form with all short-circuit
current calculations made in accordance with the latest standards adopted by the American National Standards
Institute. The latest version of the following application guides shall be used where appropriate in the study:
ANSI-C37.010-1979 (reaff, 1988) Standard Application Guide for
AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
ANSI-C37.5-1979 Calculation of Fault Currents for
Application of Power Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Total Current Basis.
ANSI-C37.13-1990 (reaff. 1995) Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers
(600 Volt Insulation Class).
The short-circuit calculations shall be accompanied by a bus-to-bus listing of all the system impedances calculated
on a common study base. A complete one-line diagram shall be furnished that will identify the bus locations in the
system. The base MVA used for calculating all impedances shall be identified in the report. The computer printout
for each study condition shall accompany the report with a written explanation of how to interpret the printout
sheets. The one-line impedance diagram shall be indexed to the computer printout to permit direct interpretation of
short-circuit duties. Calculations shall include all buses specifically identified for study on the one-line diagram.
The computer program used to perform the short circuit study must employ an algorithm that conforms to the
applicable ANSI standard. The following programs are known to meet this requirement and are preferred for this
study.
Program Program Publisher
Circuit Judge GE Power Systems
Easy Power Electrical Systems Analysis, Inc.
A-Fault SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
ETAP Operations Technology, Inc.

-3-
 Short-Circuit Study
(IEC Standards)
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A short-circuit current study shall be performed and documented in a bound report form with all short-circuit
current calculations made in accordance with the latest standards adopted by the American National Standards
Institute. The latest version of the following application guides shall be used where appropriate in the study:
IEC909-1988 Short Circuit Current Calculation in Three-Phase
A.C. Systems
The short-circuit calculations shall be accompanied by a bus-to-bus listing of all the system impedances calculated
on a common study base. A complete one-line diagram shall be furnished that will identify the bus locations in the
system. The base MVA used for calculating all impedances shall be identified in the report. The computer printout
for each study condition shall accompany the report with a written explanation of how to interpret the printout
sheets. The one-line impedance diagram shall be indexed to the computer printout to permit direct interpretation of
short-circuit duties. Calculations shall include all buses specifically identified for study on the one-line diagram.
The computer program used to perform the short circuit study must employ an algorithm that conforms to the
applicable ANSI standard. The following programs are known to meet this requirement and are preferred for this
study.
Program Program Publisher
IEC-909 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
ETAP Operations Technology, Inc.

-4-
Additional Study Report Requirements (for either ANSI or IEC studies)
The following additional options may be added to the specifications to further define the requirements of the study:
1. A complete engineering discussion with an analysis of the results of the short-circuit
study shall be included in the report.
2. A tabulated comparison between the calculated short-circuit duties and rated
capabilities of all medium and high-voltage fuses and circuit breakers shall be
included in the report.
3. A tabulated comparison between the calculated short-circuit duties and the ratings
of all low-voltage circuit breakers on each load-center substation shall be included
in the report.
4. A tabulated comparison between the calculated short-circuit duties and the ratings
of all low-voltage motor-control centers and interrupting devices shall be included
in the report.
5. The short-circuit analysis shall include a single-phase-to-ground short-circuit
current calculation for the solidly grounded medium and/or high voltage portions of
the power system. This will be used to determine settings for phase-to-ground fault
protective devices in these portions of the system.
6. The short-circuit analysis shall include a phase-to-ground short-current
calculation for the solidly grounded medium and/or high voltage portions of the
power system. The results will be used for circuit breaker duty evaluation.
7. The short-circuit study shall determine fault levels in the system for the normal
operating conditions and ________ additional switching conditions.

