GERUNDS

verb + ing
 Use of gerunds
1. As the subject or object of a sentence.

Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good.

2. After some verbs, e.g., like, love, hate, enjoy, etc.

I love reading in bed.

3. After prepositions.

I’m thinking of buying a new car.

 Write some sentences about you.

■ I like …

■ I’m very good at…

■ I’m dreaming of …

■ …. is very relaxing.
INFINITIVE
TO ______
USES
❑ To express purpose
Why did you go to the shop?
To buy some food.

❑ After an adjective
I’m really happy to see you.

❑ After the verbs: want, would like, need, agree…

We need to drink water to stay alive.
 Write some sentences about you.

■ I’d like to …

■ I’m planning to …

■ I’m studying English to…

■ I’m happy to …
 Modals of deduction
Must

99% certain. Very sure.

Can’t

99% certain. We think it’s impossible.

May, might, could

50 % certain. We think it’s possible.

What happened? Make your deductions.
What happened? Make your deductions.

• He must have robbed

a bank.

• He can’t have taken

all the money.

• The police might have

seen him.
 Past modals of deduction

STRUCTURE:
Modal verb + have + past participle

OTHER PHRASES:
• I’m almost certain…
• I’m uncertain …
• I’m sure…
 UNREAL
CONDITIONALS
SECOND CONDITIONAL

Jack wants to buy a house but he can’t do

this because he doesn’t have any money.

If I won the lottery,

I would buy a big house.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Susan wants to go to a party but she can’t
because she has homework.

If I didn’t have
homework,
I would go to the party.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

If I won a lot the lottery, I would buy a big house.

If I didn’t have homework, I would go to the party.

if-clause: main clause:

PAST TENSE SIMPLE WOULD + INFINITIVE

It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result.

The situation or condition is improbable, impossible,
imaginary, or contrary to known facts.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

Tom was late for work many times. He lost his job.

If I hadn’t been late for work,

I wouldn’t have lost my job.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she

couldn’t do that because she didn’t know his number.

If I had known his number,

I would have phoned him.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If I hadn’t been late for work, I wouldn’t have lost my job.

If I had known his number, I would have phoned him.

if-clause: main clause:

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

It expresses the a situation

which is contrary to reality in the past. Regrets.
 SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL

If I saw a car accident, I would call an ambulance.

But I don’t see an accident now. This is unlikely to happen.

If I had seen a car accident, I would have called an ambulance.

But I didn’t see an accident yesterday.

This is contrary to the fact in the past.

THE DIFFERENCE: SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL

The difference is about time.
Second conditional: refers to the present and future
Third conditional: refers to the past situations
Countable and
Uncountable
Nouns
 What are countable nouns?
Countable nouns are individual objects,
people, places, etc. which can be counted.

❑A countable noun can be both singular or plural.

- a friend, a house, etc.
- a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
Countable nouns have a plural form

Singular: a car
an egg

three
Plural: some dolls
many
 Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we
cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot
"count" them.

For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count

"bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot
count "milk" itself.
 Uncountable Nouns

• music, art, love, happiness

• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular : We use a
singular verb. For example:
• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.
You can count uncountable nouns if you use:
• A piece of… cheese
• A bowl of… soup
• A cup of… tea
• A bottle of…wine
• A carton of…milk MILK

• A bar of… chocolate

 Countable and uncountable?
Some words can be countable or uncountable with a difference in
meaning.

• Ice - cream
• Cake
• Chicken
• Time
• Hair
• Coffee
• home
Identify the following objects as countable or
uncountable.
1. Q: Information 4. Q: Money
a) countable a) countable
b) uncountable b) uncountable
2. Q: Rules 5. Q: Rice
a) countable a) countable
b) uncountable b) uncountable
3. Q: Sheep 6. Q: Bottles Of Wine
a) countable a) countable
b) uncountable b) uncountable
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
cup sugar
plate salt
fork cheese
bottle water
coin milk
box tea
litre coffee
suitcase ham
bag cake
dollar equipment
animal traffic
man talent
person music
web site land
clothes fish
desert pollution
nation food
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
PEOPLE THINGS PLACES DATES POSSESSIVE

WHO WHICH WHERE WHEN WHOSE

THAT THAT
 WHOSE=POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

• That’s the woman.

• Her house caught fire yesterday.

➢That’s the woman whose house caught fire

yesterday.
 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
They explain exactly who or what we are talking
about.

Examples:

➢The man who lives next door is my teacher.

➢The book which you lent me was interesting.

➢A bank is a place where you can keep your money.

 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE
CLAUSES

• They give extra information.

