Index: SR. NO. Date Experiment PG. NO. Sign

KITRC Optical Communication
INDEX
SR. PG.
DATE EXPERIMENT SIGN
NO. NO.
To study the VI characteristics of the
1
FO- LED.
To study the transfer Characteristics

2 between the DETECTOR and SOURCE
with simplex cable.
To study the attenuation in the given

3
fiber optic cable.
To study the Digital signal

4 transmission through the fiber optic
cable.
To study the principles of Analog

5
signal transmission and reception.
To study the Time Division

6 Multiplexing(TDM) with fiber
communication system.
To Study and determine the numerical
7
aperture of optical fiber cables.
To study various types of losses that occurs

8 in optical fibers and measures the loss in
dB of two optical fiber patch cords.
To determine the V-number of the

9
Photo diode.
To study the voice interface in two

10
optical fiber patch cards.
Electronics & Communication

Electronics & Communication

Experiement-1
Aim: To study the V-I characteristics of the FO-LED
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, Connecting probes, Fiber optic cable, Multimeter
Theory:
Preparatory Information
Light sources for fiber optics act as light transmitters and, consequently, must meet certain
requirements if they are to be acceptable for the purpose. First, their light must be as nearly
monochromatic (single frequency) as possible. Most light sources are not single frequency,
but emit light at several frequencies over a band or portion of the spectrum, which may be
quite broad. A few sources such as gas ionization lamps, light emitting diodes, and lasers
emit light over a much narrower portion of the Spectrum.
The light emitting diodes find a prominent place in fiber communications because of the
Following advantages:
- Simpler fabrication
- Cost
- Reliability
- Generally less temperature dependence
- Simpler drive circuitry
- Linearity
The LEDs for use with fibers are typically made using a solid solution of gallium arsenide
(GaAs) as the semiconductor base, with various doping elements such as phosphorous (P),
indium (In) and aluminum (Al) used to form the p- and n- regions. The FOLED operates on
the principle of spontaneous emission of radiation in the visible and infrared regions of the
spectrum from a forward biased p-n junction. The normally empty conduction band of the
semiconductor is populated by electrons injected into it by the forward current through the
junction and light is generated when these electrons recombine with holes in the valence
band to emit a photon (light).
1|Page Electronics & Communication

Procedure:
1. Connect 0-2V range DC voltmeter between B3-B4.

2. Connect 0-200 mA range DC Ammeter between B1-B2.
3. Initially adjust FO-LED current to minimum. Turn VR6 to extreme clockwise
4. Push the MEASURE switch SW1. Note the ammeter and voltmeter.
5. Slightly increase FO-LED current by varying VR6. Note the ammeter and voltmeter
6. Reading by pushing switch SW1.
7. Repeat the procedure 3 in steps till FO-LED current in maximum. Plot I-V graph
Observations and Tabulations:
FO-LED Voltage FO-LED Current

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT - 2
Aim: To study the transfer Characteristics between the DETECTOR and SOURCE
with simplex cable.
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, connecting probes, fiber optic cable, multimeter
Theory:
The source supplies the required optical energy for modulating the signal to be transmitted
through the fiber optic cable. At the receiver, there should be a device of detector, whose
function is to convert the received optical signal into an electrical signal, which is then
amplified before further processing. The role of the detector plays demands that it must
satisfy very stringent requirements for performance and compatibility.
The following criteria define the important performance and compatibility requirements for
detectors, which are generally similar to the requirements for sources:
- High sensitivity at the operating wavelengths

- High Fidelity
- Large electrical response to the received optical signal
- Short response time to obtain a suitable bandwidth A minimum noise introduced by the
detector Stability of performance characteristics
- Small size, low cost & high reliability
- Low bias voltage
The phototransistor detector has an advantage over the conventional Photo diodes since it can
provide internal gain of the optical current. This is achieved through transistor action rather than
avalanche multiplication.
The figure below shows a symbolic representation of the n-p-n bipolar phototransistor

It differs from the conventional bipolar transistor in that the base is unconnected, the base
collector junction being photosensitive to act as a light-gathering element. Thus Absorbed light
affects the base current giving multiplication of primary photocurrent through the device.
Procedure:
1. Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B1-B2. Connect 0-20 mA DC Ammeter

between B5-B6.
2. Terminate the fiber optical cable both at source and detector.
3. Initially adjust FO-LED current to minimum. Turn VR6 to extreme clockwise. Push the
MEASURE switch SW1. Note the ammeter reading.

