2 Buoy anes forces, + fe aecighs of displaced ftsd | >. aa T= dn] 9G) E gu & point of applicadion = Cenbroidof “gpered va > RAT Stability Po Time ef period spared v I in - Ff te 04 oscjdntion, —3 digcomforsh of p exseugir /b hic amplitude imcreare, TOs (lation He, Ka radius ef gyration 14 welacedric Hig 4 div'> adolaus verticaly wpward ‘p> brdy Plead onane Surface @ mg- F (er) m she FJ via vy mg eta> ber float anienesur face \ 3> wg BIS” peay Sink jurtne, woud er > if bedy ig connected pottna string. rege botlow ace ec mgtT § Suri Fa= pdeading Case > wg = rosfeals |, woyancy Qo ravi +4 ° i) Baneve G2 5 table eneiliterive C seg roring Couple ii) G bellow Gro unstable” caw oversanhiy Li) B coiwside > peudrat equi tieriw & Nelerple” Case I ns partion Suomergia > we > mesacensrye 2 B> Censre of B vith pe nigut our restoring Co drs Centre af GO cok 3 meta cewht 1) Mabeve Ot sstable © tata ro = % 3am> nal of rooversurn comple: Gi) 1 bello > uusiable 4 “Vip 19 Coimse am a fount view D> 43)-- Tyg Traaverse GM yeni ng SOU Pisin Ty move doupvors Ly Gaara rolling men ese db? a= Tein —au) Ta, y Ty = een> 2 Pfileid Kinematies dud gins Gn wie wpe coreidering| ‘ause. of motion 1-efs force yopvelocity i) acceleration THY anguli Rs wpe velocity | v> Vordicity: Vi) Circulation » ) Sagrangian approwh > Trace each And every aa auok Mudd particle and write Kinemsd ) pavameter for each jul particle 2) Eulerian approach Jef NG ae fieda tev find field variable] , inanis region , Scalar jeld variable vector fist T CEM, BH) oe 4) D » POX, Bd) Boe 8y 3 Conservation af mass> 4 J coe if! wiass' ) ee fl¥, Vilar Cos 0 hi 4 thy rape FIV) 1a Cae zCen*) eq . @ unsteaty and Com ress flows, w(P) +h = @ steacly ae Compre: Ve EY) 20 toe aet (A) unsteesty and 4 v.Va0? ye oe WV) en an wv Ve0P 3 x possible Vet fied conti =» Conversion af Co cartizen = syHee contin e =o si ble > pved- (fu) =o gsible n Compr ance LF every 4 5 ee Gor 13,00 412 3 (8% 5 As <8 (8V9) 5 aati on on fields SS j Wn) J=dempenens of || \dn|= = Component velocityatong’ | ef area vecloralen ares veer velodga,veeter a wR a aad = e ou - y2hev wis Velocity 1 Soares grrr ox= ap = 8 we ON Wee ! ae an see] =e OPWUt > fey ) > continuity y ee a oy - yaw vy ,wets ere = Dy > Y ' - Mow@ Mew. De v | ye tygited Mage | 2 BOVEY | a Vytym) ar G4 aw ae pene P ame hv fC OF OS oe . Pyvor aor, oo 13 (eve tae Continuity 247 oa av sre praseny conservedion of masse ie ae wv, + eer or inegve . vocal / tamper ack Vatigt $3, Riz Ve ut Te eR div(e¥) = WAP Vv)F acceleration field in polars [Sy | aec elereti het slevahion yield) inipelaness |> A nia Oy = Watia Vg 2M Wadia volte yu, Me TO ¥ a Oi a Wee ee +g wey a Mary, =Wy ye Vy au _ aM Troe tp PU —— CS Fee aouee fer S pace (UW rotchonging eit us vid changing wnt ean eas partict” yimre acta perviceata tong of $12. peind Inthe cpace, ganifer dle 6 steady flow her wise AAS ywISe, uniform? Flow unsteady plow Conve ace =° Mr ocad -acce =O 3 ar (Radi 4 liv”) ormrat dir) ae cranamtiel * gavean tine C2- 0) ave ary LN avy ‘ah TA 3M ip 7 a ave vow. Cir: Or: x where CNA Convective norm LNA» Local normal acc: vet} ve engin of Tavgersial aces oh aceetirati LT™| > Loc Ay L wb vA)> i neh = 3M — Gena [Steet t “Peon: ace oO uniferm | Locotace ° Junstend id env: Gee = 0 He torr [Lect ae’ w feted + 1) = Variable nena icvmniahie funst eat a DeVveriable nen wnite™|Loced ace a : a ; iy alors | enn =O] ( “iu MA =O) (DUg = Const Yan if een” 0 WD Vp = (COS ( FO = faribl® ; His const” iy Yo = const if He Variable wy feet pe ( ee caser 3 We o is Consa™ CNA xO cTA=? 