-5-
 Protective Device Coordination Study

It is not practical to design a power system which is completely immune from equipment failure and other types of
electrical disturbances which can disrupt production. An associated protective system is needed to sense system
trouble and remove the portion of the system in distress. This protective system should be selective in its automatic
switching in order to minimize the disturbance to the plant as a whole. The protective system must also be sensitive
and fast to help minimize equipment damage, to enhance the safety of personnel and equipment, and to reduce
losses to production and property from the destructive effects of short circuits.
There is a need for a balance between service continuity and protection of equipment. If protection is sensitive at
the cost of selectivity, unnecessary outages may occur. If the protective devices are selective without regard to
protection, excessive equipment damage may occur. Lost production and direct damages costing millions of dollars
can occur in critical industries if the proper compromise is not achieved between these often competing objectives.
A detailed study is necessary to determine and prescribe the optimum protective device settings and adjustments
required for modern power systems. Such studies are a specialized art-science hybrid that are quite time
consuming, even for specialists.

-6-
 Protective Device Coordination Study
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A complete protective device coordination study of the power system shall be performed and documented in a
bound report form to prescribe settings for defined adjustable protective devices. The prescribed settings shall be
determined based on a practical compromise between protection of electrical equipment and coordination between
devices for downstream faults. The criteria for protection shall be in accordance with the requirements set forth in
the National Electrical Code (NEC), and in recognition of the equipment withstand capabilities established by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
The study report shall include a complete one-line diagram of the portion of the system being studied. The diagram
shall identify the devices involved in the study, all current and potential transformer ratings, and with protective
relaying functionally identified by ANSI device numbers.
The tabulation of recommended relay settings shall be identified by location, device number, range of adjustments
and recommended settings.

Additional Study Report Requirements

The following additional options may be added to the specification to further define the requirements of the study:
1. A complete engineering evaluation shall be made of the protective devices in the
system from the standpoint of application. Where existing devices are inadequate to
protect electrical equipment, the report shall reflect these deficiencies and make
recommendations for improvement.
2. Time-current coordination curve plots shall be included in the report that represent
suggested settings for the system protective devices. The coordination curves shall
reflect the following information where applicable:
a. Appropriate NEC protection points
b. Appropriate ANSI transformer protection criteria
c. Magnetizing inrush points of transformers
d. One-line diagram of the system identifying the devices plotted
e. Short-circuit current levels used for coordination
Tabulations of settings for protective devices shall be indexed to the appropriate
time-current curve included in the report.
3. The study shall begin “downstream” at the secondary main circuit breaker an each
low-voltage substation. A review will be made of the setting for these breakers
based on the highest set feeder breaker on the load-center substations. Settings will
be prescribed for the load-center secondary main circuit breakers and all “upstream”
medium- and high-voltage applied adjustable relays in the system.
4. The study shall prescribe settings for all medium- and high-voltage applied
switchgear relays in the system. The settings shall be prescribed based on existing
settings for any low-voltage circuit breakers or fuses in the system.

-7-
5. The study shall select the proper protective devices in the power system.
Appropriate current and potential transformers shall be prescribed. A coordination
study shall be made of all adjustable protective devices, and settings shall be
prescribed for each device.
6. The study shall prescribe settings for all low-, medium-, and high-voltage adjustable
protective devices in the power system.
7. The report shall include a discussion of each type protective relay in the system with
respect to application and limitation of protection.

-8-
 Load-Flow Study

General
A load-flow study is a steady-state simulation of the kW and kvar flows in power system circuits and can determine
bus voltages for selected sets of system operating conditions. These conditions may include normal and emergency
operating modes, present or future circuit arrangements, alternative electrical power system or component
equipments, etc. The results of a load-flow study can be used to optimize circuit usage, voltage profile, kW and
kvar losses, transformer tap settings, and to specify equipment and system capabilities and limitations. The load-
flow study is a most useful tool for system design and expansion, and it is practically indispensable for the
economic planning and operation of large, complex, power systems. The load-flow study is a necessary first stop in
a stability study to establish power flows and machine power angles before the initiation of a disturbance.
A load-flow study can also be helpful in determining the locations of capacitors in an industrial power system for
power factor improvement. A load-flow case can be run with and without the added capacitors to show the
difference in var flows and voltages for each case.
Where only the minimum voltage level when starting a motor on the system is needed, a load-flow study can be
used to quickly arrive at an answer. Since the load-flow study is a steady-state study, the minimum voltage level is
determined by simulating maximum watt and var conditions during the acceleration period.
Load-flow studies are processed on a digital computer using programs that are designed to solve the multiple
simultaneous non-linear equations that describe systems with real and reactive power loading. Properly used, the
results of the load-flow study give the plant operating personnel a very comprehensive understanding of how their
electrical system will perform for both normal and emergency steady-state operating conditions.

