Test I

Part I

For questions 1 - 8, read thetext below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A glacial B bitter @ freezing D arctic

Turn ott the heating

By thrusting your hand into a (0) ..-C cold bucket of water, you can discover how
quickly your body (1) calories. This basic experiment is the starting point for
a pioneering study into the effects of brown - or good - fat in the body.

Everyone is born with brown fat around the shoulder (2).......lt is central to keeping
.

a baby's body temperature on an even (3) by using up this store of fat in order to
keep babies warm. Scientists, though, have long believed that this brown fat vanishes as
babies grow out of (a)...... ... and it is no longer needed.

However, a few years ago researchers were (5)... . . . .. . . scans on adults during the winter
a nd rea lised there were a reas of fat that seemed to have been (6) . .. ..... by the cold
weather.This discovery has encouraged scientists to (7) ......further research in the
hope it is the (8)............... . gun that will help solve weight problems amongst the obese.
They have already determined that the cold, certain foods and exercise can activate this
brown fat to people's benefit.

I A counts B burns C holds D fits

2 A blades B joints C bones D sockets

3 A path B track C course D keel

4 A development B infancy C adolescence D childhood

5 A carrying out B taking off C turning out D dropping off

6 A developed B conducted C formed D triggered

7 A make B conduct C perform D absorb

8 A trophy B indicator C smoking D proof

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Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers lN
CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 P R I M E

llenry Ford

For some people, a great idea does not mean instant success, and a (0) PRf ME example of this

is Henry Ford. While Ford worked (9) the Edison llluminating Company,
he started to experiment (10) his idea of a self-propelled vehicle. He was

(11) . ... ... pleased with his work that he left his well-paid job in 1899 and founded

the Detroit Automobile Company. Unfortunately, the cars he produced were too expensive and
unreliable, and the company folded two years (12)

Although now branded a failure, Ford did not (13) up. ln November 1901, he started
(14) , this time naming his brainchild the Henry Ford Company. A year on, the
business was renamed the Cadillac Automobile Company, because Ford had left the corporation.

lmpervious to yet (15) failure, Ford established the Ford A/lotor Company
in '1903 and succeeded in perfecting the assembly line production for the ModelT. Ford brought
motoring to the masses, and (16) looked back.

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 Test I
Part 3
For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 U N K N o W N

Yiruses

There are an (o) . . . . -V.lf.lt.lt-qwN ............. number of viruses on Earth, but KNOW
they outnumber any other life form. lf you {17)............ .................. the MULTIPLY
number of stars in the universe by a million, you would have an idea of how
many viruses are thought to be on this planet.

They come in a huge variety of shapes and forms. As science begins to learn

more about them, the hope is that (18)........... . they can EVENT

be used to humankinds'benefit. ln the future, (19) COMPARE

speaking, it might even be possible to appreciate them rather than treat them

as an enemy. Scientists have the (20)... ........ ..... that there will EXPECT

be advanced drugs and vaccines (21) ......... available that READY

will deal with any virus.

Looking at viruses from a {22).... . . ., perspective, there will HISTORY

always be a serious virus that will cause (2f 1 - it has DESTROY

happened too often in the past for this not to be so in the future. However,

one day there will be a drug that is {241................ against any EFFECT
virus.

'l
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Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so thatit has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She ............... ............ that she would never see him again.

0 COULD NOT COME TO TERMS WITH THE FACT

Write only the missing words.

25 There has been a big rise in property taxes in the Iast year.
roof
Property taxes ....... in the last year.

26 Thomas is quite open about his four marriages.

secret
Thomas makes he has been married four times.

27 George and Mary have refused to talk to each other since the argument.
terms
George and Mary ..... since the argument.

28 The twins look exactly the same to me.

tell
I . apart.

2q lt's a foregone conclusion that Adam willget any job he applies for.
9OeS

30 The reporter did not want to say who had given him the information.
prepared

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 Test I
Part 5
You are going to read an article from a magazine. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Why anirnals lika to play

From dogs to rovens and herring gulls, onimals exhibit an extraordinary desire to play. )ohn Guiver looks into their behaviour.

'Play'has been described as any form of behaviour that does not serve a function or purpose. The natural world
abounds with such examples of animals playing just because they can. For instance, ravens in Alaska and Northern
Canada have been observed sliding down roofs covered in snow. They slide down and then fly or walk back to the
top of the roof to repeat the activity again and again. ln some parts of America, ravens have been spotted slithering
down shallow banks of snow, often with a small stick held in their claws. When I learned this, it immediately brought
to mind when my children were young and I took them to the park. They exhibited exactly the same repetitive
behaviour, happy to do the same thing for hour upon hour on the slides.

Understanding why and how animals or birds play requires researchers spending hours watching them. They help
us to explain what is often a mystery to humans - are they really playing or is it just part of their normal instinct to
survive? Herring gulls are another example of birds that seem to play. Shellfish like clams make up their staple diet
but they need to be opened to be eaten. To get inside the shell herring gulls have to drop the calm onto a rock or
another solid object. lf they drop it from the right height, the shell covering the clam will crack or break, giving them
access to the clam inside. But sometimes, instead of letting the shell hit the ground, the herring gulls swoop down
and catch them in mid-air. Other gulls have been seen to behave like this, too, so the herring gulls'activities are not
unique.

This is where systematic research is so important. More than eighty hours of observing herring gulls has led
researchers to discover patterns - or what they term'rules'of the'game'. They found that it is the younger, less
mature gulls that play this game the most.They also noticed that it is frequently played over soft ground rather than
hard, so they are not actually trying to break the shells. The young herring gulls also played with objects other than
clam shells. lnterestingly, the researchers realised that this dropping behaviour was seen more often when there
was a strong wind. The researchers concluded that the gulls enjoyed the game more when there was an added
challenge, in this case, the wind. What researchers are still uncertain about is if the gulls are simply having fun or if
there is another explanation for their behaviour.
Both the ravens and the herring gulls play alone, but social play is common in animals, especially in dogs. Dog
owners love to take their canine friend for a walk, yet when they meet another dog, the dogs go through a ritualjust
like it was stage-managed. Nose to nose, they look each other over, sniff one another and circle round the other dog.
Then, more likely than not, they will start to fight. Neither dog gets hurt, because this is just a pretend fight, not the
real thing. ln other words, they are just play-fighting.

This ritual has been described as'specific signal patternsi Dogs, coyotes and wolves all display the same line 29
behaviour. lt begins with the bowing of heads - the'play bow'- and, like other signals, seems to send the
message that they want to play. lndeed, it serves another important function, too; it prolongs playtime. This might
seem bizarre, but it prevents any confusion in other contexts, such as predatory or aggressive encounters. The
psychologist, Marc Bekoff, observed that the bow is used both before and after actions that could be misunderstood
as non-playful. lt appears that all age groups of dogs use the play bow 74o/o of the time before and after pretend
biti n g; you n g wolves 7 9o/o of the ti me a nd j uven i le coyotes 92o/o.

One theory is that the playful interaction between dogs might possibly be a form of practice for any future
aggressive or hunting encounters. Their playtime perhaps enables dogs to be more psychologically flexible, rather
than aggressive from the moment they see a dog they have not previously met. Perhaps their playing serves no
adaptive or evolutionary function, but children also play just to have a good time. Children though, also often play
games that have a more serious purpose, as they enable them to understand their place in the social hierarchy
in which they live. lt is not outside the realms of possibility that the same principle applies to animals and birds.
Perhaps they are just exploring ways of finding their niche in animal society.

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Part 2
3l Why does the writer give the example of their children in the park?

A To express their wonder at bird behaviour.

B To help readers visualise what they are describing
c To emphasise how playful birds are.
D To show how birds imitate humans.

32 According to the writer, herring gulls

A act in a way that is not exclusive to their breed.

B show a natural instinct to stay alive in the wild.
c throw clam shells to the ground from a great height.
D fail to eat any of the clams because the shells are unbreakable

33 What has the researchers'work revealed about herring gulls?

A They prefer to play games when the weather is calm

B They have turned cracking clam shells into a game.
c They discovered the older gulls rarely joined in.
D They still do not know anything about them.

3 4 The writer says that when one dog encounters another,

A they imitate each other's movements.

B they continue walking together.
c they start to fight with each other.
D they behave in a fixed and expected way.

3 5 The writer refers to'specific signal patterns' (line 29) to illustrate that they

A present dogs with the opportunity to fight.

B protract the predatory phase of the ritual.
c prevent dogs from misreading the situation
D prove dogs have similar behaviour patterns

3 6 What is the writer's attitude towards animals and birds playing?

A He considers it plausible that through play they find their place in their community
B He is uncertain how it contributes to research into why children play.
c He is convinced that there is a real reason for their behaviour.
D He doubts whether enough animal behaviour has been studied.

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 Test I
Part 6
You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (37 - 43). There is one
extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Can a disguise fool surveillance technology?
Just how good is surveillance technology today? Francesca Holt reports.
When John McAfee took flight from Belize after his
neighbour died from a fatal gunshot wound, he
disguised himself to avoid detection. Border guards
failed to recognise who he was and for a while he
evaded capture. But could surveillance technology have
picked him out of the people crossing the border into
Guatemala?
As a fugitive, McAfee coloured his hair and beard grey,
put shoe polish on his face to darken his skin, made his
cheeks bigger by padding them out with bubble gum
and stuffed his right nostril to make it appear, as he put
it,'awkward, lopsided and with a disgusting appearancei
It might seem rather theatrical, but it worked and
enabled him to escape.
However, McAfee would probably still have not been
caught using today's technology, as facial recognition
technology is still not good enough to do the job. Some
people have faces that are too'normal'or common and
would not need to disguise themselves at all. Jean-
Luc Dugelay, a video surveillance expert in the French
research institution, Eurecom, says, 'Certain people
have faces that just seem to be hard for computers to
recognise. lt's difficult to know why and the faces that
are hard to recognise vary from one recognition system
to another. But if you have something that is close to
the average face, then it will be harder for a computer
system to recognise youl
Face detection often entails distinguishing significant
'intensity signatures' of light and dark spots on a
representation that is typical of a human face. When
people look to recognise each other, they go by an oval
for a face, two eyes, and a nose between the eyes and
the mouth. Computers, though, do not work the same
way, as they are not looking for physicalfeatures. lnstead
0t0 test 1
they look for a configuration of dark, light and dark in a
horizontal line that matches to a line between the eyes.
40
This feature vector is basically a guideline for a face that
can be compared with other similar feature vectors.
The problem is that some human faces have comparable
feature vectors and so 'average' faces are hard to
separate and tell apart. The Eigenfaces system has to
use the complete face to recognise someone. This flaw
in the system means it is possible to conceal your true
features from a recognition system by just pulling a face,
frowning or smiling. This would not deceive a person,
but it would technology.
4t
It will not be possible to identify a fully covered face,
but it is feasible to differentiate one face from another
with between a third and half of the face covered. There
has even been some success with just using a mouth for
recognition, something that a human would be unable
to do.
421
Surprisingly, research into the effects of rhinoplasty - or
nose surgery - on facial recognition systems revealed that
it has no significant effect on detection rates. That is on
2D systems. Experimental 3D facial recognition systems
can be conned by rhinoplasty, as it changes the shape of
the nose in three dimensions rather than two.
43l
ln spite of all the advances in technology, however, the
vulnerability of current systems is the simple act of looking
down at your feet, rather than at the camera. Humans can
identify someone they know from almost any angle, but
facial recognition systems cannot unless the face can
be clearly seen. Most surveillance cameras are usually
mounted at least at eye level, if not higher, so looking
down will beat more or less any recognition system.
 READIIVA Ehd V7E OF VN{CLI6H
A Not only would changing your facial
expression hoodwink machines, but also
draping a scarf over the mouth and nose,
or even wearing dark glasses would work
just as well. lt will not work for much longer
though, as new techniques are being
developed that can take information from
the nose or mouth alone if the eyes are
covered, or from the eyes if the mouth a nd
nose are concealed.
B Then, once a face has been distinguished,
there are varying ways in which to
recognise it. One way is to generate what
is called a 'feature vector'- a mathematical
representation of the face. This is built
up from pieces of hundreds of 'standard
faces' in numerous proportions. These
are known as 'Eigenfaces'and created by
scrutinising thousands of real faces, using
a procedure named'principal component
a na lysisi
C lt would also seem to make no difference
if a fugitive wore a wig or glasses, as
neither of these can fool a computer.
Being discrete and trying to blend in with
the crowds will also be futile, as facial
recognition systems can scan hundreds of
faces a minute.
D All it seems to require in films is to wear a
pairof glasses, cut and I or dyeyour hairand
attach a fake moustache. lVlaybe a hat, too.
This low-tech disguise never seems to fail
in the movies. John McAfee adopted some
of these techniques and met with success.
When he was eventually apprehended it
was not because his disguise had failed to
convince but because he had allowed a
reporter to print a photograph of him and
the authorities realised where he was.
E So how would John McAfee's disguise
succeed today? Despite darkening his
skin, which would soften the intensity
signature of his face, the light hitting
contours of the face would still register an
intensity signature that would enable face
detection. Likewise, the alteration to the
shape of his cheeks and nose would meet
little success.
F To appreciate the reasons for this, it
is worth looking at how the majority
of face recognition technology works.
First, it has to realise that it is actually
being presented with a face - a process
called face detection - and then work on
recognition and matching it with a face
that is already in the system.
G Equally, dying the beard and hair would
be counterproductive these days, as
computer systems look at a face from
above the eyebrows down to the chin, so
hairstyles and colour are irrelevant. Even
if your beard was a metre long, it would
make no difference.
H However, it might not be so simple
in the future. The FBI has unveiled its
Biometric ldentification Tools Program,
with aspirations for the future to develop
mobile facial recognition software, which
would enable them to access records
at any time, from anywhere around the
globe. ln the real world this means using
the technology that is currently available
from CCTV cameras in streets, sports
stadiums, motorways, shopping centres,
car parks and so on, anywhere on the
planet, because it will be held on one
data base.
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 Tast I
Part 7
You are going to read a magazine article about four women who explain why they do the
dangerous things they do. For questions 44 - 53, choose from the sections (A - D).The sections
may be chosen more than once.

Which of the women

was given encouragement by a family member? 44
says she remains calm in demanding situations? 45
has experienced physical symptoms of fear? 46
didn't think much of the activity at first? 47
is frightened by one aspect of what she does? 48
avoided starting a new activity? 4q
had a gradual introduction to what she does? s0

says it is important to focus on what she is doing? 5l

wanted a change from her normal life? 52

was successful at a certain activity when young? 53

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WOMEN WI{O LIKE TI{E TASTE OF DANGER

lvy Viney asked four women what makes them do the things they do.

A Ma rlee beca me a policewoma n eig ht yea rs ago, a nd has done a lot of work in u ndercover operations.
'We had a careers talk at school about joining the police force, which interested me and I decided to apply.
To be sure that a life as a policewoman was really for me, lfirst signed up for the Specials, a group of
part-time officers. I really liked the work so signed on the dotted line and became a full-time officer. After
a couple of years I joined the Special lnquiry Section, which deals with robberies. I have to do a certain
amount of undercover work, such as pretending to be a cashier in a bank about which we've received
a tip-off that it might be robbed. Obviously, we're dealing with criminals, some of whom are violent, so
there's already the element of risk. However, I have a back-up team that I have total confidence in, and
therefore, I don't really feel scared when l'm working undercover. lt does frighten me when we have to do
a raid though, as we never know what we're going to face when we walk into a room.That makes me more
careful, and not being alone, makes me feel more confident.

B During the week, Eva works in a shop making chocolate. However, at weekends she drives down to
Dover, on the English Channel, where she trains to swim the thirty-five kilometre stretch of sea between
England and France, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes.'When lwas young I kept winning
long-distance swimming events and eventually someone said to me,'Why not have a go at the Channel?'
I thought I couldn't do it and made excuses saying I couldn't afford it. Then my friends started raising
money to pay for me to try, so I had no choice but to do it. When I got in the sea, I kept asking myself 'What
am I doing?'lt was hard work and I was scared. lt finally took me 1 t hours 21 minutes and I was told to try it
again and do it a bit faster the next time!These days I swim the Channel mainly to raise money for children
in hospitall

C |n2007, although a mother of three small children, Katherine signed up for the Air Force because
she saw it as a change from her domestic routine. Her husband was already a pilot and urged her to join.
Katherine didn't think the Air Force would accept her, but they did and she is now not only an Air Force
pilot for her country, but also flies small planes in competitions.'l'm quite a careful and cautious person
and don't think of what I do as dangerous because I always respect my limitations and those of the aircraft.
The engine could fail, but that's a risk I have to take. My worst and most scary moment was when I was
flying home from a competition in France. The weather was awful, forcing me to fly lower and lower.
My heart was racing, my mouth was dry, and my hands were sweating. I had to turn back and find another
airfield to land at. I also race cars and have often been more frightened doing that than flyingl

D Georgina gave up her career as a social worker to become a professional acrobatic parachutist.
'l first tried parachute jumping in my teens, but didn't particularly like it. Then, in my mid-20s I visited the
States and went on a jump with a friend. I was hooked straight away. I like being in the air and the freedom
it gives me, and the fact that you can't switch off - you really have to concentrate or you put the rest of
the team in jeopardy. lthink l'm a level-headed and calm person, so I rarely panic in a difficult situation.
I have been in danger though. One time another member of the team jumped out of the plane too quickly,
landed on me and knocked me out. Fortunately someone else saw it happen and grabbed hold of me. We
landed together with me still unconscious, which is a very difficult manoeuvre. The accident damaged my
confidence, but within weeks I was back jumping againl

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 Test 2
Part I

For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (O).

0 revival B recovery C restoration D resumption

London Cotf ee llouses

The independent coffee shop is nothing new, particularly in London. Over the last decade,
there has been a (O) A of cafes in which to drink latte, but the real development
in coffee houses was in the late 1600s to early'1700s, when around three thousand coffee
houses suddenly (1) on the streets of London.

