Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Study
Samuel Toba • Mary Tomasini • Y. Helio Yang
San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Several factors have been identified as Healthcare industry is a cottage industry where
contributing to the problems faced by hospitals clinicians are independent contractors with
in managing their supply chains. These factors considerable clout and specific preferences for
include outdated IT systems and infrastructure, supplies and some variations in supplies and
poor inventory and distribution management, ad- processes are accommodated to ensure patient
hoc procurement systems, lack of executive safety (Scalise, 2005). These Physician
involvement, and no process improvement Preference Items (PPIs) account for 40% of total
culture (Moon, 2004; Burns, et al., 2002). medical supply spending for an average hospital
We use a case organization-Kaiser (Volpe, 2007). However, hospitals are beginning
Permanente of Southern California to discuss to recognize the financial burden of allowing
improvement opportunities in hospital supply physicians the autonomy to order whatever
chain in four areas: product management, supplies they choose. One of the opportunities
sourcing and services, purchasing systems and for supply chain savings as identified from the
technology, and inventory and distribution 2005 survey by the Healthcare Financial
management. Management Association is in the area of
physician buy-in especially with respect to
III. BACKGROUND OF KAISER changes in purchase and use of high-cost clinical
PERMANENTE items (Mitchell, 2007).
It is commonly perceived that physicians
Founded in 1945 by Henry J. Kaiser and Sidney are resistant to change. However, Neumann
R. Garfield, Kaiser Permanente (KP) is a not- (2003) indicates that the exact opposite may be
for-profit integrated medical care organization true. He points out the scientific background
headquartered in Oakland, CA. There are three that physician’s hold and the fact that the
different entities that make up KP: the Kaiser scientific method requires one to be open to new
Foundation Health Plan, the Kaiser Foundation ideas. He points to the fact that data which
Hospitals, and the Permanente Medical Groups. supports the decision to use a particular supply
Located in nine states, KP currently is the largest can go a long way in convincing a physician to
not-for-profit medical care organization in the use a particular supply. Neumann (2004)
United States with approximately 8.7 million recommends value-analysis committees or
health plan members, 150,000 employees, product evaluation and review committees to
13,729 physicians, 32 medical centers, 416 overcome the problem.
medical offices, and $28 billion in annual KP has successfully implemented similar
operating revenue. approaches to encourage the buy-in from
Kaiser Permanente is unique among health physicians. For example, the decision to
care providers and hospitals because it serves purchase and universally adopt cost-effective
both as a health maintenance organization and as items for use within all hospitals is by team
a group physicians practice provider. Its revenue consensus. Their level of compliance (over 90%)
model is not based by the number of cases or is achieved in part through their use of a process
patients served each day, but rather by the they call “Sourcing and Standards teams”. KP
number of members enrolled in their health care Sourcing and Standards teams, consisting of
system. Hence, Kaiser Permanente tracks costs clinical experts and sourcing personnel, evaluate
at the gross level view of average cost per and determine the best and most cost-effective
nursing unit per patient day. products to implement.
The work of these groups usually takes
IV. PRODUCT MANAGEMENT place well before a team is considering a new
purchase. In fact, the process of creating the
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Supply Chain Management in Hospital: A Case Study
decision matrix used in the selection process can KP’s product management approach to
be more labor intensive than the actual product considering total cost has resulted in significant
decision. Once the criteria have been identified cost savings.
and prioritized the actual product evaluation
usually moves very quickly. Their meetings V. SOURCING AND SERVICES
involve prioritizing the features that physicians
prefer and utilize most of them. The Group purchasing organizations (GPO) have
procurement managers are allowed to educate provided significant cost saving opportunities
physicians on the financial impact of various for hospitals by taking advantage of economies
supplier options. Therefore, the use of of scale in purchasing from select vendors for
consensus, instead of majority rule, in the many hospitals at once. Kaiser Permanente has
decision making process minimizes any post- widely adopted the use of GPOs. KP has
sourcing disagreement and results in the high contracted with Broadlane, a GPO, to conduct
compliance rate and buy-ins from all physicians. all of the negotiations with its supplier vendors.