-9-
 Load-Flow Study
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A load-flow study shall be performed for the purpose of investigating system loading conditions for the normal
operating condition. In addition, ______, cases of other operating conditions shall be studied. System loads (watt
and var components) and power sources (generation and/or utility tie-line) shall be furnished by the purchasers as a
part of the data to conduct do study. This study shall determine the steady-state kW and var flows on the major tie-
lines, machines, and buses in the system shown on the attached diagram. All system data will be furnished after the
contract is awarded.
The study shall determined bus voltage levels and angles, machine kW and var flows, transformer tap positions, and
real and reactive flows over all system tie lines. The study report shall include the following:
1. A one-line diagram showing all the circuits and lines in the system. The one line
diagram shall either shall show all system impedances given in per unit as a
common base, or shall be accompanied by a tabulation of system components
together with their per unit impedances.
2. The one-line diagrams in the report shall be accompanied with computer output
sheets documenting the results of each case studied.
3. A brief engineering discussion of each case studied shall be included in the report.

-10-
 Additional Study Report Requirements

The following additional options may be added to the specifications to further define the requirements of the study:
1. A one-line diagram showing real and reactive power quantities and direction,
voltage levels, and transformer tap positions for each case studied. The one-line
diagram shall show all system impedances given in per unit as a common base.
2. The study report shall include a complete engineering analysis for each case
studied. The engineering analysis shall include recommendations for better system
operating conditions involving suggestions for system redesign or operating
conditions. The analysis shall also include, where appropriate, discussions on load
shedding recommendations chat would allow the system to continue functioning
following the sudden loss of some supply power.
3. The study shall review the overall power factor condition of the plant.
Recommendations shall he made for installing additional capacitors (size and
location) to the system to improve power factor and/or steady-state voltage
conditions in the system.
4. The study shall review the selection of transformer tap position.
Recommendations shall be made for new tap positions, which will improve the
voltage profile of the system.
5. The system to be studied is subject to adding loads (and generation) in the
future. The study shall include reviewing the system operating conditions for
discrete load (and generation) additions for ______ cases. Projected loading (watt
and var) will be provided as a part of the system data.
6. The study shall reflect steady-state loading conditions following automatic load
shedding for emergency conditions.
7. The study shall be used in conjunction with the stability study required as part of
this specification.

-11-
 Voltage Dip and Impact Load Study

General
Problems relating to suddenly applied loads are receiving increased attention in large industrial plants. In some
cases the power system is scrutinized very closely to insure that increasingly sensitive loads will not be upset by
suddenly applied loads, which produce voltage dip and (for industrial plants operating without a utility tie)
frequency deviation.
A computer program can provide a greatly improved “tool” for accurate determination of power system voltage
response to sudden load changes. A prime example of such loading is that of a mining shovel load impacting on the
power system at random, or in some cases, more than one shovel at a time. These system operating conditions can
be simulated by digital computer techniques with the following input information required:
1. Peak load (watt and var) profiles an each major bus for various operating conditions.
2. Design data of motors to be studied.
3. Maximum percent loading (percent motor rating in a given length of time)
conditions of each motor studied. (This information is usually necessary for the
motor designer to design the rougher motors.)
4. Impedance diagram of the system with watt and var loading throughout the
system.
The voltage conditions for the system can be studied for the existing or proposed system design, along with
alternate designs for the selection of the best design that will achieve optimum operating conditions.