The very first coffee shop in Britain opened in 1650 in Oxford. Only two years later, Pasqua
Rosee, a Greek servant, {2).. ... ... ... coffee to London by opening a coffee shop in
St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill.lt proved to be an immediate success and others soon followed
(3)

Men almost {41 gathered in coffee houses rather than taverns, leading to more
(5) business deals.The better piaces soon attracted (6) customers
who were there for a (71 reason. For example, Edward Lloyd's coffee house on
Tower Street drew those who were interested in marine insurance, so it is no surprise that this
coffee shop developed into Lloyd's of London. The London Stock Exchange, Sotheby's and
Christie's also have their (8) in London coffee houses.

I A expanded B mushroomed C swelled D multiplied

? A fetched B passed C conveyed D brought

3 A suit B course C direction D trend

4 A closely B directly C immediately D severely

5 A productive B industrious C conscientious D systematic

6 A conventional B normal C regular D usual

7 A precise B particular C specific D distinct

8 A basis B causes C sources D origins

022 test 2
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Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only
one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL
LETTERS.

Example: 0 o F

An amazing sense of smell

A dog's sense (O).............OF smell is amazing. lndeed, the ability of a dog (9)
detect a scent is estimated to be a million times greater (10) that of a human.
Just as ahuman brain is wired to learn language, (11).......... .... is a large part of a dog's

brain devoted to interpreting senses. lt is (12).................. senses that have contributed to

dogs saving human lives.

Dogs helped humans for centuries before today's canine jobs came to public notice. They have
successfully found bombs and have also been put to work in arson investigations. Helping rescue

victims of disasters, they have also tracked (13)............. .. escaped criminals and lost
children. What is (14)....... .............................., some dogs have been training with doctors to detect
human skin cancer, identifying the illness (15) ... before doctors have diagnosed

it. (16)...... ... .. .. .. virtue of their nose, they can identify the smell of footprints, even if they
have been trampled on for several weeks.

,
:
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 Test 2
Part 3

For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.There is an example at the beginning (0).
Write your answers !N CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 E S P E C I A L L

The British a nd the queue

It is thought by many that queuing is (0).....ESPEC|A!-LY British, but the SPECIAL

first reference to it is in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1837, where it was

referred to as a French custom. The British, however, believe they queue

without (17l. , whether it is for tickets forWimbledon PAT!ENT

or out of (18)....... to be first in the queue for the DESPAIR

sales.

The British have been (19) .... as good at queuing because DESIGN
during and after the end of the Second World War, food was still short and
(20) . .. and rationing the norm. This meant it DEPRIVE

was (2'l) to stand in a line to wait their turn to ESSENCE

be served, sometimes causing a (221 and with the police AGREE

quite likely to be called to disperse the crowds.
One (23)... has described the British as willing to stand in SEARCH

a queue because it bolsters their self-image of {241 . .

PRAGMATIC
and politeness, so anyone who tries to push in should do it subtly or face the
wrath of the queue.

02A test 2
 READ$IA ehd V;V @F WAU;W
Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She . . . that she would never see him again.

0 COULD NOT COME TO TERMS WITH THE FACT

Write only the missing words.

25 Judy has been involved in a court case before.

time
This is . in a court case

26 'lt's none of your business who I go out with!'Audrey shouted at her mother.
concern
Audrey shouted at her mother that who she of hers

27 Sandra was about to shut the shop when customers walked in.
point

28 Mr Reynolds has been told that you were rude to a client.

attention

2q Elizabeth completely ignored the fact that she was unsuitable for the job.
notice
Elizabeth she was unsuitable for the job.

30 I hadonly just switched on the oven when the electricity cut out.
sooner
No ... the electricity cut out

test 2 025
 Tast 2
Part 5
You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Jodie goes to court

It had been an uncertain last six months for Jodie where her own future and fortunes were concerned. She had had
to rely on unemployment benefit since she had been sacked, although she had always felt her employer underpaid
her for the amount of responsibility she had. Add to this working late every day, the extra hours unpaid, she had
always felt hard done by. Now, however, after having to economise on everything, her salary felt like long lost riches,
a blessing before her world had collapsed around her.

Determinedly, Jodie had applied for other jobs. With equal regularity, Jodie's applications were ignored. Occasionally
she got lucky and was rewarded with an interview. Unfortunately, being a truthful person - though Jodie found irony
in this statement - as soon as she mentioned she had been fired and explained the circumstances, she was shown
the door. She could not bring herself to lie about it, because she was convinced she would be found out anyway.
Protestations about her innocence were met with looks of incredulity by all of the prospective employers she saw.
One had even muttered,'There's no smoke without fire.'

Now she was literally facing her day in court. Jodie stood across the road from the impressive building, the bronze
scales of justice on the roof glinting in the morning sun.Thoughts were swirling around her head and she realised
how nervous she was. No, not nervous. Her over-riding emotion was fear. She was terrified. She had never set foot in
a courtroom before, and here she was on trial for a crime she had not commited. Embezzlement was a sordid word
to her mind and she had hated it ever since the two plain clothes detectives had knocked on her door one Friday
evening and accused her of it.They had taken her to the police station, fingerprinted her, taken a statement and
formally charged her. They had not been impolite, but it was quite obvious they had not believed anything she said.

Jodie had immediately made an appointment with the family solicitor. lVlr. Hardcastle had known iodie all her life,
and to say the elderly man was shocked was an understatement. He spluttered and hurrumped for a few minutes,
but then he was all business. He was a wise and clever man who asked her for every detail. He then engaged a lawyer
who was steadily building a reputation as an astute court practitioner. Jodie had met him twice. The first time she had
found hlm extremely intimidating. Born with a silver spoon in his mouth, Sir lames Fitzgerald had attended Eton and
Oxford, but was no wastrel. Despite his background, he was shrewd and intelligent, and seemed to thrive on the cut
and thrust of a complex case. They had spent thirty minutes together, when he had made notes on her answers to
his very pertinent questions.The second time, he had reassured her as he pointed out that his enquiries had proved
that on at least four occassions when cheques had been forged, she had not been in the office. Her innocence on
two of those occasions could be proved conclusively. One occasion had been when Jodie was hospitalised for minor
eye surgery, and the other she had been at a conference in London. On the other two instances, she had been at
subsidiary branches and although there were records of this, they were not official enough to stand up in court.
She felt her shoulders relax when he relayed this information to her, but he followed this up by stating that if found
guilty, she would most probably be imprisoned for at least a year.

He had allayed some of her fears by pointing out that this was unlikely to happen, as it was her first offence. She
had no criminal record. Jodie's mother, Enid, had become quite argumentative when told this. lust let the judge try.
He'll have me to answer tol Her attitude had taken Jodie by surprise and she had to strongly discourage her from
attending court on the appointed day.

The conversation flashed through Jodie's mind, and she gave a wry smile.The day of reckoning was here. She looked
both ways, crossed the road, and with a deep sign, entered the building. She spotted Sir James immediately, and
with long confident strides that belied how she really felt, she approached him.'Ah, Miss Rogers, you're here. I have
some good news. The presiding judge is old Sturridge. He's fair-minded and has never sent a woman to prison in all
his time on the bench. I think we're in for a good day. Today we will see your old boss sent to jail and you re-instated
in your job, with your unblemished record again intactJ

026 test 2
 READtfirc ehd V7V OF WOLts++

3l How does Jodie feel now about the sum she used to be paid?

A It had made her feel secure and valued.

B She was unwise to have given it up.
c It represented a fair payment for her work
D She ought to have appreciated it more.

32 Jodie discovered that in job interviews

A explanations are unnecessary.

B determination is never enough
c sarcasm is a good defence.
D honesty is not the best policy.

33 What made Jodie arrange to meet Mr. Hardcastte?

A She could rely on him as a family friend.

B She knew he would do his utmost to help her.
c She hoped he would be acquainted with a good lawyer
D She was frightened by the visit of the two detectives.

3 4 What was Jodie's first impression of Sir James Fitzgerald?

A She thought he lived up to his reputation.

B She felt he enjoyed being the bearer of bad news.
c She found him to be perceptive but daunting.
D She believed he had discovered relevant evidence

3 5 lt is suggested that Jodie's mother, Enid

A understands nothing about the law

B has low expectations of the judge.
c expects Jodie to go to prison.
D is aggressive and uncompromising.

3 6 The attitude of the lawyer towards Jodie shows that he has

A facts about Jodie's old boss.

B knowledge of what will happen
c confidence in his abilities.
D faith in the judge's experience.

test 2 027
 Test 2
Part 6
You are goingto read a review of a film. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the review.
Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (37 - 43). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.

Django unchained
Quentin Tarantino's return to form with a humourous western about slavery.
Django Unchained, a virtuoso but violent revenge punishment. He is an enthusiast of 'Mandingo'wrestling
western, debuts the bromcom pairing of Jamie Foxx - a fight to the death between slaves. The obscene
and Christoph Waltz, and is set against a background humiliation of this is plain, yet its impact is lessened by
of the slave plantations in the south, two years before the atmosphere of the men who hang around to watch
the Civil War. Many people expressed surprise that it the men die slowly.
was nominated for an Oscar for Best Picture, but this is
certainly Quentin Tarantino's best film since Pulp Fiction.
4t
He employs his glare, language, and a tremor that
5T
suggests Parkinson's disease, to bolster Candie's
Foxx is Django, a slave when the film opens, being abhorrent racism. lt shocks to see an African American
walked through Texas in chains in bitterly cold weather. so vehemently supporting a white man who, despite the
Here he has what can be described as either a fortuitous servant's loyalty, would shoot him in an instant.
or a fateful encounter with Dr. King Schultz (Waltz),
an enigmatic, dapper German ex-dentist, who speaks
impeccable English. Schultz, now a bounty hunter, frees
Django, by killing the slave traders transporting hlm, The quandary for Tarantino in general - and Django
giving us a first glimpse of the mayhem and violence to in particular - is that of tone. The viewer is never quite
come. sure about it. For instance, the scene where a menacing
posse of masked Ku Klux Klansmen arrives to attack
38 Foxx and Schwartz, deteriorates into farce when they
start squabbling about the size of the eye-holes in their
She is now a slave at the Mississippi plantation,
bagged masks. lt is typical Tarantino to incorporate this
Candieland, the property of the repulsive bigoted
back-and-forth dialogue, and that's fine. But Tarantino
sadist, Calvin Candie, who is memorably brought to life
has yet to determine a way to amalgamate humour with
on the silver screen by Leonardo DiCaprio. An unlikely
horror, which becomes quite extreme in the latter half
partnership begins between Django and Schultz, as
of the film.
they set off on a journey to secure her freedom and in
the process, exact Django's retribution on Candie.

Schultz's way with words and his ability to hide behind

The end of their journey is at the fiefdom of Calvin
the law are hugely enjoyable. He and Foxx were well
cast as a hilarious double-act. But Tarantino's flair and
Candie, a charming aristocrat whose plantation is a
the fact that he has been brave enough to make a film
symbol of oppression and corruption of the human
spirit. DiCaprio's Candie is a repugnant character, full of
about a subject that few American directors would
dream of tackling, deserves admiration. The racism of
his own importance and Southern politeness, and a fully
paid up racial supremacist.
the country's past and its record on slavery might not
be historically represented in the film, but he more than
adequately gets his point across.
401
Candie's pretence of being genial disguises a sadist who
allows a man to be ripped limb from limb by rabid dogs as

028 test 2
 I?EADtfrle ehd v;v a€ v\foLts+
A Tarantino's message of exploitation is such
that some bad people commit repeated
cruelty against the innocent. This sets the
scene for retaliation, because the good
downtrodden people and their associates
have good reasons to take revenge. Their
revenge is justified because they have
been aggravated and mistreated. The
more they have been assaulted, the more
they merit the punishment. That way the
audience feels happy and morally assured
in the display of violence - after all, the
victims deserve it.
B He is impeccably dressed, but the overall
impression is one of shabbiness, the same
as his personality. He is fairly young, but
seems middle aged and seedy. He has no
qualms about abusing, maiming or killing
his slaves, sometimes in the most brutal
manner and takes pleasure in watching
them suffer.
C The film is to some extent based on the
Django westerns of the 1960s, featuring
Franco Nero, as well as the infamous
Mandingo film of 1975. However,
this fantastically outrageous version
operates on its own terms - or perhaps
Tarantino's terms of violence - something
of an impudent yet extremely humorous
nightmare series of ever more violent
events.
D The film is worth a watch, being stylish
and funny, brutal and superbly-acted,
penetratingly written and highly offensive.
Yet Tarantino does not seem to have the
ability to know what to edit out of his
films. The first hour flashes grippingly by
but in the second hour the film starts to
wander and take detours. At the end of
the second hour an ending seems to be
in sight, but a further three-quarters of
an hour continues the bedlam with the
audience squirming in their seats.
E Despite an impeccable line up of stars, the
one who outshines the rest and totally
upstages them is Samuel L Jackson,
who gives the performance of his life as
Stephen, Candie's household attendant, a
sort of Uncle Tom character, who is wholly
and belligerently devoted to his master.
F And so it ends fatally for the slavers, but
Schultz has found his man, as Django
agrees to help him hunt down three
outlaws in exchange for his freedom.
Bounty-hunting, Schultz explains, is 'a
flesh-for-cash businessi just like slavery.
Django is also seeking his wife, a German-
speaking slave named - to Schultz's
surprise - Broomhilda (Kerry Washington).
Like Django she was a runaway, and is
branded on the face with a telltale R.
G Tarantino makes all of this glaringly
obvious and keeps reminding the viewer,
something that only he and Jackson could
have carried off in the Stephen character. lt
is cringe making when watched, especially
when so few films in Hollywood deal with
the subject of slavery, except from the
point of view of abolition. Tarantino is
more than willing to deal with the subject
matter head on, warts and all.
H ln a surprisingly unpatronising manner,
during their travels Schultz instils in
Django a feeling of his own independence,
concentrating his antagonism against
those who have misused him, and
showing Django why he should show
them no mercy. The German teaches him
such practical things as how to handle a
gun and shoot accurately, how to read,
as well as the more subtle arts of role-
playing, being patient and also biding his
time to take revenge.
test 2 029
Tast 2
Part 7
You are going to read a magazine article about six young girls who have achieved success as
designers while still in their teens. For questions 44 - 53, choose from the sections (A - F). The
sections may be chosen more than once.
***"/

Which of the successtul young girls

owes success to doing something on a whim?
44

is considering expanding her business?

4sl
hopes to become very wealthy?
46

was inspired by something boring?

47-
makes things that are cheap, fashionable and practical?
48

makes a link between her success and having to learn a skill?

4ql
50
seems modest about her success?

started a bussiness for which she had no formal training?

5l
discovered her future career by accident?
52

began her business because she had time on her hands?

53

test 2
 READI\\IO ehd V;V @F V\fbil5++

SIX YOUNG FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS

DanielCrawley speaks to six successfulyoung girls.

A Anala Patel - children's clothes designer

There's no doubt that Anala is going to be a big name in the future. Her forte is children's clothes that challenge the
traditional.Herfabricsdonotcrease,arewashable,andarenotwhatchildrenwouldusuallywear.Theircutandtheir
design is more like a high-end fashion designer would make, yet they are inexpensive.'At my schooli explains the
16 year-old,'we have to learn practical skills, such as sewing.We had to design and make something for a child, and
I really took to it. Before I knew it, a chain store wanted my designs and l'm going to work full-time for them when I

leave school.lt's so unrealwhen lsee my name on the labelsl

B Katerina Stellas - shoe designer

'l'm 18 and a shoe designer. Who'd have ever thought that would happen? Certainly not me!'Katerina's life has
changed completely and despite her excitement, she seems remarkably calm about her sudden rise to fame. Her
shoes can be seen everywhere and now she's left school she's devoting herself full-time to her new career.'l never
dreamed something like this could happen. On impulse, I entered a competition So You Think You Could Do
Better'and lwon. I love shoes, but could never find any that were really different and unique. Now I can, and so
can every other teenagerJ Katerina has plans to design for all age groups and is surprisingly eager considering she's
already struck it rich.

C Richenda Lefevre - website designer

Richenda has no art training or real computer background, yet here she is, running her own business designing
websites for large corporations, at the tender age of seventeen.'l built my own website when I was fifteen. You know,
one of those free ones you can get. lt was fun and I really got into allthe different effects you could achieve. People
started asking who had designed the site, and then my uncles asked for my help to set up their website for their
business, and it just grew from there.'Today, Richenda is revamping the websites of companies that deal primarily
with teenagers, and she has more work than she can handle. She's thinking of taking on staff - teenagers, of coursel
D Jemma Shuter - computer games designer
Jemma had no interest in computer or video games until she was fifteen, when she played her first game with a
friend. She talks now like she's been doing it all her life. She found the game repetitive and dull and thought she
could improve on it. She spent six months in the evenings and at weekends working on it, but didn't really expect
to sell it to anyone.'lt was always just to prove I could do it. My dad approached a company and now that it's on the
shelves, it feels great. My friends all love it and have bought a copy. l'm working on another one now that'll be even
better I hope. l'm quite proud of it alreadyJ
E lvy Dawson - furniture designer
'l was so thrilled when I saw the furniture l'd designed on display for everyone to see. All my ideas had come to lifel
When lvy and her family moved to a bigger house, her parents said she could have new bedroom furniture. They
searched everywhere but couldn't find anything she liked. So lvy made drawings of what she wanted and took it
to the biggest department store in the area to ask if they could make it for her.They were so impressed with her
designs that the 1 7 year-old is now working for them.'l had no idea what I wanted to do after I left school, so I found
what I want to do purely by chance. l'm so happyJ
F Ellie Foxx - Jewellery designer
Ellie started to make her own jewellery when she was studying for her A-levels to go to university.'l didn't have to go
to school every day, and I couldn't study all the time. Without much money, I bought some beads and the other stuff
I neededl Ellie posted pictures of what she'd made on a social website to show her friends. They all wanted some.
'l didn't expect anything like this. Despite getting into university, l've decided to concentrate on the jewellery
making. I sell it online and am sending out over a thousand orders a week. My goal is to make my first million by the
time l'm twenty-one, so two years to do itJ

I
I
test 2
q
 Test 3
Part I

For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (O).