Another example of the extent to which KP Prior to GPO adoption ten years ago, the
utilizes this approach is in their Sidney Garfield sourcing process was very fragmented at KP,
center in Oakland, CA where new surgical each department or clinical group had their own
equipment is fully tested in a mock-style surgery sourcing department and procedures. One of the
room. Once a team has identified a product to main reasons GPOs are advantageous is because
evaluate, the product will be sent for testing. In they have a global network of suppliers. This
the mock test, the effectiveness and efficiency of gives KP the leverage to access more suppliers.
the new equipment is evaluated on how it fits Furthermore, KP and Broadlane work
with the existing KP surgery room layout. Only collaboratively with their suppliers, enabling KP
if the new equipment is deemed acceptable will access to the most beneficial equipment for their
it be deployed to all Kaiser hospitals. Otherwise, facilities and physicians.
the team will agree that the product will not be The use of GPOs has helped KP streamline
released to the hospital. Hence, this team the purchasing process and provide cost savings.
consensus approach to selecting products and In fact, KP expects most of their supply chain
agreement to the centralized testing rather than savings to come from better contract terms. In
individual hospital product selection testing has 2004, it was reported that Broadlane delivered
allowed KP to consolidate supplies and save $100M in financial benefits to KP through
costs. savings from price improvements, rebates,
In their product cost assessment, Kaiser administrative fees and overhead costs
Permanente takes the global view of ‘total cost’ (Broadlane, 2004). In the future, KP expects
rather than just ‘unit product cost’ in savings of 70% to come from better contract
determining the types of products to purchase. terms through the GPOs and the remaining 30%
This evaluation process is nicknamed ‘from to come from higher product utilization rates.
cradle to grave’ within KP. The cost of a product In compliance with federal regulations, KP
is evaluated from the types of raw materials used does not accept free products for trial use from
for the product and how this will impact the its GPO, and hence removes the potential
disposal cost associated with the product. For conflict of interest. We find that contrary to what
example, the use of a certain diagnostic tool may often are adversarial relationships between
have a lower unit cost initially, but if the tool hospitals and the traditional GPO, KP’s
utilizes reagents that contain heavy metals, this approach has shown that a successful partnership
may result in a significant disposal fee which with a GPO can help realize significant
needs to be calculated in the total cost. Hence, procurement cost savings. For a successful
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Supply Chain Management in Hospital: A Case Study
relationship, KP has shown that a clear and structure that KP could further improve on is in
distinct delineation of responsibilities, where the area of purchasing systems and technology.
Kaiser provides the product selection and Their purchasing, materials management, and
Broadlane negotiates the price, is critical to payment systems from the 1960’s were slowly
successful partnerships of hospital and GPO. combined and deemed integrated in 1985. These
In addition to the use of Broadlane for outdated data management systems do not have
GPO function, KP also utilizes integrated the capacity to meet the changes and needs
delivery networks (IDNs) to provide services to today. The challenge faced by KP is how to
its in- and out-patients to help reduce its cost. seamlessly transition the wealth of data without
Outpatients include those receiving care at their disrupting the existing purchasing system and
residence, as a follow-up after an in-patient inter-departmental integration.
episode or due to a chronic condition. Hence a A developing trend in the healthcare
clear distinction between outpatient and industry is the outsourcing of supply data
inpatient is often difficult to make. This management to professional supply data service
challenge has also been noted by other providers. KP can explore new technologies and
researchers whereby they concluded that leverage on what has been successfully done in
hospitals need to focus on a range of costs from other hospitals. One area is in the outsourcing of
hospital stay to an at-home episode in evaluating their data management such as through the use
the cost function (Lave and Lave, 1984). For of virtual item files, which have already been
example, to reduce the overall outpatient cost, deployed in other industries. With this virtual
KP has standardized the equipment used by item files system, third party data management
inpatients and outpatients, as well as created an providers can help KP integrate their existing
outsourcing program with the company Apria, data repository with the purchasing/requisition
an IDN, to provide outpatient supplies. The systems to manage the complex supply ordering
standardization of equipment such as the feeding process. Thus staffs may have faster, more
pump used in the hospital and in the home valuable and easier access to necessary supply
requires less time for the clinicians to change information when ordering (Polte, 2007). By
feeding amounts and cycles when the patient outsourcing this complex and burdensome task,
leaves the hospital. hospitals can more effectively focus their
KP also closely monitors the service levels resources on patient care.