• Relative pronouns cannot be omitted.
• “That” cannot be used.
• The relative clause is put in commas.
The Jeffersons live next door. They own a parrot.

➢The Jeffersons, who own a parrot, live next door.

My cat is black. I found it on the street.

➢My cat, which I found on the street, is black.

• TRUJILLO, WHICH IS KNOWN AS THE CAPITAL OF SPRING, IS IN
THE NORTH OF PERU.
1. Reported Statements
 TENSE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
She said (that) she played tennis with her
PRESENT SIMPLE I play tennis with my friends
friends

PRESENT I am playing tennis with my She told me (that) she was playing tennis
CONTINUOUS friends with her friends

PRESENT I have played tennis with my She said (that) she had played tennis with
PERFECT friends her friends

I played tennis with my She told them (that) she had played tennis
PAST SIMPLE
friends with her friends

PAST I was playing tennis with my She said (that) she had been playing
CONTINUOUS friends tennis with her friends

I had played tennis with my She said (that) she had played tennis with
PAST PERFECT
friends her friends

I will play tennis with my She told us (that) she would play tennis
FUTURE SIMPLE
friends with her friends
Time and Place Adverb Change

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

now Then

tonight That night

this week that week

yesterday The previous day / the day before

last week The previous week / the week before

tomorrow The following day / the next day

here There
 2. Reported Questions

Are you coming What did Paul ask Jane?

to the party
tonight, Jane?.

Reported Question:
Paul asked Jane if
she was coming to the
party that night.
Types of questions:

1. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
Direct Question : "Do you play volleyball?"
Reported Question: Paul asked me if I played volleyball.

2. WH- QUESTION
IF + SUBJECT
: + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Direct Question: "When do you play badminton?"
Reported Question John asked me when I played
badminton.

WH- + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

 3. Reported Commands
Please be
careful when
What did the woman say you pass me
to the man? the box.

Reported
Command:
She told him to be
careful when he
passes her the box.
 Don’t eat too
much sweet.

What did the

dentist ask Joe?

The dentist asked Joe not to eat too much

sweet.
REPORTED COMMANDS: orders, requests,
warnings, etc.

❑ Basic verbs: TELL/ ASK

 TO + “INFINITIVE” (Affirmative)

 NOT + TO + “INFINITIVE” (Negative)

o Teacher. "Don't talk to your mate!" →

o The teacher asked me not to talk to my mate.

o Father: "Do your homework!“ →

o My father told me to do my homework.

ARTICLES
DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Singular / plural Only singular

THE A/ AN
 ARTICLES

a or the?

Let’s have a pizza. The pizzas are very good here.

We often use a the first time we mention a person or

thing and then the the next time because it is now
clear who or what we are talking about.
 ARTICLES
the
Can you close the window, please?
Can you check their address on the Internet?
It’s the best restaurant I know.

We use the
• When the speaker and hearer know the thing we are talking about:
Close the window. = the one that is open.
• When there is only one of something:
the Internet, the sun, the earth, etc.
• Before superlative adjectives:
the biggest, the best, etc.
 NO ARTICLE
Uncountable, plural and abstract nouns used in
their general sense

❑ We buy fruit at the market.

❑ Money cannot buy hapiness.

We don’t use the
➢ When we talk about people or things in general:
Men are more interested in sports than women.
(general)
The women in this class work harder than the
men. (specific)

➢ with the following:

meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc.
places: work, school, college, bed, home, etc.
by + transportation: go by car, travel by train, etc.
PASSIVE VOICE
 Cotton is produced in Peru.
Batman Begins was directed by Christopher Nolan.
Our car is being repaired today.
Andy’s bike has been stolen.
The director died when the movie was being made.
You’ll be picked up at the airport by one of our staff.
This bill has to be paid tomorrow.

1 We often use the passive when it’s not said, known, or important who does
an action.

Andy’s bike has been stolen.

(= Somebody has stolen Andy’s bike. We don’t know who.)
 THE PASSIVE : be + past participle
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
❑ PRESENT SIMPLE ❑ AM/ ARE / IS + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ PRESENT CONTINUOUS ❑ IS / ARE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ PAST SIMPLE ❑ WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ PAST CONTINUOUS ❑ WAS/ WERE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ PRESENT PERFECT ❑ HAVE/ HAS + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ PAST PERFECT ❑ HAD + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ FUTURE ❑ WILL BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
❑ MODAL VERB ❑ SHOULD/ MUST … + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Let’s practice:
Change these sentences from active to passive voice
1. She cleans her house.
2. Da Vinci painted The Monalisa
3. They will see a show.
4. The police are chasing two suspects.
5. Someone has taken these photos.
6. My dad gave me money for my birthday.