0 A attraction @ noticeable C midpoint D interior

The curious village of Gammelstad

ln Gammelstad in Lapland stands a 15th century church, the most (0) .......8.............. of
the village, encircled by cottages that were not slept in for more than one night a week, in
anyweekoftheyear.Whenthecottageswerebuilt,Laplanderswereobligedby(1)...............
to attend church, however far away they lived.

The majority of people lived on (2)................. .farms, some a hundred miles or more from their
nearest church, so the parishioners'answer to being unable to travel so far and (3).. ......
their farm in one day, was to construct'church villagesi Churchgoers could travel to these
improvised villages from (4) ......, stay overnight to be present at church the next
day, before starting the long (5) ..... back home.

Each cottage was constructed without nails so that in the (6).............of fire they could be
disassembled quickly. Gammelstad is the biggest and best-preserved of the villages that have
survived centuries. Today, just over four hundred red-timbered cottages are still standing in
theiroriginal (7) .,frozen intimejustasif each (8).... . . will be backat any
minute.

L A legal B law C commandment D edict

? A lonely B retiring C solitary D isolated

9 A go back B return to C go again D take back

4 A far afield B long shot C away with D near enough

5 A travel B wander C trail D trek

6 A episode B incident C event D occasion

; A profile B figure C form D structure

g A lodger B occupant C habitat D tenant

040 test 3
 READ\\VA ehd V?E A€ WOLts#
Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (O). Write your answers !N
CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example: 0 L E S S

The beating heart of the planet

More or (0) I-ES-S three-quarters of the surface of the Earth is covered in water, which means

almost ninety percent of allthe living (9)................ on this planet is found in the oceans. These

immense reserves provided a (10) haven for primitive life to begin, and millions of

years later (1 1)........... remain the abode of an abundance (12) remarkable creatures.

ln (13) ....... to being the habitat of everything from shrimps to whales, the seas also
offer crucial benefits to the world:they provide humans (14) .. . ... a cornucopia of food

and they clean our atmosphere. They soak up greenhouse gases, removing carbon dioxide from

the environment. They now absorb about a third of all human carbon emissions. (15) .

this service to the planet comes at a (16) The oceans are gradually becoming

more acidic, threatening the lives of the incredible variety of creatures that reside within them.

test 3
Tast 3
Part 3

For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 I T A L L

Lack of sleep

The right amount of sleep is (0) .VITAI-_LY important for the body. VITAL
So those who sleep less than six hours a night run the risk of disturbing their
(17) ...........c1ock and the normal behaviour of genes that are BIOLOGY

necessary for good health, including genes associated with stress and fighting
d i sea se.

The results of tests on each (18). ..... ... exposed to less than six VOLUNTARY

hours of sleep a night showed changes in more than 700 genes. Every
(19) ..... that was altered could lead to a variety of ailments, such MECHANICAL

as heart disease, diabetes, depression and obesity, in those that sleep too little.
Sleep loss also had a (20) ..... effect on genes that govern the DRAMA
body clock, implying that poor sleep patterns might start a vicious cycle of
(21) .... .. sleep disruption. WORSE

Althouoh so manv oenes were (22) DOUBT

disrupted in the sleep-deprived, researchers cannot say whether those changes

are a (23) short-term response to poor sleep, a sign of the HARM

body adapting to sleep-deprivation, or are (24) harmful to POTENT

health.

w test 3
 READI\VO Ehd V;E OF WOLI;#
Part 4
For questions 25 - 3O, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She ............... .......... that she would never see him again.

0 COULD NOT COME TO TERMS WITH THE FACT

Write only the missing words.

25 We don't seem to like the same things anymore

common
We don't seem to anymore

26 His success can largely be attributed to his willingness to work hard.

down
His success can largely be to work hard

27 The hotelwasn't as big as we thought it would be from the lnternet pictures.

live
The hotel from the lnternet pictures

28 It wasn't until I got in the car that ! realised my purse was missing.
after
Only . ... realise my purse was missing

2q You must watch the twins allthe time in the playground.

sight
You mustn't let in the playground

30 !think you must have me confused with my sister.

mistaking
I think you must my sister

test 3 043
 Tast 3
Part 5
You are going to read a magazine article. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.

Young People's Love Attair with Mobile Phones

Roger Paire is a specialist researcher who looks at why young people seem addicted to mobile phones.

One thing Roger Paire cannot stand to listen to is the old excuse that young people were brought up with mobile
phones and know no different.'This is simply not true. They weren't born with a mobile phone in their handl He is
steadfast in his belief that young people are no more instinctively adroit at using a mobile phone than any other age
group.'All they're basically doing is socialising. Add to this peer pressure to have the latest phone and the know-how
to use all the apps on it and you have the main reasons they appear to be more proficient - they use them more
oftenl

It's understandable that Paire gets annoyed about this. He was the first to study the effect of mobile phones on
people, especially the young. He's been known to speak out vociferously against certain fictions that have grown up
around the use of them. He's concentrated particularly on clarifying the many reasons why the young rely on mobile
phones so heavily, having taken a much closer look at the situation than any other researcher.

His most recent research has been about why youngsters send so many text messages, especially in the evening,
to people they have been with all day.'lt's not just a case of communicating information,'explains Roger.
'lt's more subtle than that. For example, six out of ten girls text their female friends, just to say'Helloi whereas line 13
less than half of boys do the same. Some kids send up to fifty text messages a day because they see them
as functional and efficient. lt's the whole convenience of them they sort of fit into those small gaps you have in your
day when you have a few minutes with nothing to dol

Paine also investigated how teenagers manage to send so many text messages a day when they are in school for so
many hours.'That's easy to explain. Teenagers always try to get round the rules and defy teachers, despite the ban
on mobile phones in the classroom; a ban I might add, that's imposed by adults. lt confirmed for me how important
texting is to teens, and really it's still passing notes in class, but via digital meansl

Roger's research also confirmed that teenagers make and receive far fewer phone calls than text messages. Older
people are more likely to do the opposite, with an actual call being seen as more personal than a text message.
Youngsters mainly make or receive calls from their parents, but texts rule when it comes to contacting their peers.

Most young people are constantly connected to the lnternet and Facebook through their mobile phone. The
constant updating of their friends'status seems to be irritating and unnecessary to many, but for teens it's vital,
especially as regards their close friends.'They also see their mobile phone as a constant companion,'says Roger.
them. line'27
'lt's become an extension of their body. Meet a teenager and you'll meet their mobile phone! lt's sort of glued to
Most teenagers I spoke to sleep with it on their pillow or right next to the bed, they eat with it on their lap or by
the plate, it goes to the bathroom with them and it must be visible when they have a shower.You'll find that older
people aren't this enamoured of their phone, and will, for example, leave it downstairs when they go for a showerl

Next time you're in a cafe or restaurant where there are young people, have a good look at them to see how they're
interacting. Every one of them will be playing with their mobile phone, either reading or sending a text message,
playing a game on it, checking their online status or just playing with and touching the phone.'They seem to be
totally oblivious to the fact that they're doing it,'Paire observes,'and they do it while they're communicating with
the people they're sitting with. Nobody seems to get upset by the fact that the others are paying more attention to
their mobile phones instead of living in the presentl

Paire adds,'l did start to wonder if they ever turn their mobile phones off, and thus socialise in real time, so to speak.
There doesn't appear to be any sort of code amongst them as to when the mobile phone is intrusive or when it is
rude or inappropriate to use it. ln fact, teenagers refer to their mobile phone as'a device'; a device not only for line 39
communication, but also a clock, a music playel a camera, a link to the lnternet and social media, and a vital and
indispensable part of their lifel

0tA test 3
 I?EADttvo ehd v;v oF wbLts#
3l What point does Roger Paire make in the first paragraph about mobile phones?

A They are the new form of social communication for all age groups.
B They form a fundamental part of young people's social interaction.
c They are not thought of as something to be used by older people.
D They have become a way of teaching young people how to be social

32 !n the second paragraph, what is said about Paire's research into the use of mobile phones?

A He has investigated several myths about them.

B It has focused on people's attitudes towards mobile phones.
c It has been a collaborative process with other researchers.
D It has revealed the reasons why there are so many users.

3 3 The sentence'tt's more subtle than thati (line 1 3) refers to Paire's view that

A today's teenagers like to annoy teachers just like previous generations.

B texting is an undemanding way to stay constantly in touch with friends.
c teenagers'attitudes to text messaging are similar to those of adults.
D teachers tend not to respect teenagers'need to pass notes to each other

3 4 The phrase'glued to them'(line 27) means that Paire

A understands why teenagers cannot bear to be parted from their phone

B feels that for young people mobile phones are indispensible.
c regards himself as someone who must always carry a mobile phone.
D believes more research on mobile phone companionship is needed.

35 What point is Paire making about young people in social situations?

A How important it is for them to check their text messages.

B How they do not realise their behaviour is discourteous.
c How unaware they are of not socialising with their friends enough
D How easy it is for others to misinterpret their behaviour.

3 6 Paire uses the word'device' (line 39) to emphasise the view that

A young people have unrealistic expectations about mobile phones

B teenage mobile phone users have no control over themselves.
c his research has helped to reveal what the young really think.
D teens see mobile phones as encompassing everything they need.

test 3
Eq
 Tast 3
Part 6
You are going to read a newspaper article about friendships. Seven paragraphs have been removed
from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (37 - 43). There is
one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
tlow and why do we choose our friends?
The way we choose our friends is much more
complicated than we realise, and probably not very
moral. Plato wrote,'similarity begets friendship' in his
play Phaedrus, and Aristotle, along the same lines,
wrote,'some define it as a matter of similarity; they say
that we love those who are like ourselvesi
37
Social psychologists, however, have finally uncovered
the fact that people do not retain a list of who owes
them a favour or who they owe a favour to, in their
head. Primatologist, Joan Silk, expressed the conundrum
of friendshipas: 'reciprocity and equity are important
among friends, but tit-for-tat reciprocity is antithetical
to the formation and maintenance of close friendship. If
these seemingly contradictory claims are correct, then
friendship presents a puzzle for evolutionary analysisl
The scientists concentrated their research on blacktip reef
sharks, whose habitat is coral reefs in the lndian and Pacific
Oceans. They discovered that specific sharks favoured the
companionship of certain others, and that their friendship
continued over time. Other sharks, however, avoided each
other at all costs, even if their feeding grounds coincided
with each other. lt would seem that geographic or
territorial closeness are inadequate to clarify the reasons
why one is a friend and another a foe.
3q
However, Australian researchers have found a third level
of social hierarchy: a sort of super group that contained
dolphins who were not related. Just like human
relationships, this arrangement cannot be explained by
reciprocity. For instance, a group of dolphins the scientists
named PD triumphed over a second group, the KS set, on
two different occasions. The dolphin social hypothesis
would suggest that the two groups would never
collaborate together, but researchers were shocked to
see exactly that when a third group, called WC, attacked
K5. The PD group entered the fray to help their one-time
arch-rivals defeat this third group.
046 test 3
Politics also plays a major part in forming friendships
amongst the male Assamese macaque monkeys that
are found in Thailand. A very social primate, domination
is the only way for them to succeed with the female
macaques. Failure to dominate leads to them slipping
down the reproductive ladder into insignificance.
4t
So could the protection of one's reputation be the answer
to the friendship mystery instead of similarity as Plato
and Aristotle believed, or reciprocity as evolutionary
biologists have theorised? ln 2009, an experiment was
carried out whereby volunteers were asked to make a
list of ten of their closest friends who were not family
members, and then put them in order of how close they
were to each of these people. They then were told to
pretend they had a hundred points to allocate between
these ten friends.
F
//
I
People are always aware of their reputation and how
other people might think of them and their behaviour.
Therefore, they gave their closest friend the most points
when they thought no one else would be aware of it, but
attempted to seem impartial when their information
might become public knowledge.
They further hypothesise that friendships might be a
calculated way to keep an ally in the face of possible
future problems. Thus how we form friendships seems
puzzling because if we were overt about the tit-for-tat
character of our associations, they would fail. Basically,
we might assert that our friendships have no ulterior
motive, but that does not always mean it is true.
 t?EADtlvd ehd v;v aF uNsus++
A Whenever there is a problem
understanding anything to do with
evolution, it is time to look to the animal
kingdom for help. Shark scientists from
France researched whether groups of
sharks stayed together for social reasons,
such as friendship, if they just stayed
together because their range intersected
or if there was a common food supply.
B Forming a friendship based on having the
same ideas, tastes or outlook on life might
appear to be obvious and instinctive, but
that instinct is misleading. The majority of
friendships are cultivated between people
who are not related or romantic partners,
so friendship cannot be accounted for on
a genetic or reproductive basis. Rather,
evolutionary biologists have usually
depended on a'you help me and l'll help
you'scenario, called reciprocal altruism to
rationalise the bonds of friendship.
C When the participants believed that their
point system would be made public, they
apportioned the points evenly between
all their friends, with ten points being the
average. Yet when they were informed
that their point division would remain a
secret, the number of points awarded to
each person was very different. Their best
friend got the lion's share of the points,
followed by the next best friend, and so
on.
D lt would seem that dolphin relationships
are not established because of earlier
dealings, but are based on political
motives. Mutual decisions are centred on
who else is there at the time. Despite the
PD and KS groups having been adversaries,
their common animosity towards the WC
group turned them into temporary allies.
E The non-family relationships that abound
in the animal kingdom are very like
friendships, according to Dr. Crockford.
Animals with friends live longer and it is
more likely that their offspring will survive.
However, not much is known about how
these animals become friends, though
findings from the research show a direct
link between co-operation and social
bonds, which includes food sharing and
shared hunting and grooming.
F One male macaque monkey was studied
in 2010. At the beginning of the research,
he was third in the group, yet in spite of
his good physical condition and large
size, he seemed unable to bond with the
other male monkeys. He soon dropped to
sixth in the group and before long, had
tumbled still further to eight, losing all
reprod uctive adva nta ge.
G DiScioli and Kurzban, who conducted this
experiment, give a political example to
demonstrate the complicated realities of
friendship, and not just simple economic
or geographic reasons. Their case in point
is that although China has traded with
America over three times more than with
Britain in the past, Britain is more likely to
be termed a'friend'of America rather than
China. DiScioli concludes that friendship
cannot be based on 'an exchange of
benefitsi
H This research did not provide many
answers, so science next looked to
dolphins for help. Dolphins, just like
some other non-human primates like
chimpanzees, are typified by two levels
of social hierarchy: a set of two or three
males who work as one to safeguard
the females from the attentions of other
males, and larger sets who work together
to entice females from other groups. By
and large, the dolphins within each group
are related, so they could perhaps
co-operate because of shared genes or
family selection.
test 3
q
 Tast 3
Part 7

You are going to read a newspaper article about historical re-enactments. For questions 44- 53,
choosefrom the sections (A- E).The sections may be chosen morethan once.
j

Itr which section does the writer mention

a near accident during practice? 44
the idea that archery can be good for for fitness? 4sI
a wish to emulate the success of someone else? 46
the composition of the re-enactment society? 47I/
the idea that tuition is absolutely necessary? 48
an explanation for becoming a member? vf,-
a lack of proficiency compared to some others? 50
reviving the past? 5l
the suggestion that participants had been assessed? 52
the hierarchy of the society? lsgl

048 test 3 /
 RLADttfO ehd V,E 0F FlVOLtsl+

KNoW youR t{tsToRv

Tom Bales tries his hand at historical re-enactment

A There's no half-way with archery. You either pick it up quite quickly or fail miserably to hit the target, despite
practising for so long that your arms and shoulders feel like they're on fire. Mastering the art though, is well worth
the effort. lt doubles as an excellent way of exercising and tightening up those arm and neck muscles and it's the
coolest way to really learn what it was like for those archers of old, although they of course were fighting for their life
rather than a weekend's re-enactment with other enthusiasts. You're more involved with history than just reading a
book or watching a film, and there's a lot more to it than just trying to use a bow and arrow with some semblance of
aplomb.

B Happily practising with a group of people who are just as inept as you can be very amusing, even though it's
mandatory. The instructor, James Montgomery, has the patience of a saint and I first met him at a range in London.
As I struggled to pull the bow back for the first time, he explained how hed left his job in advertising to teach full-
time. He teaches the re-enactors, as well as anyone who wants to learn how to become an archer. lmpressed by how
well-organised the re-enacting society are, he became one of their bowmen himself. He can, of course, fire off an
arrow much quicker than anyone else, but everyone seems keen to build up to his speed.

C The Great Northwood Bowmen, the re-enacting group, are a medieval archery and re-enactment society.
Based in London, they focus on archery in the 14th and 1 5th centuries, providing a unique attraction in exciting and
varied shows for their audiences. What makes this group so special is they are a hierarchal family unit. At the'head'of
the family are the nobility, which includes the Neville / Plantagenet family, along with characters such as Sir Edward
Northwood.Then there is'The Retinueithe longbow army with roles such as Sergeant Bill Bowman, who protects
the Neville family. Finally, there are the'Household Staffi who are cooks, textile craftsmen and women, peasant
dancers and archers.

D After a few weekends practising, which were fairly uneventful apart from nearly killing one of my fellow
learners with a wayward arrow, I was deemed ready for the first event of the month, the Knights in Combat Show.'lt's
a few hours of marching and firing and then we'll all have a feast when we wini James explained. Just be careful and
enjoy yourselves. This is what you've been working for and it's supposed to be funiWe all grinned a bit sheepishly
and set off. lt was soon clear that I wasn't the worst archer in the world, but there were others who were far more
advanced than me. When the woman next to me and I were both'killedi we lay on the grass chatting. Shed joined
the re-enactment society as a means of relaxing.'l work long hoursi she said,'and I hoped to get away from anything
to do with work and meet people who aren't doctors who talk shop all the time.'lt struck me as ironic that we were
supposed to be dead and yet she was a doctor.

E When the show had finished, we ate what seemed to be a banquet cooked by the other members who don't
do archery, and mingled together. What struck me the most was that everyone seemed to have got a lot out of the
afternoon. My son came running up to me,'Dad that was so much fun.'This was the reason l'd joined the
re-enactment society. He hated history lessons at school, and I thought it would be a great way to make history
come alive for him, but I think inadvertently it has helped me, too. Both of us have got out of the house more than
once for the society, we talked about what wed learned and upcoming events, and what part wed play in them. He
was now really into being a part of a Knight's household, and all that it involved. We drove home together through
the streets of London, talking about the castle wed be staying in all next weekend and what parts wed have to play
in the re-enactment, excited and full of anticipation of what was to come.

test 3 049
\
Test 4
Part I

For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap
There is an example at the beginning (O).