4. Slightly increase FO-LED current by VR6. Note the Ammeter and reading by pushing
Switch SW1.
5. Repeat the procedure step 3 until FO-LED current maximum. Plot the graph of photo
transistor current Vs FO-LED current
Observations and Tabulations:
Photo Transistor Current FO-LED Current
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim: To study the attenuation of given fiber optic cable.
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, connecting probes, fiber optic cable, Multimeter
Theory:
Theoretically, a pulse of light with a given width and amplitude transmitted into one end of a
fiber should arrive at the far end of that fiber with its shape and length unchanged and only its
amplitude reduced by losses. If the losses get too large, the pulse amplitude at the receiver
will be too small to be detected, and a repeater will have to be included to boost the signal
level entering the next section. Pulses of light transmitted into a fiber encounter several
dispersion effects, which act to spread the pulse out in the time domain, changing its shape so
that it may merge into the previous and succeeding pulses. The pulses can be separated by
spacing them out at the transmitter, but this means reducing the maximum bit rate.
Experimental set-up:
(Refer to the previous experiment for set-up)
Procedure:
1. Connect 0-20 mA DC ammeter between B1 to B2
2. Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B5-B6
3. Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and detector
4. Push the Measure switch SW1.
5. Adjust FO-LED current to 10 mA by VR6
6. Note photo transistor current by pushing switch SW1
7. Convert FO-LED current to optical power Pin. Typically 10 mA converts to
30 to 40 micro watts of power.
8. Convert PHOTO TRANSISTOR current to irradiated optical power Pout.
Typically 50 uA will be transistor current per microwatt of optical power.
9. Find the ratio of Pout, Pin of a cable.
Observations & Measurements:
Photo LED current = 10 mA

Photo transistor current = mA

Pin = Irradiated optical power = 30 W at 10 mA

Pout = Irradiated optical power = typically 1W for every 50A of phototransistor current
Cable attenuation = 10log10 (Pin/ Pout) in dB.
Cable attenuation = 10log10 (Pin/ Pout) in db
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT - 4
Aim: To study the Digital signal transmission through the fiber optic cable.
Apparatus:
Theory:
The principal components of a general optical fiber communication system for either a Digital
or analog transmission is shown in the system block schematic below.
The transmitter terminal equipment consists of an information encoder or signal

shaping circuit (optional) preceding a modulation or electronic driver stage which operates
the optical source. Light emitted from the source is launched into an optical fiber
incorporated within a cable, which constitutes the transmission medium. The light
emerging from the far end of the transmission medium is converted back into an
electrical signal by an optical detector positioned at the input of the receiver
terminal equipment. This electrical signal is then amplified prior to decoding or
demodulation in order to obtain the information originally transmitted.

