06 CE 015 - Shear and Torsion - v2 - Stu

CE 015 - Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed
Concrete
CE 0 1 5 Principles of
Reinforced/
Prestressed
Concrete
2 ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)
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C E 0 2
Shear andTorsion
in Beams
Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete
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Concrete
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Shear in Beams
Introduction
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• Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure.
CE
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CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
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Shear in Beams
Introduction
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑉
𝑥
Vmax
𝑉𝑢
𝑑
Vmax
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Concrete
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Shear in Beams
Shear Capacity
0
• Basic code requirement on shear strength:
E
∅𝑽𝒏 ≥ 𝑽𝒖
C
Where:
Vn = nominal shear capacity
Vu = factored shear force
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
∅ = strength reduction factor
• Nominal shear capacity:
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔
Where:
Vc = concrete shear capacity
Vs = shear capacity provided by
reinforcements
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Shear in Beams
S hea r S tre ngth p rovided by C o nc rete, Vc fo r n o n- prestres s ing m e mbers
 Simplified Calculation of Vc
o For members subject to shear and flexure only:
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅
Where:
 = modification factor ( = 0.75 lightweight;  = 0.85 sand-lightweight;  = 1.00 normal weight)
f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete
𝑏 = width of the web
d = effective depth
o For members subject to axial compression:
𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 +  𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟏𝟒𝑨𝒈
Where:
Nu / Ag = must be expressed in Mpa
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu to be taken
as positive for compression and negative for tension
Ag = gross area of section in 𝑚𝑚
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Shear in Beams
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 Detailed Calculation of Vc
o For members subject to shear and flexure only:
E
𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒇 𝒄 + 𝟏𝟕𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅
C
𝑴𝒖
Where:
≤ 1.0
Mu = factored moment occurring simultaneously with Vu at section considered
 = steel reinforcements ratio (As / (𝑏 d))
o For members subject to axial compression:
𝑽𝒖 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒇 𝒄 + 𝟏𝟕𝒘 𝒃 𝒅
Where:
𝑴𝒎 𝒘
𝑀 =𝑀 -𝑁 (this is not limited to 1.0)
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Shear in Beams
 Maximum Vc
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝟏 +  𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅
Where:
𝑨𝒈
shall be expressed in MPa
- when 𝑀 as computed in the previous equation is negative, maximum Vc must be considered
 Members subjected to significant axial tension
𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 +  𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅  𝟎
𝑨𝒈
Where:
shall be expressed in MPa
Nu = is negative for tension
 = steel reinforcements (As / (𝑏 d))
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Shear in Beams
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Shear in Beams
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Concrete
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Shear in Beams
S hear Re inforcements
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• The shear force to be carried by reinforcement,
Vs is equal to the total shear resistance of the
E
bars within a distance, d.
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒏
C
Where:
Av = cross section area each stirrup has
crossing the rack
Av = 2 x Ab for a U stirrup • Required spacing of vertical
fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie or stirrups:
spiral reinforcements
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
n = no. of stirrups within a distance d n = 𝒔=
𝑽𝒔
• Shear reinforcements: • Value of Vs can be determined from:
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 𝑽𝒖 = ∅𝑽𝒄 + ∅𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒔 =
𝒔 𝑽𝒖 − ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒔 =
∅
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Shear in Beams
S hear Re inforcements
• U stirrups enclosing
longitudinal
reinforcements,
anchorage length and
closed sitrrups.
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Concrete
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Shear in Beams
Ve rt ical S ti rr up D e si gn
0
1. Calculate the factored shear force Vu at critical section or at any section you want the spacing
to be determined.
E
2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete Vc:
C
𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒖 > ∅𝑽𝒄 Stirrups are necessary
𝟏
𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝒄 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒖 > ∅𝑽 Calculate for the minimum area of stirrups
𝟐 𝒄
𝟏
𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒖 < ∅𝑽 Beam Section is capable to carry the
𝟐 𝒄 required shear
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Shear in Beams
3. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrups.
𝑽𝒖 − ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒔 =
∅
𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 Calculate the required stirrups spacing
𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 Adjust the beam size
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Shear in Beams
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4. Calculate spacing of stirrups
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 If s < 25 mm + dt, increase the value of
E
𝒔= Av by either using bar size or adding
𝑽𝒔 more shear area
C
• Maximum Spacing of stirrups:
𝒅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟐
𝒅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟒
• Minimum area of stirrup
𝒃𝒘 𝒔
𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇 𝒄
𝒇𝒚𝒕 (use larger)
𝒃𝒘 𝒔
𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝒇𝒚𝒕
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E 0
DESIGN of Stirrups in Beams
C
Example Problem 1
Determine the required minimum rectangular cross section so that it will not require web reinforcements
(stirrups) if Vu = 169 kN and f’c = 27.58 MPa. Let d = 1.5b.
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Concrete
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Example Problem 1
Determine the required minimum rectangular cross section so that it will not require web reinforcements
(stirrups) if Vu = 169 kN and f’c = 27.58 MPa. Let d = 1.5b.
CE
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
The beam shown has a specified compressive strength of, f'c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength of, fy = 420
MPa. Determine the theoretical spacing of 10 mm diameter U stirrups for each of the following factored
shear:
a.) Vu = 54 kN
b.) Vu = 223 kN
c.) Vu = 669 kN
h=675 mm
d = 600 mm
75 mm
b=350 mm
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Example Problem 2
shear:
E
a.) Vu = 54 kN
C
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
shear:
b.) Vu = 223 kN
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Concrete
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Example Problem 2
shear:
E
b.) Vu = 223 kN
C
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
shear:
b.) Vu = 223 kN
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Concrete
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Example Problem 2
shear:
E
c.) Vu = 669 kN
C
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
As simply supported beam has a span of 6 m. Design the spacing of a 10mm U stirrups for the beam shown.
Consider symmetrical spacing of stirrups.
WDL = 20 kN/m
WLL = 10 kN/m
𝑷 𝑷
F’c = 27.50 MPa
Fyt = 275 Mpa
𝒘
b = 450 mm
h = 700 mm
PDL = 52 kN
PLL = 31 kN
As = 3-20 mm 2𝑚 2.50𝑚
Dist. From extreme fiber to center of tension
bars = 70 mm 𝐿 = 6𝑚
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Example Problem 2
As simply supported beam has a span of 6 m. Design the spacing of a 10mm U stirrups for the beam shown.
Consider symmetrical spacing of stirrups.
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E 0
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Example Problem 2
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Example Problem 2
CE
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
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Example Problem 2
CE
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E 0
C
Example Problem 2
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Example Problem 2
CE 1@50mm
10 @ 315 mm
3.19 m
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Torsion in Beams
Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete
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Concrete
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Torsion in Beams
Introduction
0
• Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to transverse
shears associated with those bending moments, and, in the case of columns, to axial forces
E
often combined with bending and shear.
C
• In addition, torsional forces may act, tending to twist a member about its longitudinal axis,
which almost always act concurrent with bending moment and transverse shear, and
sometimes with axial force as well.
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Torsion in Beams
Introduction
• Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to