-12-
 Voltage Dip and Impact Load Study
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirement

A power system study shall be made to determine the most severe voltage dip on major buses in the system for
various operating conditions. Real and reactive load profiles for each impacting load will be furnished as data can
be used in the study. The load profiles shall include peak steady-state loading for the various system buses. This
shall represent the preimpact conditions of the system before defined sudden loads are imposed on the system. The
study shall represent peak loading and voltage as in a steady-state load flow study.
The study shall determine the most severe (minimum) voltage variations on all major buses in the system. The
report for the study shall include the following:
1. All impedance for the components comprising the system being studied.
2. Data used to represent motors and impedances used shall be either given on the one-
line diagram or in a data tabulation.
3. A tabulation of system voltages at critical locations prior to and during the
application of the impact load.
4. A brief engineering analysis of results for the various conditions studied shall be
Included in the report.
The study shall be made on _____ system design(s) (or operating conditions) shown in the attached drawing(s).

-13-
 Additional Study Report Requirements

The following additional options may be added to the specifications to further define the requirements of the study:
1. If it is mutually concluded that the suggested designs will not allow acceptable
voltage variations for all desired operating conditions additional alternate designs
shall he studied in order to arrive at an acceptable system design. The alternate
designs shall involve the use, where feasible, of existing electrical equipment.
2. A preliminary short-circuit study shall be made for the final selected alternative
system design in order to determine the ratings or switchgear, transformers, reactors,
etc.
3. A complete engineering analysis shall be included with the report that will discuss
the limitations of the various designs or switching conditions studied.
4. Load flow diagrams shall be plotted for each impact case studied.

-14-
 Stability Study

General
Stability studies are dynamic simulations of the performance of interconnected electromechnical systems involving
loads and generators. There are various types of stability studies, all of which have the objective of determining the
ability of the generators (and, occasionally, large motors) in the power system to successfully endure unusual
steady-state or transient system disturbances. If the system, with its array of machines, remains an integrated
operating entity after the occurrence of such disturbances, it is stable; otherwise it is unstable.
Transient stability determinations (that is, relating to transiently imposed conditions) are sometimes necessary to
define the requirement for high-speed relays and to evaluate the system capability under various conditions so that
sound operating rules can be formulated. This is particularly true in the establishment of load shedding schemes
where excessive delay in load dropping may jeopardize stability. Shedding of nonessential load is an essential
means of minimizing jeopardy to essential load during system emergency.
It is important to make the distinction that stability studies only have meaning on systems in which generators are
operated continuously in parallel with a host utility, or on isolated systems in which multiple generators are
operated in parallel with each other. Stability studies are generally not required, nor can they be justified, when the
generators on a system are in emergency duty only.

-15-
 Stability Study
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A stability study shall be performed to investigate dynamic conditions on the power system. The study shall begin
with steady-state load flow conditions for the purpose of establishing machine power angles and power flows (watt
and var). In the system at time intervals immediately prior to the system disturbances under investigation.
The dynamic studies shall determine machine power angles, real and reactive power flows for selected machines,
lines and transformers, system frequency and frequency deviation and voltage levels on established buses in the
system at the initiation of the disturbance, and at discrete times during and following the removal of the disturbance
from the system. These calculations shall be made with the aid of a digital computer that has been designed
specifically to simulate the electromechanical interactions between generators and loads on power systems; analysis
using programs such as pSpice or Matlab does not meet the intention of this specification. The conditions for each
time interval shall be printed out and the values for each time interval shall be used as the initial condition for the
subsequent interval during the entire period studied. The computer run time for each case studied shall be sufficient
to determine a definite solution.
The study shall represent rotating machines in the power system in the following manner:
1. ______ synchronous motors shall be represented as classical models with each
model represented by constant voltage magnitude behind transient reactance.
Machine parameters will be furnished after an order is placed.
2. _______ synchronous generators shall be represented with the machine stator
circuits and rotor circuits.
3. _______ induction motors shall be represented by appropriate differential equations
involving the machine design parameters. These parameters will be furnished when
the order for the study is placed.
4. All remaining motors shall be represented as constant impedances and “lumped” on
each major bus by real and reactive power components with values varying with the
square of the machine terminal voltage.
The study report shall include the following:
1. Digital computer printout sheets shall be furnished for each case studied. Parameter
curves shall accompany the printout sheets showing the variation in system and
machine parameters versus time. The time interval between iterative solutions shall
be short enough to establish reasonably smooth swing curves.
2. The report shall include a brief engineering analysis of the results obtained.
3. The report shall include a one-line diagram showing the system studied with
impedance values given on a common base. Machine data used for the study shall
be given in the reports along with a brief discussion of how detailed the machine
modeling was made for the study.