Digital Transmission
The modulator employs intensity modulation for conversion of electrical signals to optical
signals. The operation of the LED for binary digital transmission requires the switching ON
and OFF of a current in the range of several tens to several hundreds of mill amperes. This
must be performed at high speed in response to logic voltage levels at the driving input. A
common method of achieving current switching operation for an LED as shown in fig.
The circuit illustrated uses a bipolar transistor switch operated in the common emitter mode. This
single stage circuit provides current gain as well as giving only a small voltage drop across when
the transmitter is in saturation (i.e., when the collector-base junction is forward biased, the
emitter to collector voltage VCE (sat) is around 0.3 V). The maximum current flow through the
LED is limited by the resistor R.
Digital Reception:
The Optical Detector performs the linear conversion of the received optical signal into an
electrical current. A photo transistor occupies this position where it detects the light signals
falling upon it from the output of the fiber optic cable and generates the current signals
proportional to it. Initial amplification is performed in the preamplifier circuit where it
is essential that additional noise is kept to a minimum in order to avoid corruption of
the received signal.
The figure below shows the diagram of a photo transistor employed as an optical detector
10 | P a g e Electronics &
Communication
Although optical detectors are very linear devices and do not they introduce significant
distortion on to the signal, other components within the optical fiber communication system
may be exhibit nonlinear behavior. For instance, the received optical signal may be distorted
due to the dispersive mechanisms, within the optical fiber. Hence to compensate for this
distortion and to provide a suitable signal shape, a pulse shaper will be included in the
receive block
Procedure:
1. Connect 4 KHz digital source (A4) FO-LED (A)
2. Connect photo transistor output (C) to digital receiver (D1)
3. Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and the detector
Communication
4. Adjust FO-LED to maximum (anti clockwise).
Observations:
- Observe an oscilloscope signal source at A4 and digital receiver output. Digital
receiver output will be inverse of signal source. Observe for distortion on the rising edge
of received pulse.
- Observe pulse shaper output (E) and source (A4). It can be observed both the signals
are identical except for switching characteristics of photo transistor.
- Repeat the experiment for other signal sources 8 KHz, 32 KHz and 64 KHz.
- It can be observed that the source frequency in increased, the photo transmitter
switching times are pronounced.
- Observe the change in phototransistors switching times as FO-LED current is reduced.
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 5
Aim: To study the principle of Analog signal transmission and reception.
Apparatus:
Theory:
For Analog signal transmission the drive circuit must cause the light output from an LED source
to follow accurately a time –varying input voltage waveform in both amplitude and Phase.
Therefore, as indicated previously, it is important that the LED output power responds linearly to
the input voltage or current.
Unfortunately, this is not always the case because of inherent non-linearity’s within LEDs
which create-distortion products on the signal. Thus the LED itself tends to limit the
performance of analog transmission systems unless suitable compensation is incorporated into
the drive circuit. However, unless extremely low distortion levels are required, simple transistor
drive circuits may be utilized.
The transmission and reception block is almost same as that of the digital transmission
system.
Procedure:
1. Connect (A5) to FO-LED (A)
2. Reduce the amplitudes of all the analog signals except 250 Hz to zero with the help of the
potentiometers provided
3. Connect Photo transistor output (C) to I-V Amplifier (D2) Terminate the fiber optic cable
at both source and detector. Adjust FO-LED current to maximum
4. Adjust the Level shift to minimum. The analog signal can be observed at the output of
the level shifter.
Observations:
- Observe the input of analog waveform and output analog wave form at I-V
Amplifier output.
- It can be observed only the peak point of input was transmitted.
- Observe the input and output waveforms by gradually shifting the input by VR2, It can be
observed there is a complete waveform transmission once the shifting DC bias is
sufficient. FO-LED being unidirectional components, the input bipolar signal sources
Communication
have to be converted to unidirectional signal above the FO-LED diode drop. This
function is performed through the level shifter.
- Repeat the above procedure for other analog signal sources 500 Hz and 1 KHz.
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 6
Aim: To study the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with fiber communication
system.
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, connecting probes, fiber optic cable, multimeter.
Theory:
The previous experiment dealt with the analog transmission of a single analog
signal. However, the fiber optic communication system also supports Time division
Multiplexed signals where the TDM o/p of three different frequency analog signals.
Since the signals are Bipolar and the optical source can respond to only bipolar signals,
they are first level shifted in a DC level shifter where the bipolar signals are converted to
unipolar. The TDM signal is then intensity modulated and then conveyed on the optical
fiber. At the receiver end, a photo detector detects the signal from the light falling on it in
the form of current.
A Current-Voltage (I-V) Amplifier converts the current signals to voltage and amplifies
them. This is then fed to a Demultiplexer where the individual signals are obtained.
Procedure:
1. Connect TDM (A5) to FO-LED (A).
2. Connect Photo Transistor output (C) to the input of the I-V Amplifier (D2) Terminate
the fiber optic cable both at the source and the detector.
3. Adjust the amplitudes of all sources DC, 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 KHz to minimum.
Communication
Observations:
- Observe the waveforms at TDM out (A5) and I-V Amplifier input (D2)
- It can be observed that (D2) duplicating (A5), except FO reduced amplitude and rounding
off rise times.
- Observe the demultiplexed waveform at the output of Demultiplexer. The -
Demultiplexer output will be Sample and Hold version of input source.
- Observe the reconstructed signal at the output of Low Pass Filters at CH0, CH1, CH2
and CH3.
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 7
Aim: To Study and determine the numerical aperture of optical fiber cables.
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, connecting probes, fiber optic cable, Multimeter, NA scale, NA Jig
Theory:
Basic Definitions:
Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be collected by the
optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine of the
maximum ray angle.
NA = ni.sin ( max); ni for air is 1, hence NA = sin ( max)
For a step –index fiber, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by
N=
For very small differences in refractive indices the equation reduces to NA=
, where is the fractional difference in refractive indices.
The experimenter may refer the specifications of the PPMA fiber and record the
manufacturer’s NA, ncladding and ncore .
Procedure with Block Schematic:
The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is
self explanatory.
Communication
1. Connect one end of the PMMA FO cable to Po of TNS20EL TX Unit and the other end
to the NA Jig, as shown.
2. Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fibre on the NA Jig. Turn the
Set Po knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase.
3. Hold the white scale-screen, provided in the Kit vertically at a distance of 15 mm (L)
from the emitting fibre end and view the red spot on the screen. A dark room will
facilitate good contrast. Position the screen-cum-scale to measure the diameter (W) of the
spot. Choose the largest diameter.
4. Compute NA from the formula NA = sinqmax = W/(4L2 +W2 )1/2. Tabulate The reading
and repeat the experiment for various distance.
5. In case the fibre is underfilled, the intensity within the spot may not be evenly distributed.
To ensure even distribution of light in the fibre, first remove twists on the fibre and then
wind 5 turns of the fibre on to the mandrel as shown.
Use an adhesive tape to hold the windings in position. Now view the spot. The intesity will be
more evenly distributed within the core.
Sr.No. L (mm) W (mm) NA degrees
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 8
Aim: To study various types of losses that occurres in optical fibers and measure the
loss in dB of two optical fiber patch cords.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Basic Definitions:
Attenuation in an optical fiber is a result of a number of effects. This aspect is well
covered in the books referred to. We will confine our study to attenuation in a fiber due to
macro-bending and estimate the losses in two patchcords. Preferably we will use
patchcords of two different lengths.
The loss as a function of the length of the fiber is measurable only when we use a 4 Meter
cable too in the experiments. Fibre loss variations with wavelength for the PMMA fibre
under consideration are shown in Appendix I.
The optical power at a distance, L, in an optical fiber is given by PL =PO 10 (- L/10)