4 can=e | LTA =o always casel> Haver jable + = const” ENN#O TA=O 1 LNA=e ira zo cagem > H= Congt” + O= Vartable GNA #0 eth? 4 LNW =° LTA =° case > He ver ine lns pe Venta! & so =f) | cnnwe | &TF AO { LNA =? | LTA 4° |pe Suab zal ton techni Stream | eae ee * WV “Fang linedmginaes Vine 2 Gye Be ty shear siren veal mgnd dois given Jocat ve loci q artes @t nos pt : a ++Wo Stre : > o = ~P+IeH ey fer im comm = am Wine never cub eather! Tie neepeail oe = Eee - 2 ,edref stream Sux Tern] fap 0 0 tine on ead =|er ts fale fan Eno La bb pasniine > actives path traced Tet Cet Lo onk é an pe e bu wedi particle aver @ giver ay anaervol of Sime: lp acter Second order Wemter cy gereak Vine > ya ig line soiing symmetric tensor-(A= 4) me fluid particle gna Nas Ce BvD @ 42 ah zee passed Snrough the fined pts ae "SAY Oe | afer steady flow stream line, pax line) Cy = BO s4 oN IVa] fxve Cyx Streak tine coinsiae, thet are wD" @ 3B) Bree ee Some masnmatl cay 7b differed : fone tes i pruselally angular veto t4 ow. & fluid clement motion SYS way Ht arc erder - - ~ a. * ‘ont Symmen 4 x nee | Oye yy” aye | eae a cs. Wy = eRe me caser ua VO cons” none chang? 3 Trans lable | o3_age n linear cosets = fou only ve fcy) only: L av ss oe CaseTs Unfyjonly Ve tow only ae LOX wy + Oe? Saas qe i > wee ie yxv=o flor ire. jon: BHo ie vavzos flow sadist wid particle are $y voSating about Heit massa) 3 bvrobeiond Plow > if net yotasing abo ney, mass Cent re KV 25 jal fn>> o—wSleni pot Pot ential P > 22> , Vray We Sz er) a at wrte Me a Egy OE an polar cerdin oey rat ue BE VeeRE ” 3 =gst $a valid potewtal fn onl4 c ircuation U7 wh en i aon Laplee és [ve Sh Spe 32 2 G ‘dv en Bled gafoun) 20, Steaty inredarional = refi res Vort ert Tany cr Tangent of veloclty ,| Ele o Net 2 se: uniter vf lo? < 7 a gpreays Tine: dy. - bhsipe © equi poten? 1 he a-Av ae line “TP cate * i Stream funaien® () fer bole ropaliont [19 9B ae . ri Too [ine}p invest! 4 Lae eget i" Paiform prow zc VECR NET ot | ot stonpDiverging ins pts, sony Convective yew’ _ 4 2Y wr ure acc { au Ve a™. \ram Heonversin nang vison G convective : { id vepreice | wig sie \Garot atrear pp vertex flee? > goncentig Creo Sign convertion } Sign CO” ne (Wee) i CmostdNY use): potential W neare yall e Convective normal ac > @= Ju-™ A |e. de> oe ‘ > ened! peor as sysource flows |® eink £03! vy 3 Ye =o # radialy owe pradiasy inven 4 Eke y wradioly diverging | yadialY Convery'S™ if Stream fn Satisfy Japlace ©4 Hel oP Woe Vy 1 4 flo is jprodadional - 24 ov 4. -@ \ aqrk oe | x aye 412 hethtine are sien a or 2 NO Mec ae Yo each] H3rck yo Wee saan art Vd. | = s 1 3 2b 38, ab WwW per a ,|? oF a tuy | 07 ky 4, bar my OY F vatid on lyfe 4 D “rg vy -(Go=8e | > stream fn Cin polar Co-ordincde)- SR weed vi 7 ot ley Se ee gaurce psink of = OG ? fp 3 Z cies) Same Strenym- Vv DD ox lip upiterorsy Sea’: a i 22> ld epider Se Ey} okiet 2 GF a gee apie eee BS Ee saninc batt oy if aie ig devoted = yuniform4 Cembinadion Source wd EO Seis ove eters e P sro 40310 Jayuniform+ Q ve iiee te oval body" ei Aeva © . 