0 quite B rather C somewhat D fairly

-,

llidden Disn eyworld

Not everything is (0) . A . . as it seems in Disneyland, due to the clever use of 'forced perspectivei
or (1) illusions, which enable the builders to create buildings that appear bigger or
smaller than they really are. For instance, the Sleeping Beauty Castle is only seventy-seven feet
high, yet it appears much (2)............... Disneyworld has achieved this by using bricks and
other (3) .. items that get smaller and smaller as the towers get higher.

The Matterhorn Mountain has been (4) to look huge, by using the simple (5)...................
.

of planting the tallest trees at the bottom of the mountain and the smallest at the top. Then, when
you first walk onto Main Street, the castle seems far off in the distance, thanks to the technique of
scaling and a clever (6) .. .. ....
that have been used. Yet when you leave Main Street, everything
appears much smaller and nearer. Walt Disney's (71 .. .. .. was that people entering the
park would be full of energy and eager to explore, but when they were leaving they would be
exhausted and not want to (8) ....... .. the prospect of a long walk.

I A ocular B visual C sight D optical

2 A broader B taller C longer D wider

3 A elevation B a rch itectu ra I C landscape D blueprint

4 A generated B changed C fashioned D produced

5 A trap B stu nt C scam D ploy

6 A angle B outlook C slant D position

7 A reflection B consideration C reasoning D forethought

g A admit B meet C deal D face

tr test 4
 READ.\VC ehd V7e OF ViVArs#
Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each
space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write
your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 T I I\4 E

Cracking knuckles

There are many people who like to crack their knuckles by pulling the tip of each finger,

one at a (O) TtME , until they hear a crack. Others prefer to (9)
a fist or bend their fingers backwards away from the hand, and then crack all of them at
(10) . However it is done, onlookers often (11) dire
warning of getting arthritis in the future.

It is a fact that people already suffering from arthritis now and (12)
feel their joints cracking, (13) to the joints being destroyed. This is

(14).. . ...,however,usuallythefirstsymptomanditwouldseemtobemore
the result of damage, rather than the cause.The main issues that seem to affect the risk
of getting arthritis have been determined as age, a family predisposition
(15) it, prior injuries to the hand, or having done many years of heavy

labour. So there does not seem to be a real causal link (16) crackirrg

the knuckles and arthritis.

test 4 059
 Test 4
Part 3
For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 B o T A N I C A L

The Amazon Rainf orest

The South American Amazon Rainforest is often called the (0) BOIANICAL BOTANY

lungs of the planet. Covering more than five-and-a-half million square

kilometres, it (17). .. .. provides a natural habitat for over half of ADD
the Earth's most (18)........... ....... species of plants and animals in an area S!GNIFY
that is a little larger than half of the world's remaining rainforest.

(19) .........., over the last four decades, this huge lush expanse FORTUNE

has been ever more endangered by (20).. . During the FOREST

1960s and up to the 1990s, thousands of trees were felled, but what farmers
did not realise is that the topsoil, when (21) . . of trees, is NUDE
only considered arable for a short period of time.

This means the farmers have to clear more and more land to continue running

a(22)........ and productive business. Despite the PROFIT

(23) in the number of trees being felled, the forest is REDUCE

still slowly disappearing, diminishing the biodiversity of the area and having
a terrible (24) ......... impact, as fewer trees means it has less GLOBE
capacity to clean the air we breathe.

060 test 4
 READ:ililVA qhd VTV @F EN/?LI5++
Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).

Example:

0 It was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She ............ that she would never see him again

0 could not come to terms with the fact

Write only the missing words.

25 tf my teacher hadn't encouraged me, I would never have taken up tennis.

thanks
It was up tennis.

26 Vicky has made the decision never to get married.

intention
Vicky married

27 They were able to afford a bigger house because he got a well-paid job.
result

28 Vinnie said that every promise he had ever made to his mother, he had kept.
broken
Vinnie said that he had made to his mother

2q Yesterday I seemed to do nothing but clear up after the <hildren.

spend

30 You were so blunt that Carol was offended by what you said to her.
offence
Carol .... . what you said to her

test 4 061
J
Tast 4
Part 5
You are going to read a review of a recent book. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A, B, C
or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Donna Pilkington reviews Anthony Robins' book'Grand Central Terminal'

'People who come to New York should enter a palace at the end of their ride and not a shed'was noted on the 1869
approval for the proposed Grand Central Terminal in New York.'The stranger who visits us for business or pleasure
should be impressed by the magnificence of the great city upon his very entrance within its limitslAnd in most people's
opinion, the palace still stands today, described lucidly and gracefully by Anthony Robins in his book'Grand Central
Terminal: 100 years of a New York Landmarki written to celebrate its centenary in 2013.
Robins begins his delightful written tour and history outside the building, on East 42nd Street. He marvels at the facade,
which boasts huge sculptures by Jules-Felix Coutan. The French sculptor created what at the time of its unveiling was
considered to be the biggest sculptural group on the planet. lt is forty-eight feet high and the clock in the middle is
thirteen feet round. lt portrays Mercury in the centre flanked by Hercules and Minerva, symbolising transportation and
trade. Mercury is the patron god of travellers, commerce and financial gain, so an apt choice as the centrepiece of the
building.
Back inside, Robins describes the huge, 12,000 square foot Vanderbilt Hall, named after the family who financed the
station's construction. lt used to be full of wooden benches provided for those waiting to begin their journey on a long
distance train. Today, this grandiose area, complete with sparkling chandeliers each weighing several tons, looks like a
vast ballroom. For a while in the Seventies and Eighties the benches were used as beds by the hundreds of homeless
people who descended on the station when they had nowhere else to go.
Anthony moves on to the main concourse and the vast zodiac ceiling. He describes it as'breathtaking'and writes,'Call it
psychology, call it spiritual, it opens you up inside. .. especially in a dense city like New York. lmagine you've just got off
a train. You've had a long ride and you're tired, you pick up your bags and you walk out of the gate. You put your bags
down and go "Wowl"Just the effect that Whitney Warren - the architect - wantedl
The French artist, Paul Cezanne Helleu, designed the ceiling and was adamant that electric light bulbs, a major
innovation at the time, be used for the twinkling stars. His interpretation of the zodiac is inaccurate, but restoration saw
it faithfully returned to its former glory and Anthony is at pains in his book to point out that no one seems concerned
that it is incorrect; they just admire its beauty.
Robins explains that Grand Central is nearly all slopes and ramps, apart from the two grand staircases, styled on
those in the Paris Opera House. Anthony writes rather enthusiastically about the slopes and the way gravity produces
movement and circulation. As he writes,'The floor is mad at us. lt wants us to get movingl
Robins returns to explore further the right staircase with its ltalian marble water fountain beneath it. He describes how
ornate it is, encumbered with acorns and oak leaves and tells the reader that the Vanderbilts were without a family
crest, but Cornelius Vanderbilt often quoted the saying'From little acorns mighty oak trees growi and so used the
emblems in structures he funded.
Anthony graphically describes the arrivals area, buildlng an image in your mind of people of years past waiting for their
loved ones to disembark from a train. Known as the'kissing galleryl the original board where the arrival times of trains
were chalked up, is now behind protective glass, forever frozen in time. A news stand now occupies most of this space,
but despite the time Anthony says it takes to find it, he believes it is worth stopping to have a peek at. ln fact, Robins
claims there are many'secret'areas of the station that passengers rushing through fail to see, yet they are hidden in
plain sight.
When reading Robins'book, he often brings to mind Eric Hobsbawm, one of the most gifted and fearless historians of
the 20th century, with a wonderful way with words and a marvellous sense of history. With Robins guiding the reader
through the history of Grand Central, bringing to life the important individuals who conceived, financed and struggled
to preserve it during the 1970s, this iconic building becomes so much more than just a train station, just as Hobsbawn's
history of the'long nineteenth centuryi as he called it, became a multi-volume reference masterpiece, so Robin's tome
will be seen as the definitive book on the station. Grand Central Terminal is indeed a palace, the Queen of New York
City. lt deserves to live on in majestic spendour to celebrate its bicentennial with as much pomp as it did in 2013.

062 test 4
 REAdtilVd ehd VTV F VN/OL.?+4

3l What point is being made in the first paragraph?

A Construction of Grand CentralTerminal began in 1869.

B The building should have an impact on visitors to the city.
c Landmarks are only astounding if they are huge in size.
D The author has failed to do justice to the building's description

32 ln describing the outside of the station, the reviewer claims that

A the embellishment can be oppressive if it is too large.

B it is adorned by the largest group of statues in the world.
c some of the fagade is plain and without any ornamentation
D the sculpture's middle statue was an appropriate selection.

33 Anthony Robins thinks the architect's vision for the zodiac ceiling

A achieved its objective in being so eye-catching

B provides an opportunity for travellers to relax.
c was fulfilled by using electricity to highlight it.
D depicts an erroneous view of the heavens.

3 4 What point does the example of the Vanderbiltt lack of family crest itlustrate?

A What their family background was.

B How important a family crest is.
c How easy it is to invent one for oneself.
D How it is not necessarily needed to succeed

3 5 What is the reviewer's opinion of Robins'section on the arrivals area?

A The area is no longer as evocative as it once was.

B His description makes it easy to imagine.
c He is right to focus on parts of the station that people miss.
D It is exactly the same as it was many years ago.

36 !n the final paragraph, why does the reviewer refer to Eric Hobsbawm?

A To suggest that Robins was not as good an author.

B To compare the two writers'fondness for history.
c To indicate how important Robins'book is.
D To point out the importance of taking history into account.

test 4 063
 Tast 4
Part 6
You are going to read an extract from a magazine article about'earworms'- tunes that stay on our
mind. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H
the one which fits each gap (37 - 43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Why do catchy tunes stay on our minds?

Claire Wilson reveals why the brain finds it hard to forget irritating, popular songs.

Songs that go round and round in your head for days or

even weeks on end, have commonly become known as
4ol
'earwormsi For no obvious reason, a tune just stays on
Earworms also seem to be a part of long-term
your mind, and you cannot help singing or humming it
memory and not just a temporary after image of
whether it's a song you like or not. What is interesting
sound. For example, someone with an especially
about this experience is that it clearly illustrates a part of
lasting earworm can activate it just by hearing
our mind that is not under our control.
someone mention the name. They don't actually
have to hear the music before it's back again going
through their head.
37
Oliver Sacks, a neurologist and author of the book
4t
Musicophilia, claims that earworms are an obvious sign
of 'the overwhelming and at times, helpless, sensitivity
One part of the slave system is the'mind's eyei which
of our brains to musici Music has something in common
retains visual information, and another is the'inner
with earworms; they are both typified by reiteration, and
eari which we, for instance, employ to remember
this may be why earworms are so difficult to oust from
someone's address or phone number. lt is the latter
our mind.
which appears to get weighed down with earworms.

38 421
Along with the repetition, music is unique compared
Freud claimed that our minds are not one unity, and
to many of the other things we frequently encounter in
today's cognitive neuroscience agrees, though it
our daily lives, because it is so similar every time we hear
varies on some of the specifics. The point is that our
it. Roads are tedious to our eyes, and often all look the
awareness of ourselves is far from being the only
same, but each time you see the same road, you'll see it
thing teeming in our minds. The mind is a place of
from a different angle, aspect or in a different light.
which we do not have total control nor complete
knowledge.

3q
One psychologist has proposed singing other
A further thing about earworms is that time and again songs that are quite similar to your earworm,
they seem to have something appealing or untypical using the theory that an earworm continues to
about them. Usually they are simple and repetitive
exist in your mind because of its idiosyncrasy and
fragments of music, but those songs that eventually
your inner ear. By wiping out the individuality
become earworms have just a small trace of something
of the memory that is the earworm, either it will
that makes them'catchyi
disappear or be replaced by yet another earworm.

E test 4
 RVr+Dl{\/O ahd V?L OF F}VOL|7++
A Earworms are musical memories that get
set in a loop and play a specific verse or
line, over and over again and never get to
the end of the song. A few people have
said that if they sing the earworm to the
very end, it can help stop it playing in
your head. However, others have reported
this is absolutely no help at all, and in fact
might make it worse by more of the song
rather than less being repeated mentally.
B Maybe that is the reason why they haunt
our memory, and are so difficult to forget.
lf they were the normal run of the mill
song, they would be drummed out by all
the other tunes that sound so similar to
each other and wed have no grounds to
mark them out as different.
6 Yet this is not the complete story.
Aptly named 'slave systems' have been
pinpointed in our short-term memory by
human memory researchers; sections of
the mind that ensnare sights and sounds,
keeping them to the forefront of our
minds while we focus exclusively on them
for a short time.
D There is, of course, the infamous 'don't
think of a white bear' predicament. As
it implies, the idea is not to think about
a white bear, but just try it for yourself.
You face the irony of attempting to block
your mind of all thoughts of a white bear
whilst at the same time confirming you
are not thinking of a white bear - you are
conjuring up an image of precisely the
thing you are trying not to think of. So
the only solution is to do something else
to circumvent both thinking of the white
bear and not thinking of the white bear.
Something like the inner ear, really.
g This inner ear would appear to have a
preference for maintaining a couple of
bars of music or a few short phrases from
a song on our mind, rather than going
through our plans for the day or making a
list of things to remember. ln other words,
a part of our body that we do not usually
have to even think about and which shou ld
do what we want, has turned against us,
turning our minds into a jukebox playing
only one record that we never requested.
F An earworm infects our inner ear, that
essential component of our cognitive
apparatus that helps us remember and
rehearse sounds. This is a part of ourselves
over which we have no control, so just
telling it to'be quiet'is unlikely to work,
and in fact could have the opposite effect
and worsen the situation. lt is deemed a
good idea by many scientists to use the
inner ear for another activity - something
that will take the mind off the earworm.
G They fail to ask for permission to arrive
and decline to depart when we tell
them to. Earworms are leeches, residing
in a section of our mind that practises
sounds. These sounds appear to be quite
simple and rhythmic, but not everyone is
suffering from the same song at the same
time.
H Conversely, play a tune on your MP4
player and it sounds the same every single
time. Memorising information is strongly
influenced by repetition, therefore,
perhaps the familiarity of a piece of music
etches deep-rooted channels in our mind,
allowing earworms to flourish.
test 4 065
 Test 4
Part 7

You are going to read an extract from a book about changing technology. For questions 44 - 53,
choose from the sections (A - E).The sections may be chosen more than once.

Itt which section are the f ollowing mentioned

the ability to type without touching a keyboard? 44
the possibility that the mouse will become obsolete? 45
instructions being carried out using signals? 46
the potential to complete a task using something other than a computer? 47
the global contrasts and aspects of different cultures? 48
an item of technology that virtually no longer exists? 4q
the prediction that computer screens will become less widely used? 50
that visual instructions are all that is needed? 5l
there are many new technologies planned for the future? 52
that certain actions are not suitable for a work environment? 53

066 test 4
 t?LqDttva ehd v;E aF FNoLts#

TI{E CI{ANGING FACE OF TECI{NOtOGY

The end for keyboards and mice?

A Over the past few decades, technology, particularly the computer, has had an effect on all aspects of human
life and activity. During this relatively short history, the computer has expanded its capabilities in the realm of what
it can do for humans through connection to the lnternet. lt brings us images and news from all corners of the world,
images of distant parts of the solar system, social media opportunities, the chance to buy products from anywhere
on Earth, an infinite number of facts at our fingertips, as well as being the means of capturing any aspect of life
around the world. Yet despite the technology for computers and the lnternet changing on practically a daily basis,
throughout it all they have relied heavily on the keyboard and mouse. lndeed, with a few noteworthy exceptions,
it is noticeable just how little the way we interact with computers has changed over the years. The keyboard and
mouse may, however, be about to be made redundant, as there are a host of new ideas in the pipeline to simplify
the way we use a computer.

B Already the widespread use of touchscreen technology has started to erode the use of the keyboard, but
not entirely. One new idea on the drawing board is to incorporate technologies that already exist, such as screens
and computers, into everyday objects. This is known as'tangible computing'and would allow anyone to cooperate
with computers using physical things, rather than through a device such as a keyboard. For instance, you could
specify which move you want to make on a chessboard to a computer, by physically moving a piece on a real board.
This would negate the need to use the mouse or keyboard to enter your move. Researchers at MIT are already
exploring other uses of this idea, putting forward plans to control on-screen experiences by manipulating real life
things, and they are also prophesying wider use of flat surfaces, like tabletops or walls, being used as display screens
by using personal projectors worn on clothing or around the neck.

C Gamers are already used to manipulating their games consoles with physical movements, particularly with
games such as Microsoft's motion-sensing device that follows the movement of objects in three dimensions using
a camera and a depth sensor. This is not totally a futuristic concept, although it seems unlikely that office workers
will want to be using extravagant arm movements to communicate with their computer. Most people are too lazy
to use sweeping arm gestures all the time, so would return to using the mouse or would prefer to communicate
with their laptop through their voice or tiny finger movements. The latter idea has already been incorporated into a
3D motion sensing system that is placed in front of a computer and lets users surf the web, play games or use other
software with just finger and hand gestures.This gadget is already on sale, so not a vision that is pie in the sky, but
actually possible and available.

D Also available are systems that trace eye movements, already used by people with disabilities. Functions
comprise controlling wheelchairs and are a means of using a keyboard instead of typing. Many scientists believe
that tracking interfaces will become common, so that if you look in a particular direction or at a particular thing, it
would be the signalfor certain information to appear on the computer screen.