where PO is the launched power and is the attenuation coefficient in decibels per
unit length. The typical attenuation coefficient value for the fiber under consideration
here is 0.3 dB per meter at wavelength of 660mm. Loss in fibers expressed in decibels is
given by –10 log(PO/PF) where, PO is the launched power and PF is power at the fared
of the fiber. Typical losses at connector junctions may vary from 0.3 dB to 0.5 dB.
Losses in fibers occur at fiber-fiber joints or splices due to axial displacement, angular
displacement, separation (airgap), mismatch of cores diameters, mismatch of numerical
apertures, improper cleaving and polishing at the ends. The loss equation for a
simple fiberoptic link is given as:
Pin (dBm)-Pout (dB) = LJ1+LFIB1+LJ2+LFIB2+LJ3 (db): where, LJ1 (db) is the loss at
the LED-connector junction, LFIB1 (dB) is the loss in cable1, LJ2 (dB) is the insertion
loss at a Splice or in-line adaptor, LFIB2 (dB) is the loss in cable2 and LJ3 (dB) is the
loss at the Connector detector junction.
Communication

The schematic diagram of the optical fiber loss measurement system is self explanatory.
1. Connect one end of FO Cable1 (1-meter) to the FO LED of the TNS20A and the
other end to the FO PIN.
2. Set the DMM to the 2000 mV range. Connect the DMM Vdc to P1 and the DMM
common P2. Turn the DMM on. The powermeter is now ready for use.
4. Plug the AC mains. Connect the optical patchcord securely, as shown, after
relievingall twists and strains on the fiber. Adjust the Set Pout knob to set Po to a
suitable value, say, -15.0dBm (the DMM will read 150 mV). Note this as Po1.
5. Wind one turn of the fiber on the mandrel, as shown in Experiment No 8 and note the
new reading of the power meter Po2. Now the loss due to bending and strain on the
plastic fiber is Po1-Po2 dB. For more accurate readout set the DMM to the 200.0mV
range and take the measurement. Typically the loss due to the strain and bending the
fiber is 0,3 to 0.8 db.
6. Next remove the mandrel and relieve the cable of all twists and strains. Note the
reading Po1 for Cable 1 (1metre cable). Repeat the measurement with the Cable 2
(5meter cable) and note the reading Po2. Use the in-line SMA adaptor and connect
the cables in series as shown. Note the measurement Po3. Po3-Po1 gives loss in the
Cable2+loss in IL. Po3-Po2 gives loss in the Cable1+loss in IL.
Communication
Assuming a loss of 1.0dB in the in-line adaptor, we obtain the loss in each cable. The
experiment may be repeated in the higher sensitivity range of 200.0mV.
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 9
Aim: To determine the V-number of the Photo diode.
Apparatus:
Fiber optic trainer kit, connecting probes, fiber optic cable, multimeter, NA scale
Theory:
Basic Definitions:
V-number of the photo diode is also defined as, the product of 2π/λ and Numerical
Aperture of any optical system.
I.e. V = 2π/λ × N.A

