MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR , AJK

Strength of Materials-I
CIV-2338

Lecture [02]

Fundamentals of Stress, Strain and Axial loadings

Dr. Babar Nasim Khan Raja

Department of Civil Engineering
 Learning Outcomes

• To calculate the internal forces due to external loads applied

to real world engineering structure
• Classify axial centric loading
• Concept of stresses
• Maximum shearing and normal stresses for inclined planes
• Nominal stress/ Engineering stress
• True stress
• Nominal strain and True strains

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 Mechanics of Materials
• Internal forces due to external loads Stresses

Internal Evaluate
Engineering External
Forces and Structural
Structures Forces
Moments Performance

Strains

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 Mechanics of Materials

• In mechanics of materials we extend this analysis to determine internal forces—that is, forces
that act on cross sections that are internal to the body itself. In addition, we must investigate the
manner in which these internal forces are distributed within the body.
• Only after these computations have been made can the design engineer select the proper
dimensions for a member and select the material from which the member should be fabricated.

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 Axial centric loading

• Axial loading- Load parallel to the longitudinal axis of the

member
• Centric loading- Line of action of the resultant forces passes
through the centroid of the member

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 Axial centric loading

Internal forces distribution

P P
Transvers cut
Angular cut

N
V
Angular cut

P
V

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 Stress distribution on Transverse plane

P P

P Normal stress, σ=
𝑃
P 𝐴

Uniformly distributed

P
P P

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Stress distribution on Transverse plane

Advanced methods of analysis show that on

cross sections close to the ends, the maximum
stress is considerably higher than the average
stress P=A. As we move away from the ends,
the stress becomes more uniform, reaching the
uniform value P=A in a relatively short distance
from the ends. In other words, the stress
distribution is approximately uniform in the
bar, except in the regions close to the ends.

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 Stresses on angular plane
• Non-transverse cut/ inclined plane

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 Stresses on angular plan
• Example

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 Maximum Shear and normal stresses

Solved in class for normal stresses using similar triangles

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 Maximum Shear and normal stresses

Solved in class for normal stresses

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 Maximum Shear and normal stresses
Summary

Maximum and minimum stresses ?

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Example 2

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 Engineering stress and True stress

Axial centric loading

L+𝛿

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Engineering stress and True stress

L+𝛿

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Engineering stress and True stress

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 Engineering stress and True stress

Worksheet:

A flat steel alloy bar has an initial thickness of 10 mm and an initial

width of 60 mm. It is subjected to a total axial load in tension of
60 kN. Determine the nominal axial stress (engineering stress) in
the bar.

Solution:
Solved on board

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 Normal strain

Axial centric loading

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 Normal strain
Axial centric loading

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 Normal strain

Worksheet:

A flat steel alloy bar has an initial length of 900 mm. When subjected to
a total axial load in tension of 60 kN, the bar elongates by 0.45 mm.
Determine the nominal axial strain (engineering strain) in the bar.

Solution:
Solved on board

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THANKS
• Absents
• 6,7,10,11,15,18,19,21,22,23,26,30,33,37,43,

Subject Name 23