E The last few years have witnessed the ever-increasing influence of the mobile phone and tablets, culminating
in the decrease in sales of personal computers and laptops. For computers, the new prospects and uncertainties
posed by tablets and their touchscreen tools, and the ability to carry out an ever-increasing variety of tasks, might
have already sounded the death knell for the keyboard and mouse. lt has even been suggested that we are now
entering the post-laptop era - the personal computer has already been superseded by the laptop. However, for the
moment it might be best to keep your qwerty keyboard at least, but it would seem that the mouse might be soon
as extinct as the dodo.

test 4 067
 Test 5
Part I
For questions 1 - 8, read thetext below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A civilisation population C society D people

The gluten-tree diet

Nearly a quarter of the UK (O) B ...... now prefer a gluten-free diet. The unwanted
side-effects of wheat or gluten intolerance commonly include headaches, bloating, or
weight gain, but many people do not understand the difference (1) ....... wheat and

gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, as well as barley and rye.Those with an allergy or
intolerance should (2) ... all of these grains. They can, however, eat other
grains without any problems.

It should be borne in mind, though, that allergies and intolerances are not the same. Only a
small (3) of the population are really allergic to gluten and they would
certainly be aware of it, because their symptoms (4) ... suddenly and violently,
caused by the quick response of the immune (5) . . . . . ..

The majority of people who spurn wheat or gluten are actually suffering from a (6).................. .........

intolerance to them, and are sometimes (7) .. .. .. by mild digestive troubles,

skin problems and even migraines. lt is possible to live without gluten, but a healthy
gluten-free diet needs to (8) fibre and carbohydrates gleaned from other
foods.

A from Bas C for D between

2 A circumvent B elude C evade D avoid

3 A piece B percentage C division D share

4 A strike B smack C register D assail

5 A structure B organism C system D arrangement

6 A small B slight C trivial D slim

7 A afflicted B convinced C established D assumed

g A include B embrace C consist D involve

076 test 5
 [?EADttVb ehd V,V OF WGLts++
Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers lN
CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 M A R I N E

Coral Reef s

Common in the shallow seas of the tropics, coral reefs help to nourish 161 MARINE life and
millions of the planet's impoverished people, thus becoming the most fruitful component of
the seas. This is because each reef has within it minute algae that have the capacity to trap the
energyoftheSunandconvertit(9) food.Thecoralsprofitfrom this synthesis,
(10) .. ... .... in the process also sustain a whole other community of life. They
recycle nutrients through the food (1t1 ., as every species is food for another, all

relying on (12) another.

(13) covering less than one percent of the seabed, they provide food and shelter
for around a quarter of all sea creatures.There really is (1a) other environment
on Earth that helps humans more. For the millions of people that live (15)
coral reefs and need them to subsist, the reefs provide them (16) . protein, are a

source of income from tourism, and act as a barrier against storms.

test 5
077
tt
Tast 5
Part 3

For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 T E N D E N C

British accents

British actors in films have a (o) TENDENCY to be portrayed as either TEND

having an accent like Hugh Grant or a villain from the East End of London. ln
(17) .. ....... .. . .., the British lsles have a wealth of different accents. REAL
Linguists claim that in some parts of England, a different accent can be heard
just by crossing a road or bridge, and this (18) does not VARY

apply to just one place. The Liverpool accent is totally different from that of
Manchester or Birmingham but there is (19)... .. ... . ... .. .. .. ... .. within a DIVERSE
city, especially one like Liverpool.

A new accent now appears to have crept into the English language, namely the

(20) , ...............'....:... London English accent, as it is heavily influenced CULTURE

by the Caribbean, West African and South Asian(2l) . .. ... to the MIGRATE

country. lt should be borne in mind that there are also l22l REGION

differences, and class (23) plays a big role throughout DIST!NCT

the country, often greater and more (24)' than in other NOTICE

cou ntries.

@ test 5 a
 READIN(Q Ehd V,V OF VN(GLI7#
Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She................ that she would never see him again

0 could not come to terms with the fact

Write only the missing words.

25 Malsaid he had not seen such a thrilting film in years.

tar
It was ................:........ . Mal had seen in years.

26 No money can be refunded to customers once the clothes have been worn.
entitled
Customers are . . . once the clothes have been worn.

27 Thanks to the help of the fire brigade, we were able to rescue the horses.
not
But for the help of the fire briqade, .. . .. .. .. . . rescued

29 ! messed up the interview, so t was not expecting to get the job.

came
I messed up the interview, so get the job.

2q Joanna was at her most powerful when she was in charge of the company.
height
At Joanna was in charge of the company.

30 The island was Gompletely devoid of trees, flowers and plants.

whatsoever
There the island.

test 5 079
 Test 5
Part 5
You are going to read an article from a website. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A, B, C
or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Facebook: Are some'likes' worth nrore than others?

Billy Mae investigates the social media giant's recent addition: the search function.

Are all Facebook users created the same or will some now find it too easy to beat the system for personal gain?
Facebook's Graph Search facility raised two questions: can I make money from it, and can it threaten Google? As
regards the second question, part of the answer is that what Facebook appears to have created is the world's first
pioneering social search function.
A search engine likeGoogle provides links,butGraph Search actually provides answers. MarkZuckerberg explains,
'Search engines are designed to take any open-ended question and give you links that might have answers. Graph
Search is designed to take a precise query and give you an answer, not give you links that might provide the answer.'
The answers will come directly from a user's'social graph'of friends. All they need to do is type in a question, such as,
'People I know in Australia who eat chocolate and have visited Chicagoi and a list they can sort through will come
up based on that criteria. lt is also possible to explore what their friends have been doing, what they are interested
in doing and how they appraise these experiences.
The opportunities that Graph Search provides are endless, both to advertisers and Facebook users alike. For line l2
lovelorn users who want to find that special someone, all they need to do is search for something like,'Single people
who like Ancient historyi Facebook has, in effect, turned its data into an unparalleled chance for social discovery,
showing us the future of the lnternet and proving it is now really fully assimilated into daily life. line' 15

ln the past, the majority of lnternet users were anonymous when they used online services. Searching for an item
or person was impersonal and the responses were based on global trends and the cumulative study of other line l7
lnternet users. lt would seem that companies like Google misjudged how much users want to make the whole
experience more personal. People want to know who the information comes from rather than its popularity, and
even if this information is from a celebrity rather than the man down the road, it is still of more interest to most of us.
Elise Ackerman, in her analysis of Graph Search for Forbes, realised that not all users are created equal and the more
the anonymity of the virtual world is substituted for the real world of friends, status, fame and followers, the more
this disparity becomes an entrenched element of people's daily digital living. Facebook is, in effect, feeding this
inequity and assisting everyone to utilise their specific qualities for all they are worth.
To answer the other question: is it going
to be simple to make money from this new facility? Well, have you been to
a shop where the service was excellent, the prices reasonable and there was a wide choice of whatever they sell?
Then write a good review of the place and you will get money off next time you shop there. What if you have never
been to that shop? No problem. Earn cash by stating that you have been there and loved the experience.Tellallyour
'friends'and followers on Facebook and the cash will roll in.
Facebook's Graph Search will not necessarily be a success, nor only a way for making money and being able to find
an audience for what you have to say. lt is, however, an indication of a blossoming digital culture that stems from
real lives and places. Facebook, like any other business, wants to keep its clients happy by giving them what they
want.They also want the public to get it when they want it and from whomever they want it. ln effect, the public
have been recruited as reviewers, self-promoters, broadcasters and publicists and the public are lapping it up. line 34

The drawback, voiced by Pinboard founder Maciej Ceglowski in November 201 1, is what enticements this places on
our relationships.'We have a name for the kind of person who collects a detailed, permanent dossier on everyone
they interact with, with the intent of using it to manipulate others for personal advantagei he observed.'We call that
person a sociopathJ

Perhaps Ceglowski's words are less a prophecy and more of a warning, but they should be taken seriously. The
lnternet these days is becoming progressively more out of balance. Our relationships and approval of different
things alike are services that we can sell. Utilising our sociopathic tendencies has never been easier to do or more
enticing. Nonetheless, whether it is making money or friends or not, finding your true love or not, some things
just are not worth doing. Not if you want to be able to look at yourself in the mirror in the morning with a clear
conscience, anyway.

080 test 5
 READ\\VC ehd V,V 0F WOLtsH
3l What is the writer suggesting in the first paragraph about Facebook's Graph Search?

A It is breaking new ground.

B It treats everyone the same
c It can beat Google.
D It will provide an income.

32 What is Mark Zuckerberg doing when he talks about Graph Search?

A Encouraging Facebook users to try the new facility.

B Advising the public on how to phrase their questions.
c Considering which of the two services would be preferable for people.
D Comparing the different functions of search engines and Graph Search

3 3 What phrase does the writer use to itlustrate the possibilities Graph Search offers?

A Global trends. (line 17)

B Fully assimilated. (line 15)
c Cumulative study. (line I7)
D Opportunities... endless. (line 1 2)

3 4 The writer implies that making money through Graph Search

A is an easy way to bring in extra cash.

B does not require someone to be honest.
c causes friction between friends and followers.
D is just another aspect of people living in a digital world.

3 5 What point is the writer illustrating with the phrase'lapping it up'in line 34?

A The public are contributing to Facebook's success.

B Technology is turning people into sociopaths.
c People are enjoying it and are keen for more.
D It is fun to interact online.

3 6 ln the final paragraph, the writer suggests that the lnternet

A will not retain all its followers.

B has users motivated by greed.
c causes people to become sociopaths.
D is not considered the same by everyone

test 5
081
 Test 5
Part 6
You are going to read an extract from a magazine about walking trails in South Africa. Seven
paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one
which fits each gap (37 -43).There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

South Africa's Garden Route

Kylie Briers steps back in time in South Africa's garden route.
Knysna is the picturesque tourist focal point of South
Africa's Garden Route region, an area stretching
along150 kilometres of beach towns, mountains and
Hundreds of elephants once wandered through this
ancient forests on the southern coast of the country. lts
region, but deforestation and hunting have now
clean and tidy streets are awash with travel agents and
decimated the elephant population, leaving only a
guesthouses, catering particularly for honeymooners.
handful still roaming around. Due to this situation,
Life there, however, has not always been so pleasant.
Knysna Elephant Park, twenty-two kilometres east of
When the town was founded in 1882, the local
the town of Knysna, is a ground-breaking elephant
population consisted of gold miners, sailors, colonials,
rehabilitation centre.
settlers and fortune hunters.

37
However, the woodcutters from Knysna, rural Boers
who are the ancestors of today's Afrikaners, lost
out financially on this timber boom. They logged
yellowwood and stinkwood from the local woodland,
but were manipulated by the timber merchants, and
led a hand-to-mouth way of life in remote communities
because they were grossly underpaid. Logging ceased in
1939 to preserve the remaining trees and the men who
toiled here would have been forgotten had it not been
for the writer Dalene Matthee, who wrote four historical
novels about their lives.
The Garden Route National Park covers 1,200 square
kilometres, and roughly thirty-five kilometres west of
Knysna, in the Wilderness section, a boardwalk shows
the way to the author Matthee's memorial and the
88O-year-old forty metres high yellowwood tree that is
named after the writer.
3ql
It is worthwhile staying there for seven days, to follow
the woodcutter's footsteps on the Outeniqua Hiking
Trail. The 108 kilometre trail has accommodation in
wooden huts along the route for visitors to stay in at
night after a long day hiking through the high-altitude
forest covering the Outeniqua Mountains above Knysna,
ending in Harkerville Forest. The route passing through
Diepwalle Forest, is worth visiting at least for a day if
there is no time to follow the whole trail.
4l
However, if you would prefer to experience what it
was like for the woodcutters of the past and sleep
outside in the fresh air, visit the extraordinary
campsite near Diepwalle Forest Station in the centre
of the forest. The Forest Timber Camping Decks
include raised platforms among the trees, allowing
the camper to gaze around the tops of the trees for
the Knysna loeries while they spit and hiss on the
barbecue.
41
lmagine lying in your tent where you can hear
the forest noises and envisage the old elephants
swishing their way through the trees, followed
by the sounds of the woodcutters starting their
day with a campfire breakfast of coffee and sweet
potatoes. lt really is a special treat, not to be missed.
431
lf walking through the forest is unappealing, then
why not try horse riding as a less strenuous way
of seeing the delights of the woodland. lt's also
possible to fish in the brooks and creeks or try your
hand at canoeing down them. Perhaps something
more extreme is more to your taste. lf so, the National
Park offers paragliding, water skiing, scuba diving or
abseiling down the mountains. There is something
for everyone, whatever their age or temperament.

gE test 5
 t?v^D$/a ehd v;tr
A This part of the Garden Route National
Park is about twenty kilometres inland
from Knysna and is very atmospheric, cool
and quiet. Actually in Diepwalle, there are
three more trails that take you through
these mysterious woods. The trails are
named after the elephants that once
graced the forest. ln spite of their size,
they could be astonishingly silent on their
way through the woodland. They were the
woodcutters' main enemies because they
attacked suddenly and with speed.
B Whatever time of the year it is, the
forest is green all year round. The warm,
temperate climate means Knysna is a great
destination any time of the year.The balmy
winter months on the Garden Route are
from May to August, when the weather is
sunny and windless. They are sometimes
referred to as the'secret seasoni The trees
never lose their leaves and the average
daytime temperature is 19o C.
C Despite the woodcutters now being but a
footnote in history, visitors can experience
this absorbing place by going on a series
of walking trails through the forest that
conjure up the era of the now vanished
world of the woodcutters. Windy paths
beneath the trees follow the course of
rust-coloured burbling steams sparking in
the sun.
D To move around the park your own
transport is needed. There is no public
transport. Cars or mountain bikes can be
hired, and the Elephant Walks and the
Outeniqua Hiking Trail require a permit.
These can be obtained at the park.
There is a choice of companies that will
accompany visitors on guided walks or on
other activities in the forests.
@F weL$#
g Here you can learn about the troubles of
the shrinking local elephant populace and
go on guided walks with the elephants.
There is also an on-site Elephant Lodge
with six bedrooms that boasts a lounge
looking over the orphaned elephants'
sleeping area.
F The port of Knysna could provide safe
haven for up to fifty ships, so timber for
ship building was in great demand. lt was
also needed for the railways heading north
to the diamond mines, as well for housing
and furniture for the European settlers.
It was a period of development by the
British into what is now South Africa from
the Cape Colony, which had expanded
from the Cape Town trading post created
by the Dutch in 1652.
G Tents are pitched on the raised platform,
each of which has its own barbecue and
a covered space for preparing food, and
visitors sleep dangling between the top
of the trees and the floor of the forest. The
baboons and vervet monkeys are not such
welcome visitors, as they always come
looking for food. Another reminder of
how hard the life of the woodcutters was.
H Two other trails, named after another of
her books, pass through a wonderland of
three metres high tree ferns, very old trees,
common and rare fungi and meandering
brooks. The longer of the two follows
the creek that the gold prospectors
would have followed to where they were
panning for gold. Another sight to look
out for is the extremely rare Knysna loerie
bird. Unique to these woods, this big bird
is coloured a distinct blue and green with
crested head feathers, yet has a flash of
red on its wings when in the air.
test 5
083
 Test 5
Part 7
You are going to read a newspaper article about colour. For questions 44 - 53, choose from the
sections (A - D).The sections may be chosen more than once.

In which section does tha writer mention

that a shared experience of colour is always unique? 44
for the first time that people might see colours in different ways? 45
what sort of information is processed when colour is perceived? 46
the idea of colour covering a myriad of shades? 47
the possibility of a medical examination that will resolve nothing? 48
that each individual is unique? 4q-
people often not being as familiar with others as they think they are? s0
that people see colour differently? 5l
that everyone assimilates the same information about colour? 52
the mechanism of visual perception? 53

084 test 5
 I?EADtilrc ehd V,V'@F WbL[5H

DO WE ALL SEE TI{E SAME COLOURS?

Writer Jill Adams reflects on the nature of colour.

A One of the most amazing things about colour is the infinite number of hues. When you tell someone you
bought a dark blue item of clothing, immediately in their mind springs a vision of that shade of blue. Despite the
fact this person has not actually seen the clothing; of course, what they have mentally imagined might well not
be the same colour you bought. Does everyone see the same colours? lmagine my husband and me at a football
match.'Doesn't the pitch look great? Such a rich greenl I say, and he agrees.Then I am struck by the thought that I

can look at the pitch and say it is green, and he will be of the same mind, but is he really seeing the green the way I

am seeing it? Perhaps he had learned to callgreen what he sees as green, but in actualfact he is seeing nothing like
the vibrant green that I see. Or perhaps he is seeing a splendid vivid green and I am the one seeing a pale imitation
of it.

B My concern about our insight into how we see colours is an aspect of the fundamental fact that basically
the human condition is one of isolation. lt does not matter how well we think we know someone, we still cannot
be totally sure of that familiarity. Psychologists who are behaviourists have always held that if you call my green
greeniand you can always tell it apart from yellow, and if we are both aware that the colour of grass is green, then
it is irrelevant what the personal perception is.This might well be true, but perhaps there is also some legitimacy
in persuading ourselves that the distinctions between our personal perceptions are real and that they do matter,
and indeed, perhaps are almost inevitable. We might well use the same adjectives to share experiences, but no one
can see the same colour grass, due to perception belonging to the person and not the grass. Because everyone is
unique, we definitely see things differently when we talk about looking at something green.

C A human's colour vision begins with the sensors that receive information from the light and turn it into
electrical signals which are sent to the brain. These sensors are called photoreceptors and the majority of people
have three different kinds of these, which are sensitive to blues, greens and reds in that order and they use this
information to allow us to distinguish the full array of colours. So, although we are sharing this moment at a football
match, maybe I am seeing something he cannot see, or he is seeing something I cannot see. Even if our perceptions
of colour in the brain are different, the data that is entered is likely to be similar. Perhaps I should not worry that even
though we both have the same apparatus as regards vision and we can both see the green of the grass, the blue of
the seats and sky, and the white shirts and shorts of the players, we each have a personal perception of colour that
differs from that of my husband's.