to their patients. For example, Apria is Another technology that is worth
monitored on its delivery times of materials such evaluating for KP’s use is the Global Data
as the milk for the feeding pump. If Apria is Synchronization Network (GDSN) developed by
outside the window of delivery time for supplies Department of Defense to improve data
to the patient, Apria is required to re-pay KP. management. The GDSN is a non-profit global
This has resulted in an overall good quality of platform for the secure exchange of product
service nationally; however, sometimes information, as part of its data synchronization
variations in local service are still encountered. program to improve efficiencies throughout the
$200 billion healthcare supply chain. Hospitals
VI. PURCHASING SYSTEMS AND spend significant resources to reconcile purchase
TECHNOLOGY orders and invoices due to mismatched item
numbers and units of measure. “A proven,
Hospitals tend to have outdated IT systems to industry-sanctioned methodology for defining,
manage their supply chains effectively, and coding and identifying an item in our purchasing
investment in IT often takes a back seat (Moon, systems, distributor files and group purchasing
2004). One identified area in supply chain
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Supply Chain Management in Hospital: A Case Study
contracts would remove supply chain confusion The regional warehouses at KP also play a
and lower the costs." (DoD, 2007) significant role in the reduction of inventory
Another challenge that KP faces is in costs. Unlike the national warehouse’s role in
identifying personnel capable of understanding providing supplies that are commonly needed
the old technology used by the existing IT across all hospitals, the regional warehouses
systems to effectively move it to a newer hold inventory of products that are more
platform. Although this is not a unique problem applicable to regional demand. For example, the
faced by KP, there is no industry standard that hospitals in the Southern California region may
can easily help provide a cost- and time-effective serve more burn victims compared to hospitals
solution. Hence, the technology upgrade for located in other areas of the nation. Hence, the
KP’s purchasing system remains an area to be Southern California regional warehouse would
addressed and recognized by the management. carry inventory with more products focused on
Once improved, the flexibility of the system will burn wound care.
allow KP a more detailed view of its purchasing KP has also been a pioneer in the testing
process and use of products, which will in turn and adoption of new technology. A few years
provide better insight into creating a more ago, KP tested the incorporation of radio
effective cost structure. frequency identification technology (RFID) into
its inventory management system. RFID systems
VII. INVENTORY AND DISTRIBUTION have a broad range of potential benefits for the
MANAGEMENT health care industry. These include medical
device and asset tracking, improved visibility of
Unlike other industries where an inventory stock inventory and supply chain management, and
out results in lost revenue, the ramifications of a improved patient safety by preventing drug
stock out in a hospital setting are far more counterfeiting (Scalise, 2005). While the RFID
severe. It is critical for hospitals to maintain a has great promise in helping manage the
sufficient level of inventory at all times to ensure inventory system, KP’s team identified the
the needs of their patients are always met. execution flaw in the technology. The test team
Failure to do so could result in the loss of life. found that the use of RFID exposes KP’s
To this end, many hospitals are beginning to confidential records to potential external
abandon the just-in-time methodology in favor intruders and makes them susceptible to
of using remote warehouses and managing their hacking. The flaws within the RFID system were
own inventory distribution. The result has been identified and hence management decided not to
significant cost savings for hospitals who pursue adoption of the technology.
implement this type of system. “Those that have Although some medical care organizations
done it have seen high single- to low double- have more advanced information systems that
digit impacts on their hospitals bottom lines.” track each SKU via bar-coding to its location
(Haugh, 2004) within the hospital facility, KP has argued that
KP maintains a system of both centralized such a system is not necessary in their
and regional warehouses in its inventory and organization. KP believes that their current high-
distribution management system. The central level tracking system, despite the fact that it
warehouse is located in Livermore, California. dates back to the 1960’s, allows them to
The Livermore warehouse serves not only as a effectively manage their supply costs while also
national warehouse, but it also works closely keeping a healthy safety stock on all critical
with the nearby facility to conduct product SKUs used in operations. In addition, KP
testing and standardization before deployment to believes that such an advanced information
all KP hospitals. system would be too complex within their
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Supply Chain Management in Hospital: A Case Study
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Supply Chain Management in Hospital: A Case Study
Neumann, L., “Streamlining the Supply Chain,” Scalise, D., “Building an Efficient Supply
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Polte, S., “Out with the Old, In with the New,” Volpe, J., “We Have a Preference Too,” Modern
Health Management Technology, Vol. 28(3), Healthcare, Vol. 37(8), 2007, 23.
2007, 14. Ward, W., “Building the Business Case for
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