transverse shears associated with those bending moments, and, in the case of columns,
to axial forces often combined with bending and shear.
O F F - C E N T E R L O A D C A U S I N G T O R S I O N I N T H E S PA N D R E L B E A M
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T y p e s o f To r s i o n
0
• Primary Torsion - also known as equilibrium or statically determinate torsion, this exists when
the external load has no alternative load path but must be supported by torsion.
CE
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Torsion in Beams
T y p e s o f To r s i o n
• Secondary Torsion - also known as compatibility or statically indeterminate torsion, this arises
from the requirements of continuity, that is, compatibility of deformation between adjacent
parts of a structure.
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Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n a l S t r e s s e s
0
• When a concrete member is loaded in pure torsion, shear stresses develop.
CE
• The torsional stress adds to the shear stress on one side of a member and subtract from
them on other.
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To r s i o n R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
• Torsion Reinforcements:
• Transverse Reinforcements (At)
• Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)
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To r s i o n C a p a c i t y
0
• Basic code requirement on shear strength:
E
∅𝑻𝒏 ≥ 𝑻𝒖
C
Where:
Tn = nominal torsional strength of member
Tu = required torsional strength at factored loads
∅ = strength reduction factor
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
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F a c t o r e d To r s i o n a l M o m e n t
• Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment
Where:
Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of
conc. Cross section (mm2)
Pcp = outside perimeter of conc. Section (mm)
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross-section
occurring simultaneously w/ Vu to be taken as positive
CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE for compression & negative for tension.
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Torsion in Beams
T h r e s h o l d To r s i o n
0
• Torsional effects may be neglected if:
CE Where:
Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of
conc. Cross section (mm2)
Pcp = outside perimeter of conc. Section (mm)
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Torsion in Beams
T h r e s h o l d To r s i o n
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Torsion in Beams
0
• Torsional Strength:
CE 𝑨𝒐𝒉
−area enclosed by centerline of the outermost
closed transverse torsional reinforcement
(closed hoops)
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Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
• Torsion Reinforcements:
• Transverse Reinforcements (At)
• Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)
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CE 0 𝑨𝒐𝒉 = shaded area