D The game finishes and we leave. He might have seen a richer green on the pitch than me, but he will not
have the same memories of the other pitches I have seen and the people who were with me. We could both visit the
optician for an eye test or have our perception of colour tested, but we would still not know what it is like to be the
other person, seeing a particular shade of colour. As long as we can both agree that the pitch is a beautiful colour
green, we can be safe in the understanding that I see my green and he sees his. Despite not seeing the exact same
colour, we have the shared experience of it, and the act of sharing is also exceptional and unique to the two of us,
because no two other people on this planet will have the same recollections.

test 5
085
 Tast 6
Part I
For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A reason B marvel C conjecture @wonder

Lost luggage
Have you ever travelled somewhere and lost your luggage, never to see it again? lf so, did you
(0)........D... .. what happened to it - where in the world it got to? lt is in fact stored at the
final airport it arrives at after its world (1) When there is enough untraceable or
unclaimed luggage at any one airport, it is auctioned offfor the highest (2)...................

What makes these auctions so (3) is that the people who want to buy the luggage
are not allowed to open anything to look inside. They can only go by the (4) ......... of the

suitcase and their own (5). . . These people are auction specialists, who travel to these

important and unknown auctions to bid.There are (6) dozens of auctions to visit and
with approximately 70,000 bags worldwide going missing each day, there are millions of dollars
to be made. The buyers do not know if they have struck gold with a bag or have just (7).
junk until they open it. But that is the risk they are quite willing to take when there is the chance
they might (8) the jackpot.

I A bypass B deviation C route D detour

2 A tender B submission c bid D proposal

3 A strange B obscure C abnormal D irregular

4 A styling B surface C appearance D aspect

5 A instinct B disposition C posture D inclination

6 A accurately B literally C exactly D plainly

7 A paid in B bought up C splashed out D fellfor

g A punch B hit C beat D knock

094 test 6
 READtfVO ehd V;V O€ EfVbLrsl+
Part 2

For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers lN
CAPITAL LETTERS.

Exampte: 0 o E R

Bees to th e rescue

Bees are now helping thousands of farmers in East Africa. For (0) . . OV-ER a decade, the

Kenyan social business Honey Care Africa has built (9) .. . . and improved its'Business
in a Beehive'pioneering scheme that (10) low-income farmers improve their
income by producing honey. For subsistence farmers who usually exist on the proceeds of
(1t1 a single unpredictable crop, it is a very appealing proposal. Honey has

proved to be a steady and trouble-free (12) . of revenue that they can rely on.

Everything is (13) for the farmers to begin harvesting honey - a beehive, the
equipment and training, but (14) importantly, a contract that promises their

honey will be bought for a fair market (15) and paid for in cash. A beehive needs
just ten square feet of land and only around three hours of work a month. 5o with minimum
exertion, farmers can (16) in additional income from producing honey.

test 6 095
 Test 6
Part 3

For questionslT -24,read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 L E G E N D A R

llearing dogs

Dogs have long been (O) ......1=EG--ENDAR-Y.... as man's best friend, but now LEGEND

they have also turned out to be a deaf child's best friend.'Hearing dogsi
as they are called, have changed the lives of many deaf children in the UK,

providing (17)............... ..., instilling confidence and encouraging FRIEND

(18)................ ..... Furthermore, a recent report has found that these DEPEND

(19) .... trained dogs help improve behaviour at school, SPECIAL

leading to an overall improved academic (20) PERFORM

These dogs are also often seen as a (21).. .... presence around ASSURE

the home. The dogs are trained to react to household noises that a deaf
child is {221 .... to hear, such as the sound of the door bell ABLE
or telephone ringing, or an alarm sounding in the house. The dog sleeps
in the bedroom with the child, providing (23) ........... once SECURE

they have removed their hearing aid.They can also help with a child's social
(241...... . ....... ..., because they have a friend who stops them feeling ACT
isolated or alone in a world with no sound.

tr test 6
 READ\IV? ehd V;V F VlVOLts#
Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She.... . .... ........... that she would never see him again.

0 could not come to terms with the fact

Write only the missing words.

25 Being impolite to the students creates a bad impression of the school.

reflects
Treating students with a lack school

26 No one knows why Malcolm suddenly left the country.

prompted
No one knows the country.

27 Iexcitedly signed the contract to buy the house.

signed
It was . the contract to buy the house

29 Justine decided to leave her job and work as a freelance journalist.

took

2q Don't be fooled by her friendliness; she can be very nasty when she wants to.
taken
Don't . ..... ; she can be very nasty when she wants to.

30 Sammy was very pleased to be chosen to head up the geology team.

delight

test 6 097
 Test 6
Part 5
You are going to read an article from a magazine. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

The psychological eff ect of making a to-do list

Lilian Papla is a psychologist who investigates why people make to-do lists.

Many people make lists for everything, whether it's a shopping list or a to-do list of things that need to
be done. Research has shown though, that it's the simple strategy of writing down something that provides the
pleasure, rather than the actual completion, as it frees the mind from the worry of uncompleted jobs. According
to David Allen in his book Getting Things Done - known simply as GTD - people are often paralysed by the sheer
volume of tasks remaining to be done. Allen's best-selling book advises a personal productivity system, and despite
the book being over a decade old, his advice still rings true today and is just as effective now as it was then. Scientific
research has also proved him right.

The nucleus of his system is to wrlte absolutely everything down that you have to remember and then file it
efficiently. This might seem obvious, but his ideas are not built on using a filing cabinet and a scrappy piece of paper
with your to-do list scribbled on it. Allen's method is more like owning a bicycle or a sports car. You can immediately
see and feel the difference. Allen advocates a three-tier filing system. The first is an archive where your to-do lists
are kept until you need them. These can be forgotten about until then. The second is a list of current tasks that need
doing, but these are filed as an'actioni and the last, a'tickler file'of forty-three folders. These folders are labelled
one for each of the thirty-one days in a month, as well as one for each of the twelve months. ln these files you note
reminders of tasks to do.

The second file, the'current task to-do'list, is somewhat special, as the tasks listed are characterised by
the first action that is required to advance them.This might again sound obvious, but it is amazingly successful in
prompting us to plan the first stages of dealing with the task.The idea is to break each task down into its constituent
parts to encourage you to make the first move to actually doing it. For instance, one item on a to-do list might
be'redecorate the spare bedroomi which becomes'ring Maureen and find out who wallpapered her living roomi
or better still,'ring lVlaureen, 7835 159 019, and ask her who wallpapered her living roomJ By breaking each task
down into small steps, it provides the inspiration to alter tasks from just something written on a piece of paper to
the physical act of resolving it. Or you can file it again, content with the thought that you have taken some action,
however small, and it is now in your filing system.

Every day you check the folder for that day and either take some action or delay by placing it in a folder for
another day or month. According to Allen, this is absolutely vital to making a complete self-management system
because your filing system is doing the remembering and monitoring for you. But is there any real psychology to
support Allen's theory? E J lVlasicampo and Roy Baumeister of Florida State University have been investigating the
Zeigarnik Effect, whereby our propensity to be preoccupied by unfinished tasks consumes our thoughts rather than
those tasks we have completed. For example, think of something you need to remember short term, like buying a
loaf of bread, which you instantly forget once you have bought it. People do not fixate on tasks they have completed.

Masicampo and Baumeister tested the Zeigarnik Effect - whether an uncompleted task hinders the brain's
faculties to carry out a successive task.The two men determined that the volunteers they tested performed badly on
a brainstorming activity when they had been stopped from completing a previous task, because the previous task
was still at the forefront of their active memory. lnterestingly, they then allowed some people to write down line 35
what they were going to do to complete the warm-up task, not to actually physically finish it, only plan how
to do it. Their performance on the brainstorming tasks improved dramatically because their minds were no longer
diverted by the warm-up task being unfinished.

As regards the GTD system, it would seem that people's attention has a restricted capability. ln other words,
there is a limit to how much can be on the mind at any one time. The GTD system acts as a reminder and a plan for
how to do and complete a task, freeing the part of the mind that is labouring to remind you what has to be done on
your to-do list. lnstead of completing them Allen, Masicampo and Baumeister have shown that we only need to plan
how to do them, which satisfies something in our brain, enabling us to forget about them for the time being.

098 test 6
 IEEADI,NIG Ehd V;V AF VN/CL,I6+4

3l What point is the writer making about writing to-do !ists in the first
paragraph?

A It is akin to a personal productivity system.

B It helps the writer to achieve completion of a job.
c It liberates us from the burden of unfinished tasks.
D It leaves people in a state of paralysis when it is long

3 2 ln comparing a bicycle and a sports car, the writer

A appears to regard the filing system as inexpensive.

B is emphasising how sophisticated Allen's system is.
c suggests there is no difference however you file a list
D is explaining how important efficient filing is.

3 3 The writer seems to think the current'task to-do'list in the second file is

A extremely mundane.
B remarkably effective.
c suitably thought provoking
D barely comprehensible.

3 4 Why does the writer refer to buying a loaf of bread?

A To describe how easy it is to remember certain things.

B To recommend people do at least one item on their to-do list.
c To express doubt about people's ability to retain information.
D To underline that a finished assignment does not cause worry.

3 5 The phrase'active memory' (line 35) refers to the fact that the volunteers

A were stillthinking about something else.

B felt unable to concentrate on a previous task.
c were not aware they still had something else to do
D could only focus on one thing at a time.

3 6 ln the final paragraph, the writer mentions Allen, Masicampo and Baumeister in order to

A demonstrate people's limited ability to remember everything.

B show how many tasks people try to keep in mind to finish.
c confirm tasks on a to-do list do not have to be done immediately.
D prove it is unnecessary to retain information for any length of time

test 6 099
 Tast 6
Part 6
You are going to read an article about the work of a fireman. Seven paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap
(37 - 43).There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

The tuture of fire tighting

There have been some imaginative solutions to fighting
fires in the world's tallest buildings, but who better to
401
solve the problem than someone who fights fires for a
lVlany cities have tried to take pre-emptive action
living? Edd Dale is a fire fighter, who has been putting
against the threat of a huge fire in a high-rise
his life on the line on a daily basis for over twenty years.
building. Sydney, Australia, for example, passed a
'Remember the film, Towering lnferno? lt told the story
law in 1912 that a building could only be a maximum
of the fire in the skyscraper in San Francisco and the epic
height of 150 feet. This enabled the fire fighters of
race to put it outl
the day to put out fires without any real problems.

?7 4t
He continues by explaining how sprinkler systems that
Some laws really do help the fire services, so I asked
activate automatically are helpful if there is a smaller fire,
Edd what is done now when a fire starts in a high-
and fire crews and helicopters are brought into play for
rise building, and what they would like to see done.
bigger blazes, especially when they are higher up a tall
According to Edd the first thing is to activate the fire
building. The recent fire in the Polat Tower, in lstanbul
alarm and begin the evacuation of the building's
was tackled in this way, with helicopters working from
occupants. Meanwhile, the fire brigade will respond
the top and firemen moving up from the ground.
by sending teams of firemen and their engines.

38
Edd has also been to Moscow, where a fire in the
Federation building required hundreds of tons of water
to be dropped from the sky to extinguish a fire on the
sixty-fifth floor. No one was hurt in Turkey or Moscow,
but they were lucky. ln America alone, in the space of
just four years, an average of nearly sixteen thousand
fires in high-rise buildings were reported, with fifty-
three deaths and millions of dollars worth of damage.
421
Meanwhile, outside the building the fire fighters, will
be setting up ways for people to exit the building,
perhaps using ladders, and they might need to
break windows to provide ventilation. They could
also be attacking the blaze from the outside. Men
are assigned to ensure a continuous water supply,
and paramedics would be organised to stand by
to treat any victims of the fire and to monitor the
firemen.

$l
Extra long hoses with high pressure water coursing 'As for the futurei states Edd, 'we need laws that
through them, used with lifting propellers; special can be enforced. Fire retardant paint everywhere
types of aeroplanes that are something like helicopters
and someone on each floor responsible for seeing
because they would be able to stay stationary, and
everyone has been evacuated. The rest is up to
spray special chemicals on the fire, are just some of the
firemen like me to find effective ways to quickly
more bizarre ideas that have been put forward in the extinguish a fire high up in a buildingJ
intervening years.

100 test 6
 READIN(O Ehd V;V OF VNIALI;#
A 'All in all, there's a lot going on at the same
time, and all this is made much more
difficult if the fire is hard to reach on a
high floor, like the one in Moscow. That
building was still under construction, but
it was still difficult for the fire brigade to
get to and put outJ
B Los Angeles has also been affected by
the same fear. A fire code was enacted in
1974 that forces every building to have
a flat roof so that helicopters can land
on them should there be a fire.'LA looks
architecturally a bit bland because of this
lawi says Edd,'but it's helped save many
lives.'
C Edd travels the world, looking at how other
countries deal with this threat. 'l liaised
with the Turkish fire fightersi says Edd. 'We
looked at both how the fire broke out, to
see if building design could be improved,
as well as ways of putting a fire out quickly
and effectively. Times have changed now
that everyone is building higher into the
skiesl
D The fire fighters split into teams. One or
more of them will search the building
floor by floor, beginning on the floor
where the fire has started, looking for
trapped people or stragglers. Another
team will be actually tackling the fire and
there's always a team on the floor below
in case of a mayday. A further team will
disable the building's utilities. Everything
is controlled from a central command
vehicle at the scene.
E 'As the world's cities grow taller, we've had
to tackle the question of how to deal with
such situations when we are ill-equipped
to handle themi Edd laments. Inventors,
scientists and other fire fighters have been
trying to solve this problem since 1927.'So
it's nothing newi says Edd, with a rueful
smile on his face.
F Edd looks at me questioningly. He
continues,'The Fire Chief in the film had
no alternative in the end but to blow up
the water tanks on top of the skyscraper,
running the risk of killing those still inside
the building. ln real life we don't usually
have to face such blatant options, but our
choices are still as limited.'
G 'There was even a comic strip, published
in 1961, showing a vivid red fire engine
hovering in the sky, shooting water at a
fire in a skyscraper from a pressure tank
on the engine. Very imaginative, but we're
nowhere near anything so marvellous at
the momenti Edd comments.'ldeas like
that are still on the drawing boardJ
H Edd has spentthe lastten years developing
a system that could change the way fires
are fought forever. lt is called Firegrid, a
revolutionary approach to fire fighting
that could save thousands of lives, giving
humans the upper hand over one of their
oldest enemies.
test 6
E
 Test 6
Part 7
You are going to read an article about a new exercise workout. For questions 44 - 53, choose
from the sections (A - D). The sections may be chosen more than once.

ln which section does the writer mention

being surprised to see a result in a short period of time? 44
feeling unwell after the first session of activity? 45
an explanation of the health benefits of Tabata? 46
the results of an experiment? 47
searching for something that is elusive? 48
exercise being difficult to incorporate into their daily routine? 4q
the success of a person involved in Tabata? 50

how the intensity of exercise makes a difference to fitness? 5l

after 4 minutes of Tabata one should feel exhausted? w1
suffering pain despite getting used to the activity? g

102 test 6
 REAO.\VC ehd V;V 0F WOLts#

TABATA TI{E FOUR-MINUTE MIRACLE WORKOUT

Can you really get fit in four minutes every dayT Becky Slater finds out,

A l've always found it diffrcult to diet and exercise. Finding a healthy way to get fit and lose weight that really
works is similar to searching for the Holy Grail. Having unsuccessfully tried Pilates, aerobics and other fad exercise
regimes, I came to the conclusion that it was my fault - I have no willpower or motivation. Above all, I lack time and
patience to exercise - l'm always looking for the quick way round things. Therefore, the government's suggestion of
five half-hour sessions a week in a gym doing vigorous exercise could be described as my worst nightmare. ln this
l'm not on my own. Research has revealed that the main reason people give up on exercise is that they are too busy
and cannot fit time in the gym into their schedule, and losing weight cannot be achieved without commitment and
effort. So when I heard about Tabata, christened the'four-minute miracle'workout, it seemed too good to be true.
How could you transform your body in just four minutes a day?

B Tony Sinclair, a former professional footballer turned personal trainer, has been at the forefront of this trend.
A few yea rs ago he opened his Tiptop Fitness gyms and hasn't looked back. Tony explains,'Ta bata is na med after the
Japanese scientist, lzumiTabata, who carried out research to discover which kind of exercise works best. He tested
two d ifferent groups, with the first peda lling on an exercise bike as fast as they could for four m inutes a day. This was
made up of eight twenty-second bouts of pedalling, with a ten second break between each bout. The second group
was asked to pedal at normal speed for an hour. After completing this five times a week for two months, the Tabata
group was much fitter than the second group.The conclusion was that exercising theTabata way gave better results
than an hour in the gym. ATabata routine can be done with any type of exercise, but the rule of twenty seconds of
hard and fast activity followed by ten seconds of rest must be followedl

C ln my first session with Tony, he recommended starting with something easy - twenty seconds of squats
and ten seconds of rest for four minutes. I didn't think it would be too hard, but how wrong can you be? ln the first
twenty seconds I did ten squats, but that was too few forTony. I discovered he's a hard task master, as he shouted at
me for not squatting as fast as I should. ln the second burst of activity, I managed twelve squats, and by the fifth set
of squats, I got to fourteen and my thighs were burning like mad. The ten second'rest'is definitely a misnomer, as it
is far too short. After four minutes, I felt sick, dizzy and couldn't speak or get my breath. Tony was delig hted, because
that's how you should feelafter a Tabata workout.

D I asked Tony whyTabata works. Despite his rather scientific explanation, lworked out that High lntensity
lntervalTraining (HllT), like Tabata, increases your aerobic or lung capacity, as well as your anaerobic capacity to
you and me that's the length of time you can exercise for at maximum effort. ln addition,Tabata exercising builds
muscle, and your metabolic rate - the speed at which your body breaks down fat and burns calories - increases
in the twenty-four to thirty six hours after completing the exercises. This leads to faster weight loss. Much to my
amazement, by the end of the first week, l'd lost two pounds and by the end of the second, another three, plus
two inches off my waistline. l've actually started to look forward to those four intense minutes each day. I vary the
exercises and split the four minutes into two different exercises to work different areas of my body. For example, one
day I might do two minutes of skipping and two minutes of lunges. Or two minutes of press ups and two of squats.
It's still agony, but it's not too long to endure the pain. l'm getting fitter by the minute and actually want to do more
than four minutes a day. A big turnaround for me.

test 6 103
Tast 7
Part I

For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A grin B smirk smile D frown

Robot Rasta urant

ln Harbin, Heilongjiang province in China, diners are greeted, seated, served, cooked for and
entertained by robots. lt brings a whole new meaning to'service with a (O) .. ...... .C.... .. ... i

When a customer arrives at the restaurant, a robot greets them by (1)........ ....... their

mechanical arm to one side and saying,'Earth person, hello. Welcome to the Robot Restaurant.'
The customers (2).. .. .. .. ..... .. their mea I and the robots in the kitchen get to work cooking.