2 flow over sta fonars le junifor + Roudle avort ex PF fon) al pokes gu lender:——— ve: udy of motion with ( ie . jou with Co x eanaers Cause of Te ears! os er + berno jeqno force: pizees Aine: ° a) 1) pp4tg-dZ48 V OV asa tne stream sve Prasendconservevion f moment fone, S Laminar fI% | low (U=0),S4 WD, 1 otad i Plow, 0) ,c4eady fle we vt Pe ta 99 79 jonas Laminar flowy steady a(t 0) Were fo of fo" nviscid ional _sBernouli eF" assumpt » Flo, inviscid fl flow, 9a Compressible P oead > Grurgy per unr p s pressure = pressure energy Head wd Kinetic. enrgy Pe = velocity head — unit Ws or vindhie nead 2 ~ potential head en Daum head 3 * 4 potendial ew) per unit wt each “perm ye prase a> pr sg2+S =e Gmurgy peruni o2euler eg" 2vertical pl = are cee Stream line Ya plaw of Hydrostati pe PAE td jis ven ee Ag : fluid is Flew! ng provided Streamlines Should he straight Ms Greravah AMArZ AM _ eo ; hye hergg “ge a Wp U9 y eqs). 2 a agthrth = Pump neat fe hr = noad- Turbine ead lossin pipe h. = frietion = when worl Trawsfer Uher® le nero, YT aot ynco mpress! Be 20, 4 " (23229 i viscid (u=0) %. yt bernouwlé eq”: tq wnen rovid ed press! pernowtli egy even ws there ig Hed transfer PI gctd md mee nk vy ; fluid 1S iui Tou? neasuremet 2 Volumes SD pressure+Pok haett , = ene Pater mech Venturimet er sent Conser > Berngul eqt— repr of ergy 4) aP az Ve" vert ce dtd an ie so veule on on vr th eq” normal tome stream lind ) orinontad plant| O's oR 4 . d2 20. iP Don, Shera flee =x \ a@we oo True 40 Wee Conver, Asm: gu press are” “Sect ions He ea 7g. , Eee py nie “Dreyyre wih A ma P by bernoul fo al Rae equ:f discharg, | ee UL le a lscnarg” nventur pes turimeters Pj a be =) prot Tube | jon wit PEZOMEH EN , | > iy Q AVAL 7 a > * Qe \ used for velocity measure meut. : vara» y [M Jian] yah’ p >— ,-Jijh | 4 Broa depends an dlepends oF 3 hee ab Pra Vong ucineié oreromed er’ — |e Pited : : a ca; . ap > Pided Tube in Combination with - where nee ($0 - az) manometer is ued for veloc! +¥ Ro fog meas uremend > formula 1S inaependend of [i= Lb hex feu | orientation af venturim cher _—— w Considering loss 2 > Vortesc f /ow { Stream tne are circular Vine » Wp %e ‘ € ' forced varie, yn oF fO ‘Dgz cs Pi ANE) yee vorte: ————" depends 07 | G meets wenn meter moxion ' eine tonet . I#dueto nasurat it due de external wheres Cd = Coefficient ere eons mal fare, or ae os ' Th ‘ Hain lt Texs = 9. Ee ee ae ve crests excterned)* | centrifugal pup) 3 [@ oe ot UAB, + trrodational plod F Teer FO O° a ie Wo gasional jae gover nin eds | wWra to 3 0 Ama ae Bar se governing eqt . = Cd 8 TG 0, MB 42,-T1eve,.) oe JAD ah By hae sg tag th | i . , a a « adischare formula 1+ Same. fore ip ay 2p ee C vevturimeter, orifice flow no22de. | ip 2] Venturi meter 229 — —f-f---—=g Ca orifice meter -% free vortex motion ~4e% - . an ba Seaream 117€ flor nozzle = +96 % ‘spacing once . as We move Sorificemeter> Vena (ondrocta lL. cy “from is Created =) 0 Cross-Section al aver the Centre! | is minimum —. - @ Velocity is manumuyi + »@ prosure is minimum: oss depression (Ke : Preesurtace. | 200 ( ar straigt dream tine eldest { Losses | |i ‘ plovowned er [iris Tape of Venturi meter Flow nozzte meotum Smalt cupression in we — free Surface oi \5 Stream line Spacing cucreases awe move away