Additional Study Report Requirements

-16-
The following additional options and statements may be added to the specifications to further define the
requirements of the study:
1. The study report shall include a complete engineering analysis of the subject of
stability, discussions of methods used for machine modeling for each case studied,
evaluation and recommendation of results, and recommendations of system design
changes that may be appropriate.
2. The study shall review the abilities of designated synchronous machines to remain
in synchronism following the removal of three-phase faults at _______ locations in
the system.
3. The study shall review the abilities of individually modeled induction motors to
maintain torque to carry load following the removal of three-phase faults at _______
locations in the power system.
4. The study shall review _______ case condition(s) following the sudden rejection of
designated loads in the system.
5. The study shall review _______ case condition(s) following the sudden loss of
designated power resources.
6. The study shall review the capability of the power system to recover following
automatic load shedding simulation. The study shall involve prescribing setting for
underfrequency relays in order to maintain designated vital loads following the
sudden loss of designated power sources in the system.
7. The study shall involve a review of the system protective relays in the system.
Proper relays shall be recommended, where possible, that will remove system faults
in order to minimize unstable conditions between synchronous machines. This
review will be based on the critical switching times determined compared to the
speed of the system applied relays.

-17-
 Motor Starting Study

General
Most motors in a power system can be started across the line without causing any unacceptable disturbance to the
power system due to voltage dip. However, larger motors in a power system sometimes require the competent
selection of a reliable and economical motor starting method, which will successfully accelerate the drive to normal
speed without causing unacceptable system disturbances. Because severe penalties and compromises can result by
adapting the simplest and least expensive type of motor and starting equipment, an alternative selection must be
supported by an engineering analysis that deals with valid performance requirements,
In some cases an investigation of voltage conditions during motor starting may become very complicated, so the
criteria of acceptable performance should be selected with care to avoid excessively demanding performance
requirements leading to excessively complex and expensive calculation work. Even so, reconsideration of the
criteria will sometimes be necessary if it is found that it is not possible to simply and economically satisfy rigorous
performance specifications.
A motor starting study can simulate the motor and the connected power system from the moment the motor is
energized until it has reached final speed. Voltage levels, motor accelerating time, and power flows can be
determined during the complete acceleration period. A simulated computer model can be made of the motor to
represent the motor and load speed torque curve, motor and load inertia, and connected power system components.
This detailed model will give accurate simulation of system and motor conditions (voltage, current, watts, vars)
while a selected motor is started.

-18-
 Motor Stating Study
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A motor starting study shall be performed to simulate system conditions during the acceleration period for ______
motor(s). The attached diagram, _____ identifies the location in the system of motor(s) that are to be studied. The
motor(s) and loading characteristics shall be furnished by the purchaser.
The study shall model the motor(s) on a simulated reduction of the system. The system reduction will be basically a
one-line diagram consisting of the motor bus(es) and adjacent tie line(s). The study shall model the motor(s) with
the use of the following motor design curves, representing the motor(s) and load characteristics during the
acceleration period.
1. Motor current plotted against speed at rated voltage.
2. Motor power factor plotted against speed at rated voltage.
3. Load torque plotted against speed.
4. Motor torque plotted against speed at rated voltage.
5. Total shaft inertia to be accelerated (motor plus load).
If all motor curve data are not available when the study begins, mutual agreement will be made for using typical
motor and load data curves for the study.
The study report shall document the following results of the study:
1. A on-line sketch showing the portion of the system involved in the
2. Data and assumptions used for the study.
3. Voltage level at the motor terminals at discrete time intervals during the acceleration
period.
4. Acceleration time required to reach 99% of synchronous speed.
5. Percent torque developed by the motor and load during the acceleration period.
6. Per unit current drawn by the motor during the acceleration period.
7. Brief engineering analysis of whether the motor can successfully start under the
conditions studied.