As soon as the food is ready, a robot waiter glides on a (3) . on the floor to
the correct table, where it waits for the prepared dishes - hung on a suspended conveyor
(4) to reach the table.The mechanical arm of the robot lifts it off and
(5)................... the food down in front of the customer. As people eat, a singing robot
provides the entertainment.

The restaurant has proved (6) . .... . popular since it opened and has gained
international (7)... ....... . The robots can work without a break for five hours, when
they themselves have to go for a'meal'of a two-hour (8). .. . .. of electricity.

t_ A reaching B extending C lengthening D coordinating

7 A command B instruct C direct D order

1 A track B trail C trace D path

4 A strap B belt C strip D line

5 A situates B locates C sets D plants

9
A nearly B plausibly C hugely D virtually

7 A acclaim B notoriety C infamy D spotlight

8 A charge B attack C current D flow

E test 7
 I?EADttVG ehd V?tr OF VJVGL|?#
Part 2

For questions 9 - '16, read the

text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (O). Write your answers
IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 L o N G

Drop in sales of checkout displays

Supermarkets have (O)....... LONG ... relied on people making impulse (9).
while they stand in the queue to pay. However, that has all changed and smartphones are being

blamed (10). waning sales of magazines at supermarket till displays. This is

(11). . to people playing with their mobile phones, diverting their attention
(12) . from the goods on display. This habit is called the'mobile blinker'after the
headgear horses wear to narrow their vision, and it is destroying the magazine industry.

Sales, particularly of women's magazines, have dropped fifty (t3) in the last
ten years. Cosmopolitan magazine, the biggest selling magazine in the UK, has lost nearly twenty
percent of its sales in the last six months (14) .., and their rivals are suffering the
same fate. Research has shown that shoppers are increasingly ignoring the till displays because

they no (1 5) write a shopping list on paper. lnstead they use their mobile phone

and while standing in the queue they check to see they have (16) forgotten
anything.

test 7 113
 Tast 7
Part 3
For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 A C C E S 5 I B L E

The lite giving sands of the Sahara

The largest sand desert in the world is (0) ACCESSTBfE to the North ACCESS

of Africa from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic in the west. The Sahara
is almost the size of China or America, with the (17)................. BELIEVE

dimensions of nearly ten million square kilometres. lt has one of the

(18) climates on the planet, with the prevailing north- HARSH

easterly winds causing frequent sand storms, and (19) TEMPERATE

that soar during the day and drop to below (20) . ... . FREEZE

at night.

Yet, concealed inside the huge sand dunes and dust are (21) RESIDE

minerals from thousands of years ago when the region was an

(22).........,...,. ......... area, where plants thrived and animals roamed AGRICULTURE

(23). But these minerals continue to support life FREE

today, though first they have to travel amazing distances. Wafted up into the

stratosphere by the strong winds, the minerals are (24) . PROPEI.

across the Atlantic, where they mix and fall with the rain over the Amazon
rainforest, providing necessary nutrients to this bio-diverse ecosystem.

u4 test 7
 READttVO ehd V;L OF flVOLts#
Part 4
For questions 25 - 3O, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 It was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She . ......... that she would never see him again.

0 could not come to terms with the fact

Write only the missing words.

25 lt is possibte that mum will be very pleased when she finds out.
liable
Mum when she finds out.

26 We are very sorry to inform you that you did not get the job.
regret
It is inform you that you did not get the job.

27 There came a time when ljust didn't want to go there anymore.

stage
I didn't want to go there anymore

29 Ed had to go to a solicitor to get legat advice.

seek
Ed a solicitor

2q Charlotte finds that doing her craft work stops her thinking about her ex-husband
mind
Charlotte finds that doing her craft work ex-husband.

3 0 Peppy chose veterinary science rather than medicine at university.

opted
Peppy medicine at university

test 7
115
Tast 7
Part 5
You are going to read an article from a newspaper. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Friends
Friends burst onto our screens on 22nd September 1994 in the coveted 8.30 Thursday slot on NBC to nearly fifteen
million viewers. They spent the next twenty-two minutes in the company of three men and women who were to have
an effect on different aspects of culture throughout the world. lt was also to be the lowest viewing figures throughout
the ten-year run of the sitcom.
The writers, Crane and Kauffman, originally conceived the show to be about six people in their twenties, making their
way by themselves in Manhattan.They thought about the time when they had finished college and started living alone
in a big city. Kaufman is quoted as saying that they were looking at the period when their own future was'more of a
question marki They believed the idea to be workable, as'everybody knows that feelingi and it was how they viewed
their own lives at the time.
They considered Friends just a TV show, albeit an extremely successful one. However, many psychologists realised that
the programme was gradually having an impact on culture, not just in America, but around the world. For instance,
something as trivial as Jennifer Aniston's hairstyle, now known as'The Rachaeli after Aniston's character in the series, is
still being sported by many women globally, despite Rachael changing her hairstyle after the end of Season 2in 1996.
Then there was Joey's catchphrase,'How you doing?i which became popular in Western English slang, used commonly
for greeting friends or as a conversation opener with a stranger.

The series also had an influence on the English language in general. The University of Toronto discovered that all
the characters stressed the word'so'to modify adjectives, more frequently than any other intensifier. Although it was
already reasonably common in American colloquial speech, usage by such popular characters hastened how many
more people adopted it in their speech. In addition, Chandler's practice of leaving a sentence unfinished as a form of
sarcasm also influenced how fans of the show spoke in their daily lives.
Another great cultural influence has been the Central Perk coffee shop, where much of the action in the series takes
place. ln 2006, an lranian businessman registered the name as a franchise in thirty-two countries. The decor of the
coffee house in the programme has been replicated in each one, including similar couches, neon signs, bricks and
the counter.There are also paintings of the cast adorning the walls and televisions that constantly show episodes of
Friends.
By far the biggest influence is that which Friends has had on lifestyle - an alternative lifestyle representing young
people that have an unorthodox domestic life. The programme epitomises the idea that all that is needed in anyone's
life is good friends. Despite the show presenting stereotypical ideas of class and race, depicting a group of white
men and women living in NewYork City, viewers could identify with the programme through the problems the cast
faced each week. lt exposed a different way of life and developing relationships that are not usually seen in traditional
society. The University of Buffalo classes Friends as'one of those rare shows that marked a change in American culturel
Their pop-culture experts claims that the impression of young people and the roles they represent are well delineated
and symbolise a way of life that centres around creating and maintaining bonds between friends, who are in charge of
their own lives and ask for help only from each other.
The cast also learned how to be true friends. Before they began filming for the third season, they decided to enter
salary negotiations collectively rather than individually. Although two of the stars had to take a reduction in pay, by
the tenth season all six cast members were earning one million dollars an episode, something that was unlikely to
have happened if they had not co-operated together.They also reached a deal with Warner Bros. to receive syndication
royalties, unheard of at the time unless the stars owned part of the show. Again, if they had not collaborated as one
entity, they would not have received the royalties.
Within the programme, all six actors were equally prominent. The cast members agreed not to let one member
dominate, so they entered themselves in the same acting categories for awards and during the first season, appeared
in magazine photos together.They were also best friends off-screen and have remained so since the series ended. Each
considers the rest of the cast their family.
Friends is missed by the public and media critics alike, with the latter bemoaning the fate of the sitcom genre now the
series has finished.They deem it the final real scripted sitcom, which has been replaced, unfortunately, by more and
more reality TV programming.

E test 7 7
 READTN(b ehd V;V OF WALts#

3l The writer implies in the first paragraph that one reason why the first show
was so extraordinary was that

A no one realised the social consequences of the programme.

B people who watched it knew they were part of a great event.
c no one thought it would become so popular with the public.
D the writers had based the programme on their own lives.

32 In the third paragraph, the writer's purpose is to

A praise the programme for the effect it had on women's hair cuts.
B present examples of the influence the programme had on people.
c explain the English language has changed because of the programme
D highlight the inconsequential effects of the programme on people.

33 According to the writer, one feature of the language used in Friends was

A the technique whereby the cast managed to stress certain words

B that it affected the way the American public spoke.
c the process by which it taught the public to use irony in speech.
D the consistent manner in which it reflected American society.

3 4 Why does the writer quote the University of Buffalo's classification of Friends?

A To confirm the characters'way of life was not typically American.

B To stress the actors were typecast and not representative of America.
c To describe the empathy the public felt with the troubles the cast had.
D To underline what an effect the programme had on the viewing public

35 What point does the example of joining forces illustrate?

A How readily people are willing to co-operate.

B How easy it is to intimate someone else.
c How important it is to work independently.
D How much more is achieved by acting as a team.

36 ln the last paragraph, what impression are we given about Friends?

A It has come to be considered a family programme.

B It is not a programme that the critics appreciated.
c It was the last of that type of programme.
D It changed format to become more real life.

test 7
117
 Tast 7
Part 6
You are going to read a newspaper article about shopping in the High Street. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each
gap {37 - 43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Why the lligh 9treet is doomed

Craig Broome writes about a recent shopping experience.

The High Street as we've always known it is finally going
through its final death throes. So many big stores that
were household names have departed, and the country's
favourite shopping street is now nearly history. lts demise
will change our way of life, because shopping has long
been a large part of our culture, a way of meeting friends
and of looking, feeling and trying on or using goods before
money was exchanged.
On the other hand, if they're unlucky, they will also go
the same way the other big stores have already gone.
For example, Comet was extremely popular with the
public. lt was THE place to go and buy that big ticket
electrical item. Eventually though, the public went and
inspected what was on offet then bought online for
about three-quarters of the price they d seen in store.
That's why Comet no longer exists.

5t 4t
ln just another decade our High Streets will look different,
What surprises me, is in this age when it is possible to
although many shops appear to have already raised get inexpensive CDs, DVDs, books and downloads on
the white flag. ln fact, within ten years perhaps they will
line, that some shops are still alive and kicking. ln the
just be residential or entertainment areas. And after my
Eighties, no one went into a store like HMV with an
experience last weekend, when I discovered exactly how
exact idea of which CD they were going to buy, yet they
hard it is to walk into a shop and actually buy something, I
always came out with something. Now they've gone
can't say that l'm surprised.
the way of the Dodo, and people are surprised.

38
It was their only one in stock. I would have to wait another
week for it, or order it online and have it delivered the next
day. lnstead, I decided to visit a large department store
nearby that has a huge electrical department, but although
they sell the model I was by now becoming desperate to
purchase, they don't carry it in stock. I could, however,
order it online and have it delivered the next day!
3q
I was by now frantic to buy something, so I kept trying.
This has all changed now that everyone shops online.
We know what we want and what we are looking
for before we even click the mouse. We're never going
to find that life-changing item, we don't need to run the
risk of having our credit card stolen in the High Street, we
don't have to carry anything home, and we can sit with
our feet up and shop anytime of the day or night.
I

chose a much more expensive machine that I rather liked,
as by then I didn't really care how much it cost. lt wasn't
available either - also out of stock. But I could look online
and find it there. The helpful assistant even checked for me
and enquired as to whether I would like to order it on the
web now.
40
lf these stores are fortunate, people will browse their
shops and then buy what they want from the website.
There are ways to save the High Street, such as lnternet
firms being forced to pay taxes, just like other businesses
and commercial rents being reduced. Most importantly,
though, shops need to carry a bigger selection of goods
that people can actually buy and take home with them.
The future really doesn't look bright and the High Street
is sprinting towards being a thing of the past.

118 test 7
 READTNqO ehd
A As I was already in the department store,
decided to buy something less expensive:
a coffee maker. llooked around and
selected one that was on display, but - alas
- it was not in stock. I could, if I wanted to,
order it online. I felt that a definite pattern
was beginning to become apparent. So
asked about another coffee maker, but
that too was out of stock, but I could order
it from their website.
g The last half century had already radically
changed how many of us shopped, with
the arrival of the su permarkets that pushed
the small shopkeepers out of business.
The big chains that have dominated since
then, are now suffering themselves. They
are unable to rival the range of goods
on offer or the prices of online retailers.
Maybe there's some truth in the old cliche:
what goes around comes around.
g The two shops I visited seem to be already
going down that path, but it can't last.
They might well spawn sales for their
websites, but they will soon realise their
overheads are too high and that they can
make more profit by not staying in retail
premises. Have you ever seen an Amazon
showroom anywhere? So it would seem
that shops are just showrooms now,
but I have my doubts that this trend will
continue.
D I sincerely hope that they live on and
manage to beat the lnternet offensive.
They have, after all, an almost slavish
customer devotion, a sophisticated
standard of service, despite having almost
nothing to sell to their customers, and are
recognised for their quality. I can envisage
the future though, being a struggle.
V;V @F UlVeAs++
I E Sookshops are also shutting in their
thousands, which has had a profound
effect on the -what used to be - recreational
character of the way we shop. We've
always been a nation of shopkeepers and
browsers, in any shop you care to mention.
I This was in some ways for fun, but also in
case we discovered that object or item
that changed our life.
p Clothes shops will also disappear. Travel
agents are few and far between, because
it's so simple to book everything from
flights, taxis and hotels online. Banks
will soon no longer be necessary, either,
as more and more people carry out
their transactions on the lnternet. And
supermarkets have an armada of vans
delivering your shopping - that you've
ordered via their website.
G I finally left rather disheartened by my
inability to part with my cash. I had the
feeling that despite the fact there were
goods on display that might have actually
been available to pay for and take home
with me, they were probably few and far
between. I was convinced there weren't
really any shops anymore. They were
just like galleries where you look around,
select an item, and then go home and buy
what you want on the lnternet.
H All I wantedto buywasa laptop.You'd have
thought that in this day and age, when
technology rules, it would have been a
simple mission. I was willing to spend a
considerable amount of cash on the one
I liked. But it wasn't to be. The computer
shop had sold the one I wanted just ten
minutes before I walked into the shop.
test 7 119
 Tast 7
Part 7

You are going to read an article about a medical myth. For questions 44 - 53, choose from
the sections (A - D ). The sections may be chosen more than once.

Which section mentions the f ollowing

a theory as to why people believe the mythT 4ca
a recognition that no one person is responsible for the myth? 45
an explanation of why the brain is a drain on our bodily resources? 46
an example of how much brain activity there is?

that the brain is always functioning? 48

that a reduction in brain cells is normal? 4ql
an opinion that intellectual and bodily performance are underutilised? 50
people are already using 10o/o of their brain? sl
the possibility of improving our brains one day? 52
a famous scientist is falsely claimed to be responsible for the myth? 53

124 test 7
 READfi\\/C ehd V7V'@F w7L,l7l4
DO WE ONLY USE IO% OF OUR BRAINS?
It's an appealing idea that we would be more intelligent or creative if we used all of our brain power.
Unfortunately, Martin Dobbie has some bad news.

A lt is incredible just how many medical myths there are, but none more so than about the brain. An enduring
myth is that only ten percent of our brain is being used, and that if we cou ld just exploit more of it, we would be that
much more intelligent, creative or successful at whatever we applied ourselves to. Regrettably, although it might
make people strive to do better, it is inaccurate and untrue. lf we ask the most obvious question first - 1 0o/o of what?
- it can be seen that the myth starts to fall apart immediately. Neuroscientists use magnetic resonance imaging
when they scan someone, to see which parts of the brain become active when they are asked to do or think about
something. They have observed that even simple activities, such as clenching or unclenching the hand or speaking,
involves activity in a lot more than ten percent of the brain. Even when a person is relaxed and not focusing on
anything in particular, the brain is active. After all, it has to controlthe normal bodily functions, like breathing, heart
rate, send signals to the eyes, and so on. The body is never really at rest, however relaxed a person might be feeling.

B Even if the myth refers to only using ten percent of brain cells, it still does not stand up to scrutiny. lf brain
cells are not being used, they either deteriorate and die off or they are assimilated into other nearby areas of the
brain. Brain cells do not just stay in the brain doing nothing, because they are too precious for that. According
to cognitive neuroscientist, Sergio Della Sala, our brains are actually a massive burden on our reserves; keeping
brain tissue alive devours twenty percent of the oxygen we breathe. He further adds that although nature might
sometimes have unusual designs, it would be untenable to develop a brain that is ten times the size we need, when
its huge dimensions are so necessary to our survival. And yet despite these facts, millions of people still believe that
we only use ten percent of our brains in our daily lives.

C But it must be asked how a myth with no biological or physiological foundation has become so widely
believed. lt is diffcult to discover the origins of the rumour, although the American psychologist and philosopher,
William James, wrote in '1908 in his book, The Energies of Men, that we are making use of only a small part of our
possible mental and physical resources. Despite being optimistic that people would eventually use more, he did not
mention brain size or a precise percentage. He also did not refer to a quantity of brain cells, yet sources cite Albert
Einstein as the first to propound the theory. The staff of the Albert Einstein archives has found no record of this,
despite extensive searching, so this would appear to be yet another myth.

D One possible reason for the misapprehension could be that nine out of ten of the cells in the brain are the
glial cells. These are what has been termed support cells, the white matter that sustain the remaining cells, the
neurons, the grey matter that actually do the thinking. However, these are completely different types of cells that
cannot suddenly become neurons, providing additional brain power. Of course, if we are determined to learn new
things, then we can do so, and there is mounting evidence in the field of neuroplasticity that demonstrates how
this changes our brains. This is not, though, using a new part of the brain. All that happens is that we form new
connections between nerve cells or lose old connections that are no longer needed. One amazing thing about this
myth is when people are told it is not true, they are truly disappointed. Perhaps the ten percent is so fascinating
due to how low a figure it is. lt offers the prospect of substantial advancement in the future, as everyone wants to
improve. Unfortunately, there is no hibernating part of our brain waiting for us to wake up and start using it.

test 7 121
 Test 8
Part I
For questions 1 - 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (O).