from tHe pif cuclender is filled paratrolausi Y Ho youch Top + patto not 4 | cacterder at Save et ime? jer ismore Wen half « Contre . la if cuclend (2 Rankine vortex modion 3 merethen field parabala vo Sombina once Fr Fred's forced ca The Top and Ten \ o . Vortex motion: fi fey 18 Jess then naff filled ‘pone exe af THe” “arated west prist Tove te > patlom and THEM Top of Comaner | bottom surface ¢ farts Hind, Tt cede Closed gontouner >) en Fe pte ated ‘ ie Tae mki of = = y civeular i “ As el cin ee B adiys 0 a rok Fpettom Fon ef 4 , (song) ' 4,2 [2 = |S : Le fe + , ; i a free Surface ter ig rotor = apply fers W> oo) tesco xt Neos ex og in 709 freesurfa jngod>' d of ¥ » _y-Za=> Voy ase 7 ag 2 Bg =SFHB versicot Hight » sfromine pt yo -preesurhae? | » parabohid = we peered mvt of eelere®Eh=¥> Lami nar foe) IN Fler9 BNO Tove fixed Mel plate » |i ATP ET reprasend balance Ms VW] Pressure force anela/sceus force. A cpluneven) “Velocity profile > ue (32)( (is) ery - v2) x Rey Deivewla nold num ber =2nerF) Viscous gv Ban Re = = 9Ac (ee fc] iv) chap _ ab Dy=D [On=4 | Damase [Dirk u ‘ ( fy Location JGs) Velocity => Py [33 ze] y att > us £ thE) = Una (x) ay WW) Value aot mar” velocity." eatin profi leis pare bolic pve , Ue * tp iy Location of max™ velocity > Usay= gut G “te ) , Bu zo p [reo] . ary aus vetecits 9 by eaerviont ji alue af we ve loctt 3: wv (2h co, US Umax : pa Qe at = & CF “ £) : Mauy “ 3Umax > A £ AE iw Shear stress vartation> T= Way ae mene (17 =) es 4 nae 7 T=: tno) net velocitysy conservation a“. u, whead less. paper gruel carat 4 = = +h ae rdiUaugh AP oh a ee ae Les = gue = y vg = a ie +“ : Ais ab went $738) a EE ctrl,” £ (4k Ep ee let Ss el fe tidh flu partiatly fillid K-S/ C2) open chimes foo) Governed by reity tas inar> Re 22300% Tarbylens a hou ~Re = 4000, 40003 Transit om: = 2300 CRe eo 4 Number (ReJ=23.00 S eridicat Reynol sy sie) {ines aro balic vero Parsbalic| [Sear proftl® ‘Sres, rete We Linea )Jere) Weisbach eqrsy [hr =fhM fly _ 4f ‘eye 203 iF > ft darcy friction factor (or) friction fact, 13 faring friction factor . © Coefficient of friction > Valid Por boty taminar ¢ Tar baltrd non- circular: > Circway and tor eninat, flees, i te f=. f'= Re Scher y's formule a veevmd —> for cirxwler piee va a BE =D C2 chezy's Coustaw f obo fined tne value ef 6 such hod head Less re Samre from poth ehezyls formula auddarey woxlshach 6!" gg | [EE [EF momentum Corre ction > moment gee east actual = eC velodty stopeal] fitor(6) ~ Tnementimge. baced J on avg vetedt¥> dischgra XSK 4) ras flee? for circwlarpipe [2 = 4 | D Kinedic Ord. Correction factor (x) > oi d en actual pe KE foo base gen avg — * Wf gec. 8 el av yn evd Us at_velestt veled ry [eee momento E 4 forciycular piPs ” pe7] ily Suede n @nsraction=) ye pee Spacing At PiPes losses wmezor toss frithenables, fave nee agp Kain suaden expansion? thee = Sayer = (- oy pipe net iy pipe inset 9,2 Ore jy one = digg te OD equi volet ce oe 24 hur: thw « Jk pes Shey & feyter fib, Bez pbs Eom Oe B> DS it dea alae dea. da @ fete +, BS os *) pipes } Epes tm porate s vtrlle radio Sr tea rated efor idee, 2 dor ae — hee (GG Ave 1 H. 5 7 Ta. 2 HT DH if flows doking . 