Additional Study Report Requirements

The following additional options may be added to the specifications to further define the requirements of the study;
1. The following additional information shall be, determined and documented in the
report:
a. Minimum voltage level during motor starting on the major buses in the power
system.
b. Watt and var flows before, during, and after the motor starting period.

-19-
2. The report shall include a complete engineering analysis of the results determined
by simulating motor starting. Recommendations shall be included in the analysis
involving better system improvement, safety, and reliable service.
3. The study will investigate and make appropriate recommendations for reduced
voltage motor-starting equipment that may be necessary successful system
operation. The minimum voltage level tolerated during the motor acceleration
period will be furnished by the owner to determine reduced voltage requirements.
4. The study shall determine the maximum or minimum sized transformer that will
successfully allow the motor to start and permit a satisfactory system operation.
5. The study shall evaluate the possibility of whether other motors on magnetic starters
will successfully continue to operate following the acceleration period of the motor
to be started.
6. The study shall determine whether the motor and load will successfully accelerate
without exceeding motor thermal limits.
7. The study shall simulate the acceleration of motors on an isolated power system
such that the performance characteristics of generators will be a critical element in
the simulation.

-20-
 Conceptual Design Studies

General
Plans for future expansion projects must be made in tentative form to determine the amount of money required to
implement the proposed changes. After funding is appropriated, it is necessary to develop conceptual plans for use
by architect-engineers who draw up final construction drawings and specifications. These plans can be in detail or
in rough form, depending on the available information related to the expansion and upon the purpose for which they
are intended. Sufficient lead time should be allowed to permit thorough analysis of options before a final plan is
adopted to assure that this final plan satisfies the objectives set forth for the expansion.
The goal of a conceptual design study is to formulate design philosophies, voltage levels, protective device
practices, loading requirements, generation levels, economics, reliability, and provision for future load growth. The
nature of these factors is such that a Conceptual Design Study is often made in interactive form with the purchaser’s
personnel. Having made the necessary analysis, a one-line diagram of the preferred power system can be made and
included in a report, together with engineering comments and generic specifications, if appropriate. The one-line
diagram for power system expansion can be developed in sufficient detail for the writing of detailed equipment
specifications by others.
The conceptual design study can indicate functionally how the power system can be expanded in the future. The
main intent for the existing system is to assure that existing equipment can be integrated into the proposed system
expansion or redesign.

-21-
 Conceptual Design Studies
Guide Form Specifications

Basic Study Report Requirements

A power system conceptual design study shall be performed. This study will involve a review of the existing power
system to consider the addition of designated power sources and loads.
The study shall determine an economical and reliable power system design, which will take into consideration the
following:
1. Utilize to the greatest extent possible existing electrical equipment.
2. Determine an economical and reliable design that will include the new loads and
power sources.
3. Perform a preliminary short-circuit current analysis of the recommended study
design to determine approximate short-circuit levels. A precise short-circuit current
analysis is not necessary at this time, but a check must be made to insure the proper
application for existing and new fault interrupting equipment. Short-circuit
calculation methods shall be in accordance with latest applicable ANSI or IEC
Standards and Application Guides.
The purpose of this study will be to determine an optimum system design that can be installed within the limitations
of the existing equipment. The study shall include alternative designs for consideration before the final' selection is
made. Preliminary analysis of the various alternatives will be adequate before a final selection is made. A
discussion of the final selections with a one-line diagram showing the major buses in the system shall be included in
the report.

Additional Study Report Requirements

The following additional options and statements may be added to the specifications to further define the
requirements of the study:
1. The report shall include sketches of the proposed design(s). Those sketches shall be
properly identified with respect to the short-circuit analysis for sizing fault-
interrupting equipment.
2. The study shall show in steps how the system may be expanded and the
recommended pattern for future expansion. Guidance will be given for predicted
future expansions in power sources and loads.
3. The study shall recommend the type of protective devices that should be added to
the newer portions of the power system.
4. The study shall include suggested ratings of switchgear, current limiting reactors,
transformer impedance ratings, etc.
5. The report shall include information in sufficient detail for use in writing
specifications for the new electrical equipment to be purchased.

-22-