0 A separate B parallel C associated related

Blood type and the link to persohality

The Japanese believe that one's character is (0). . . D to blood type. This seems
bizarre to other people, especially as blood is the one thing that (1) . ...................... the
whole human race - we all have blood. Most of us, however, rarely think about our blood
group unless we have a medical emergency. ln Japan, though, blood type has huge
(2) ... for career, love and life. The Japanese believe it can reveal character
and personality, and the question,'What's your blood type?'is (3) it is
used on everything from matchmaking websites to a job (4)

Blood type is (5) ... determined by proteins in the blood. Although

Japanese scientists are continually trying to discredit the (6)................... ..... beliefs
about blood groups/ they still remain hugely popular in Japan. (7) ......... ..........,
it offers this comparatively consistent and homogenous society, a relatively straightforward
(8)................... ...... by which to divide the population up into easily recognisable groups.

A attaches B fixes C blends D connects

2 A con notations B suggestions C overtones D hints

3 A common B ordinary C known D regular
4 A submission B request C application D proposal
5 A decisively B actually C erroneously D similarly
6 A limited B widespread C extensive D uncommon
7 A Likewise B Equally C Moreover D Therefore
g A manner B composition C constitution D method

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 READ\\VO ehd V;V OF VIVGL|;W
Part 2
For questions 9 - 16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (O). Write your answers IN
CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 R A T H E R

Equality itr the workplace

Unemployment is still the number one priority for the government, (0) RATHER than
promoting equality between the sexes. They (9) short of realising that the
workplace of today has changed, with the average age of those in employment progressively
rising and women (10) up nearly half of the workforce in the UK, double the
numbers of a quarter of a century ago. ln professions (11) as engineering and

law, there are still few women, and employers often say that if they take (12l, .

female employees they get married, have children and leave the job.

Many times they fail to (13) ...... . into account that the woman's qualifications are
exactlythe same (1+1 a man's and they could perhaps do the job just as well.
This failure to recognise that women are (15) as capable as men shows a lack of
fl exibil ity by many companies and if the government manages to change th is ( 1 6)
of thinking, it will be one of their greatest achievements.

test 8 131
 Test 8
Part 3

For questions 17 - 24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Example: 0 R E M A R K A B L E

A day without plastic

Many people simply can't imagine a life without plastic and the fact is that
(0)
this REMARKABLE .. material has really made its MARK

(17). ........ , . ................. fe1t since its invention. ln a relatively short period PRESENT

of time, plastic has gone from novelty to dominator. Part of what makes
COMPEL
the story of plastic so (18)......... ., is that it now surrounds us

in all areas of our lives. Some people, however, have had enough of plastic,

and one (19)............... .. has proposed that for one day every year HISTORY

we should all (20)........ not to touch anything made of TAKE

plastic.

This means (21) countries would not be able to buy VARY

anything, except by means of coins, because their bank notes are printed on
plastic, and another (22)......... would be that SEQUENCE

no one would be able to use their credit cards. People would have to write
in pencil rather than pen, and nothing could be handled that was wrapped

in plastic. lt is hoped that this (231. ... . would IN!T!ATE

be a major breakthrough in making people realise how much of an

(24) ...... plastic is on our lives. INTRUDE

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Part 4
For questions 25 - 30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 lt was impossible for her to accept that she would never see him again.
terms
She that she would never see him again.

0 could not come to terms with the fact

Write only the missing words.

25 Robin was not the only one to be fed up with the situation.
alone
Robin fed up with the situation

26 The public know more about Julia's private life than her fi!ms.
better
Julia than her films.

27 They gave Keith the impression that he would get the job.
believe
Keith . he would get the job.

29 The number of young people unemployed has gone up a great deal lately.
sharp
There's been young people unemployed lately

2q l'd never considered applying for a European grant to help the business.
occurred

3 0 Whatever our feelings might be, James and Rachael are getting married.
like

test 8 133
Tast 8
Part 5
You are going to read an article. For questions 31 - 36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.

Are people naturally good or bad?

Behavioural onthropologist, Jay Hoy, investigates whether science can tell if someone is inherently good or bad.

The question that anthropologists, psychologists and philosophers have asked themselves for centuries is'do we basically
have a good character that is distorted by society, or a bad character that is kept honest by society?'Recent research has
revealed evidence which might help somewhat towards answering this question. One means of trying to find an answer is
to use babies in research. They are a blank canvas, perfect for revealing the fundamental characteristics of human nature.
Babies have no cultural bias, no friends to speak ol have not yet attended school and have never read a book.They also
lack speech and have to be helped to do everything, so their minds are as innocent as it is possible for human minds to be.
However, their inability to speak makes it difficult to know what they are thinking. lt is usual when people take part in an
experiment to instruct them in what is expected of them or if they are required to respond to questions. Both tasks require
language. So although babies might well be adorable to work with, rather than teenagers or adults, they cannot follow
instructions or be expected to be obedient.

Fortuitously, speech is not always necessary to express an opinion. Babies will stretch out their hands for an item they
want or like, and they have a propensity to stare at things for longer if they are surprised by them. With these factors line' 12
in mind, Yale University developed some imaginative experiments to look into how babies think. The researchers were
amazed to discover that even at such a tender age, they know right from wrong and intuitively prefer good to bad. But
how can experiments show these character traits? Babies have a short attention span, so any experiments have to be
fairly brief, as well as fun. What the Yale researchers devised were brightly coloured puppets, with a stage showing a big
green hill. The puppets were in the shape of a triangle, a square and a circle, all with big, loose eyes and in different vibrant
colours. The puppets then performed a short play in which one of the shapes attempted to get to the top of the hill. This
shape found the going difficult and kept sliding back down the hill. Enter the other two shapes. One helped the climber
get up the hill by pushing from behind, while the third shape pushed down from above, forcing the first shape back down
the hill.

Despite the puppets only being shapes, anyone can understand the script.The puppets made no noise and exhibited
no human feelings or emotions, yet everyone could understand the purpose of their movements, which
exposed their characters. Yet what followed shows us even more about human nature. When the puppet show line24
had finished, the babies were offered the chance to reach out to the helping shape, or the second shape that had been
obstructive. All the infants went for the helping shape. This is unsurprising if they saw the action in the puppet show in
terms of motivation. ln other words, the shapes were moving with purpose and not at random, but it also demonstrated to
the babies that the shape pushing up the hill was helping the first shape, and so a nice'personl whereas the shape pushing
downhill was bad because it was being obstructive and causing problems.

A second puppet show was then performed for the infants to confirm the results. ln this segment, the climber shape had
to choose between the other two shapes and move towards one of them. The infants' reaction to these moves was one of
surprise when the climbing shape shifted towards the obstructive shape.They gazed for considerably longer than when
the climber shape went for the helping shape. Obviously, making for the helper shape would have provided a happy
ending and it was clear it was what the babies expected. When the climber shape moved towards the impeder, the infants
were startled, yet this is, in effect, the same reaction you would anticipate if an adult saw someone shaking hands with lirts j5
another adult who had just harmed them.

Even though babies have no worldly knowledge, these experiments illustrate that they stillhave expectations about how
people should behave. lndeed, they deduce the actions ofthe shapes as a consequence of motivation, but favour the
good motivation over the bad. Their response does not completely answer the question about human nature. lt does,
however, establish that even in a developing mind there is the capability to make sense of people around us and their
motivations, plus a hardwired intuition to like a friendly intent rather than a malevolent one. This is the basis on which
adult morality is developed, but it may change over time with other influences.

E test 8 7
 READIIVA Ehd V;V OF WALI7H

3l ln the second paragraph, why are babies ideal candidates for this experiment?

A They are the ideal candidates for all research projects

B They sometimes have behavioural problems.
c They are an enigma as regards their thoughts.
D They have not been influenced by their environment

3 2 The phrase'a propensity to' (line 12) refers to babies

A developing a way to impart their thoughts to adults.

B being able to take part in experiments without guidance
c showing the skill of distinguishing between good or evil.
D having a natural tendency to behave in a particular way.

33 What point is the writer illustrating with the description of the puppets?

A They did not look like human beings who could be ascribed motives
B A baby's attitude towards puppets is uncertain, so they need colour.
c Babies and puppets'lives are inseparably linked together.
D An experimental play requires movement and motivation.

3 4 The writer uses the words'exposed their characters' (line 24) to introduce the idea that

A the puppets illustrated to the babies individual human qualities.

B the puppets'behaviour accurately mirrors that of humans.
c the puppets enable us to analyse human nature and motivation.
D the puppets'behaviour was surprisingly similar to human behaviour

3 5 The writer uses the phrase'yet this is, in effect' (line 35) to emphasise that the
babies'response

A showed they were reacting in a way that was to be expected

B was the same as would be expected from someone older.
c will have long lasting implications on their lives.
D means they have acquired a new insight into human nature.

3 6 In the final paragraph it is clear the writer believes that babies

A have acquired a sense of what motivates people to do things.

B are morally good beings who will eventually become bad.
c have the ability to understand people and their motives.
D are able to maintain their mental well-being and good thoughts

test 8 t35
 Test 8
Part 6
You are going to read a magazine article about secret underground stations. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each
gap (37 - 43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Secr et under gr ound stations

Charles Brent, goes to meet Professor Mal Cook, a
historian who studiesthe historyof London. Historian and
401
professor, Malcolm Cook, has spent years investigating
'Since I went on that tour, part of it has been cleaned
the history of London, especially the underground, the
up, at least on the surface, by a film companyl A few
oldest and one of the most hectic underground railway
years ago, part of a James Bond film, Die Another Day,
systems in the world.The professor says,'lfind the history
was filmed in a disused London underground station.
of London absorbing, and particularly enjoy researching
Bond enters through a small door opposite the Houses
the underground. Although a lot of it is hidden there is
of Parliament near Westminster Bridge, to get to Q's
stilla lot of evidence if you know where to lookl
gadget laboratory.

37)
The professor explained that the entire underground
network of 255 miles has around forty abandoned
stations, some above and some below ground. Some
stations have also just disappeared without trace and
are long forgotten, whereas others are almost intact,
standing as dirty and grimy time capsules from the day
they were closed.
I,;1
I asked the professor to tell us more about it. 'Well,
the Ticket Hall and lifts at Aldwych station have been
remarkably restored and preserved since its closure
in 1994. They're frequently used by film and television
companies as film sets and this was very evident
throughout the tour. The original ticket office is in
perfect condition, because it was re-decorated for a
period drama not that long agoJ
I
1)
4l
Of course, one of the things the London Underground
is most famous for is providing shelter to Londoners
during the Second World War. I commented that it must
have felt very safe and secure down there, sheltering
people of all ages and class from all over London at
night, while the destruction and devastation continued
unabated above ground.
421
I asked the professor if all these ghost stations are in
such a bad state of repair. He replied that they weren't.
'There's a disused platform at Holborn that hasn't been
used since 1994. Up until recently, you could still see it
through some gates, but doors have now replaced the
gates. However, the platform is still there and kept in an
excellent conditionl
4dl
I thanked Professor Cook for talking to me. He had made

me realise that most Londoners know hardly anything

The professor explained how the tour group then went
about what is going on beneath their feet. There is a lot
down the emergency staircase, the only way now to get of history down there and maybe we should start to look
down to the platforms. He continues,'This was when we down and find out a bit more for ourselves.
really felt that we were in a ghost station. The paint on
the walls and roof is peeling off rather badly in places
and there were puddles everywhere on the platforms.
There was also a horrid, foul smell in the air. lt had an
abandoned air about it and you couldn't mistake the
fact that it is no longer in operationJ

r36 test 8
 READINqG Ehd
A 'For example, when travelling between
Tottenham Court Road and Holborn on
the Central Line, look out of the window
and you'll see a station which has stood
disused since 1932. This was once
where people alighted to visit the British
Museum, but today it stands neglected.
There are many such stations, often called
ghost stations, and I love finding out more
about theml
B 'lt hasn't changed much since it was shut
down and if you didn't know any better,
you'd think it was still operational. There
are actually new advertising posters on
the walls and between these there are
white boards put up on the walls. These
serve as screens for what was a new video
projection system that they were testing
here as the platform is not being used by
the publicJ
C Professor Cook did his research and
found out that it was a film stage, not a
real station, but the film company had
done a lot of research before shooting
the film. The professor commented,'The
film company had actually based most
of the station on Aldwych. The walls had
been painted the same, but the shape of
the tunnel was different. Even so, the film
makers went to a lot of trouble to make it
look realisticl
D 'On the right of the ticket office are the two
original Otis lifts, put in when the station
was opened in 1907. These lifts were the
main reason the station was shut down, as
they would have taken nearly four million
pounds to replace. Something I love is
that if one lift broke down, the other lift
could be brought up alongside, locked
together and a door opened between the
two lifts to allow passengers to transfer
into the still operating lift. This is one of
the reasons you'll see most of the lifts on
the Underground system come in twos.'
V;E OF EN/AL6+1
E Professor Cook goes on to say,'There are
many organised tours of these empty
stations, some of which in a better
condition than others. Aldwych Station,
for instance, built in the early twentieth
century, offers a wonderful tour which I
went on a few weeks agoJ
F 'Yes', said Cook, 'they would surface the
next morning unsure if their homes were
still standing or not. Many stations were
used for this, including Aldwych. London
Transport did not originally want people
sleeping on their platforms and tried to
discourage them from doing so at the
start of the war. ln the end, Aldwych was
closed to trains and used only as shelter
for most of the war.'
G 'The whole place is rather despondent -
a once thriving station that now has no
useful life. We all felt a bit as if we were
intruders and shouldn't really have been
there. There was quite a sharp wind
blowing down the corridors, which meant
we could hear the trains from the Piccadilly
Line, and after we had negotiated more
puddles and some rubble and noticed
how decaying the whole place was, lthink
we were all glad to leavel
H At the moment, there are no tours of the
ghost stations being run by the London
Transport [Vluseum. They appreciate how
many people would like to take a tour
and might possibly arrange some in the
future. They always had a huge number
of people applying for each tour when
they publicised them, but many were
disappointed because they can only take
a small group at a time, owing to the
dangers in some of the stations.
test 8
E
 Test 8
Part 7
You are going to read a newspaper article about historical re-enactments. For questions
44-53, choosefrom the sections (A- D).The sections may be chosen morethan once.

Which of the restaurants

has let their standard of cooking fall?
44

provides a novel dining experience? 45

offers a more varied choice of food than would be normally expected?

46

has its menu projected onto your table?

47

customers share tables with people they don't know?

48

offers food that is absolutely delicious?

4q

is worse than another of the same chain?

s0

is a place where it is possible to do more than just eat?

5l
has relatively inexpensive dishes?
52

has an owner who has influenced what type of food the British eat?
53

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GARETI{ KEOWN ON NEW INDEPENDENT RESTAURANTS

lndependent restaurants are growing in number and their owners are desperate
to make them successful.

A Nat's Seafood and Grill

Nathanial Evans is known for his light sauces, robustfood and technique. Born in a fishing village, Nathanialdraws
his influences from a childhood spent on the sea with his grandfather.'l learned to cook when I was eight and
my grandmother taught me a few culinary tricks. Of course, fish was a staple in our dietl Nathanial now has six
restaurants and lfirst tried his dishes in Cornwall, where the food was superb. Here in London though, his newest
restaurant has mislaid something in transit.The fish are all headless, tailless and have no eyes.There is no hint of
shell or skin, so not a fingerbowl in sight. I quickly came to the conclusion that it is a seafood restaurant for people
who do not like seafood. All the essentials are there, but the edge has gone. All the starters are small and pricey, with
many of the dishes trying to impress the diner with their colour rather than flavour. All in all, quite a disappointment
and I knew from the moment I sat down I would not be returning.

B Teutelt Caf6
PeterTeutel's first restaurant was an instant success. His second was opened to even greater acclaim.'The ethos
behind our restaurants is to bring different Oriental food to Britain.'He helped free Japanese food from the elite and
bring it to the masses, and it should not be forgotten how he introduced a hungry public, who knew nothing about
it, to the joys of the noodle. We also should not forget the influence his communaltables and very fast service had
on the middle price-range British dining public. He raised the bar for Chinese and lndian dishes before venturing
into Thaifood in his newest offering. ln addition to curries, laksas and grills, there is a large choice of hamburgers,
along with a Caesar and a feta salad, evidently because there would be this sort of combination in a realThai cafe.
I suspect though, that in Thailand they do not have access to the tasty burgers and salads that you can find almost
everywhere in Britain. Unfortunately, the place comes across as needy.lts menu is trying to be allthings to all men,
and somehow it just doesn't work.

C Tugamotos
This restaurant is the first of its kind in London and l'm sure it is going to be a winner. lt offers a dining event with a
difference - techno fun fused with Asian food.Tugamotos is stylish and tranquil yet offers something really special
- an interactive ordering process, which is great fun.The menu is beamed onto your table through an overhead
projector and adds a quirky element to eating out. Diners can spy on the chef, select an interactive tablecloth
theme, play games, book a taxi or even theatre tickets, and it's all at your fingertips. There are waiters there to help
should you be Amish man or woman and not understand the techy elements of the dining experience, and the food
is really top quality.There is a good choice and the prices are more than reasonable, with the dearest dish being just
f17.OO. From the high-tech devices to the delicious food,Tugamotos puts the fun back into dining out, and is well
worth a visit.

D Daufin
There is a lot to like about this basement restaurant, beige walls, black and white floor - and that's about it.The
waitress does not write your order down, because she knows the menu and also has a good memory. The loyal
clientele know the waitress well, too. With Argentinean owners, beef is prominent on the quite brief menu, but I am
fond of places that do fewer dishes but very well. They take their meat very seriously here, but not in a new-age way.
'Our cooks understand that there are things that must be done properlyi says Con, the head chef.'And we believe
in everything being fresh, not frozen or pre-preparedlThat certainly showed in the eating experience. Apart from
an abundance of beel there is also lamb and fish on the menu and a nice choice of unusual salads.The steaks are
sold by size, cut thick, and cooked to perfection however you desire them. For a carnivore, this is the ideal place to
choose for an evening out. No time limit on how long you can sit at the table, prompt and courteous service and
food that leaves you drooling from its divineness.

test 8 139