2 place from 4402 EGL= +e iy a +2 HOLL = 4 PD yz = Pejrmetic Head: f. EAL-HOL Sag » EL HAL. Power Tras mission Through Pi Power Teanpnssieo 1 ==il} aveltable! =e availabe} Head al #4 end of pipe = SA9-H = 88g Chon able ot He end st} Head abine reservoir Power available ak 4ne ‘vreservetr Power, gvaltable 0 at the end of pip mace” power av: ipe 2 dh co PrP 5 3 heh 7 Pow ey Tra vai ssron witbe yar why head loss due te eaten tm pr ee is gt of todat head gvaldab at reservoir: i264 Vmax =? Totollet: H Travomission efftelaney Yp Head avalfeble at the ew fp Weod available ake reserva = Hoh she SPs i SR me Nese of Wo veubi tai i Supnen noxse aveo of Teservoi s @ velocity of fluid ve~ J39H disenarg! @ = axYE = |® minimum press ware ot PH D* Py = Patm™ oathtn) max z% through Syphon pra Vina 2 of 79 Mmox = (HEA max = Bin Pvap 2 Homa = hme if t,do arly giatval ent vies BrAFE © oie we Basa (YqrVa) "Slee it ward 3 tage tagoO Sy Ser Meory » Prandt Lin (904: aera & > dimension Lin, Velocit i © ta ee y profile du uso > Tse * ere | rocity profile Fé . }? Tay ise tie locity prot le tor lami nar-f low 3+ spite g Sine T° Dake are (g)~Hinear velocity peti far idect ast sa+b(¥) +c(%) ts parabolic ue yee sar blyy+e (2) ry a(S) es cublew hye, sath ces Cisge@® ys Auaditer rein out arbitary Const" apply bundary | eo: cond’: $8 aut pave , YEO pvecasary a-< ‘Leteary Test wasysb, Yate b flow region ad ¥S, BU = 0) } : _ atyso , TH = Heable Uw ¥ inner regio7 uber yeglone o 1 Fy Za te (Boundry (ayer) Ina y=S, BY zo] “Av ~~ au JY 0 20, i | fonstrare ae a aa Gyo, Te hear stress ancl @>0, b=! Shear Stress can bern 20 ber, CHF be ignored: nny oh \O Exgert Berne ape” I@ azo, be3h, CFO 4™ Nan nod be USE, (OT rrosadjone! pa= ter) S Governing ed 15 fie a rofile ev Pranddd Bru? a” which Ver r are Simplied verste” - jecy proftlel &% s\8- “sree ef navier Se he 2(H TA AEE eq” jnside = : [6 redasional Plo: b2-(2 V3 [Ys|5-4e | 2 DNeccessary BCA w3 35 1 , edt YVLLY 39 Tu. 3 pane wee OFFS pou 7 ( 3p |2Z| a6 | 3/2 a abrir nn cs") 1 ¢ te) ay — qnick ness @ w iW\dy: -f erw)y 2) Eneryy rics es (Be) u ~waya4 & -f we ( tea 2 0 xVon- Kani eat 25 morn aa Wategradl avg. Skin friction Coeticien @ [3@ _ _Tws_f-apprica Z . SIG | per Fae | ee CA As oes ao Zo > wall Shear str Cove tsue ae ee WEL a at} 3 [toe (Kus ws oe = Gist sub & Pee 24 ee -_ & { ned HUES — Pabid in von= mann eee (1 To 15 SN integrateand BC > xz0,2 520° Ce = 2Cer 3 fe- 2% GUcX | v9-skin askin = (&* £X)+ Rey= frickion oot qiints 5 — OFX ay aeet oe a ne eure following reset net Aa veto profile 13 not givers ead Ma a ‘ ia oa =e Og - BBA, , TRey Re . =~ ® c, -orset OC, = . = ann) i aarral O Cee Eeays xe - Neal 378 so, 176) ° ek tea!" = Tret GU eRenys Fea Toth Po \ les TAL grows faster ye CGL \ it eternal flee > never fully ever oh er Seperation 2 ; : Foundry 254) taminay de Turbulent Boundry Sate y ' . lake > * any ‘force en one sicte of pt et neccesary +Sutte Gia Laminar 2°? qace tomes eo te" . e paras dFp= Zolbdxsinseora tones pa ve, weer foo ides ow) cos se tecal Skin in friction | Coetticiew > r : sf Oo digccelensed aes = ee aie Cre Es us as Fee of Condrolling F ‘ow Senet sual g dat ay always hav ve Streamlined hody ete ead af bulf beet = 1p) Suction of ae accel aie ftsd particle Anyough ef Solid Suv ° arasord dhe a ae ated j fluid parish € ores ah € pus Sel id quand sant taminar L,tuybult vt» as Reading the BAT £\o ond (uate TNE Arerenses