Portion of the slab to be included with beam
a. Symmetric
bw + 2hw ≤ bw + 8hf
b. One-sided
hw ≤ 4hf
For torsional design
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Cross-sectional Limits
• Cross-sectional Limits:
𝑷𝒉
−perimeter of centerline of outermost closed
transverse torsional reinforcements.
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M i n i m u m To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
0
• Minimum Torsional Reinforcements
CE
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S p a c i n g o f To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
• Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements
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S p a c i n g o f To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
0
• Spacing of Torsional Reinforcements
CE
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Combined Shear and Torsion
Design Procedure
1. Calculate the factored shearing force, Vu, and the factored torsional moment, Tu, from the applied on the
structural member. Critical values for shear and torsion are at a section distance d from the face of the
support.
2.
a) Shear reinforcement is needed when: 𝑽𝒖 > ∅𝑽𝒄
𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝟐
b) Torsional reinforcement is needed when: 𝑻𝒖 > ∅𝑻𝒕𝒉 𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝒇 𝒄
𝑷𝒄𝒑
3. Design for Shear (follow the steps in the previous lecture)
4. Design for Torsion

a) Check if the factored torsional Moment, Tu, causes equilibrium or compatibility torsion. For equilibrium
torsion, use Tu. For compatibility torsion, the design torsional moment is smaller of Tu from factored
load and ∅ Tcr
(𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑻𝒖
𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝟐
(𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑻𝒖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑻𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇 𝒄 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑)
𝑷𝒄𝒑
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Design Procedure
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4. Design for Torsion
b) Check if the beam section is adequate. (NSCP Sect 422.7.7.1). The following should be satisfied,
E
otherwise, increase the cross-section.
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝒖 𝑻𝒖 𝑷 𝒉 𝑽𝒄
C
+ 𝟐
≤∅ + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇 𝒄 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝟏. 𝟕𝑨𝒐𝒉 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
c) Determine the closed stirrups required (NSCP Sect. 422.7.6):
𝑨𝒕 𝑻𝒏 𝐴 = 0.85𝐴 = 0.85(𝑥 𝑦 )  = 45° (𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 45°)

=
𝒔 𝟐𝑨𝟎 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ & 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠
Maximum allowable spacing, s, smaller of Ph/8 or 300 mm

𝑃 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
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Design Procedure
5. Determine the total area of closed stirrups due Vu and Tu.

𝑨𝒗𝒕  𝑨𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒃𝒘
𝑨𝒗𝒕 = 𝑨𝒗 + 𝟐𝑨𝒕  𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇 𝒄 𝒔 (𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡. 409.6.4.1)
𝒇𝒚𝒕
𝒃
 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒘 𝒔
𝒇𝒚𝒕
6. Determine the additional longitudinal reinforcements:

𝑨𝒕 𝒇𝒚𝒕
𝑨𝒍 = 𝑷𝒉 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 
𝒔 𝒇𝒚
• The longitudinal bars should be placed inside the closed stirrups with maximum spacing of 300 mm.
• At least one bar should be placed at each corner of stirrups.
• Normally, 1/3 of Al is added to the tension reinforcement, 1/3 at midheight of the section, and 1/3 at
the compression side.
Almin shall be the lesser of the following:
𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒇 𝒄𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝑨𝒕 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒇 𝒄𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒃𝒘 𝒇𝒚𝒕
𝑨𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 = − 𝑷𝒉 𝑨𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 = − 𝑷𝒉
𝒇𝒚 𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒇𝒚
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Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
0
The 8.0 meter span beam shown below carries a monolithic slab cantilevering 1.8 m past the beam centerline.
The resulting L beam supports a live load of 13 kN/m along the beam centerline plus 2.4 kN/m2 uniformly
distributed over the upper slab surface. The effective depth to the flexural steel centroid is 535 mm, and the
E
distance from the beam surfaces to the centroid of stirrup steel is 45 mm. Material strengths are f’c = 35 Mpa,
fy = 420 Mpa & fyt=420MPa. Design the torsional and shear reinforcement for the beam at the critical section.
C
8.0 m
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Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
Given:
Length of beam = 8.0 meter span
Beam Live Load = 13 kN/m
Slab Live Load = 2.4 kPa
d = 535 mm 8𝑚
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
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Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
0
E
C
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
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1
55
C E 0
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
56
28
Concrete
1 5
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
0
E
C
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
5
1
57
C E 0
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
58
29
Concrete
1 5
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
0
E
C
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
5
1
59
C E 0
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem 1
Given:
d = 535 mm
f’c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Fyt = 420 MPa
60
30

06 CE 015 - Shear and Torsion - v2 - Stu

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CE 015 - Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Nominal shear capacity:

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

 Members subjected to significant axial tension

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

3. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrups.

𝒊𝒇 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒇 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 Adjust the beam size

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Transverse Reinforcements (At)

• Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Transverse Reinforcements (At)

• Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 0 𝑨𝒐𝒉 = shaded area

• Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

4. Design for Torsion

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

𝑨𝒕 𝑻𝒏 𝐴 = 0.85𝐴 = 0.85(𝑥 𝑦 )  = 45° (𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 45°)

Maximum allowable spacing, s, smaller of Ph/8 or 300 mm

5. Determine the total area of closed stirrups due Vu and Tu.

6. Determine the additional longitudinal reinforcements:

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

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