Where π =3.14
V=2×3.14 × 0.44 λ =660nm
660×10-9 N.A =sin(θmax)
=0.0095×109×0.44 N.A =0.44
V =4.18×106
The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below
and is self explanatory.
Communication
The step by step procedure is given here:
1. Find out the N.A as per the Exp no-5 (fallow the Exp no-5 procedure).
2. Put the value of N.A and λ calculate V-number of the photodiode.
Conclusion:
Communication
EXPERIMENT - 10
Aim: To study the voice interface in two optical fiber patch cards.
Apparatus:
Experimental Setup and Procedure:
1. The DCLT-010 main card and the Voice interface cards are used for this expt.
2. Connect the microphone to Audio IN connector on the voice interface card
3. Connect the speaker to the audio OUT connector on the voice interface card
4. The analog signal output from Audio gain amplifier (Point “S1”) is connected to the
Input of the FO led source (POINT “A”)
5. Connect the FO LED source output to the FO-PHOTO TRANSISTOR
6. Connect the signal output from the Photo Transistor (POINT “C”) to the low pass filter circuit
of the I-V amplifier (POINT “D2”)
7. Connect the low pass filter output CH1 from DCLT010 main board to the to the Audio
Out put (POINT “S2”) of Voice interface card
8. The voice signal input from the microphone is converted into analog and then transmitted
through the Fiber Optic cable and reconstructed back with and connected to Speaker.
Observations:
1. Observe the Voice performance at the speaker out put in voice interface card
2. It can be observed that by varying the pot “VR1” in voice interface card volume of the voice
can be controlled
3. It can be observed that by varying the pot “VR6” the intensity of the voice passing through
fiber optic cables can be observed
4. Repeat the experiments for the 5mts and also 6mts cable and observe the performance for
coupling losses and bending losses in Fiber optic communication.
Communication
Conclusion:
Communication

Index: SR. NO. Date Experiment PG. NO. Sign

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Index: SR. NO. Date Experiment PG. NO. Sign

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KITRC Optical Communication

To study the transfer Characteristics

To study the attenuation in the given

To study the Digital signal

To study the principles of Analog

To study the Time Division

To study various types of losses that occurs

To determine the V-number of the

To study the voice interface in two

Electronics & Communication

Electronics & Communication

Aim: To study the V-I characteristics of the FO-LED

1|Page Electronics & Communication

1. Connect 0-2V range DC voltmeter between B3-B4.

Observations and Tabulations:

FO-LED Voltage FO-LED Current

2|Page Electronics & Communication

3|Page Electronics & Communication

- High sensitivity at the operating wavelengths

4|Page Electronics & Communication

1. Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B1-B2. Connect 0-20 mA DC Ammeter

5|Page Electronics & Communication

Observations and Tabulations:

Photo Transistor Current FO-LED Current

6|Page Electronics & Communication

Aim: To study the attenuation of given fiber optic cable.

(Refer to the previous experiment for set-up)

Observations & Measurements:

Photo LED current = 10 mA

7|Page Electronics & Communication

Pin = Irradiated optical power = 30 W at 10 mA

8|Page Electronics & Communication

The transmitter terminal equipment consists of an information encoder or signal

9|Page Electronics & Communication

4. Adjust FO-LED to maximum (anti clockwise).

Aim: To study the principle of Analog signal transmission and reception.

NA = ni.sin ( max); ni for air is 1, hence NA = sin ( max)

Procedure with Block Schematic:

Sr.No. L (mm) W (mm) NA degrees

The optical power at a distance, L, in an optical fiber is given by PL =PO 10 (- L/10)

Procedure with Block Schematic:

Aim: To determine the V-number of the Photo diode.

I.e. V = 2π/λ × N.A

Procedure with Block Schematic:

The step by step procedure is given here:

Experimental Setup and Procedure:

You might also like