Today we're gonna learn about biomechanics of posture, part one.

Now, what is posture, definition of posture, posture can be defined as the relative arrangement of
different parts of the body with line of gravity. There are two types of posture, static and dynamic
posture, static posture, in static posture, the body and its segment are alive and maintained in
certain positions. For example, standing, kneeling, lying and sitting.

Now, what is dynamic posture, a dynamic posture refer to a posture in which the body audit
segment or movie for example, walking, running, jumping, throwing and lifting

the study of any particular posture include kinetic and kinematic analyzes of all body segments.

Now, what is base of support be us defined by an area bounded posteriorly by the tip of the hills and
anteriorly by the line joining the tip of the toes is considerably smaller than the quadruple base.

Now, center of gravity, which is sometimes referred to as the body center of mass is located within
the approximately at the level of the second sacral segment.

This is the picture which is showing line of gravity and center of gravity, how it falls in our body,
anterior view and lateral.

Now, posture control, which can be either static or dynamic defer to a person's ability to maintain
stability of the body segment in response to force that threatens to disrupt the body's structural
equilibrium.

Now, reactive responses means, compensatory responses occur as a reaction to external force that
displays the body certain of gravity

proactive response when anticipatory response occur in anticipation of internally generated

destabilizing forces such as rising ones, to catch a ball or bending forward to type one shows.

Now, these are the goals and basic alignment of postural control the major goal of postural control
in the erect position as to control the body's orientation in space, maintain the body center of
gravity over the base of support, stabilize the head with respect to the vertical so that the I guess is
approximately oriented.
Now, absence or outer input and outputs are turned on absent inputs may occur either in the
absence of the normal gravitational force in weightless conditions during space writing,

or when someone has a decreased sensation in the lower extremities. Another instance in which
input may be disturbed in following injuries,

injuries like muscles energies, the postural response to perturbation as the active or compensatory
response, in that they are involuntary reactions, this posture response are referred to as either the
synergies or strategies. Now, what is synergies and strategies? synergies are centrally organized a
pattern of muscle activity that occurred in the response to perturbation of standing posture.

Now, what is fixed support synergy flex support, synergy our pattern of the muscle activity in which
the base of support remain fixed during the perturbation and recovery of equilibrium.

In then, the ankles energy and the hips energy. The ankles energy consist of decrease first of the
muscle activity on either the anterior or posterior aspect of the body that occurred in a distal to
proximal pattern and response to forward and backward movements are the supporting platform
respectively.

Now the hip synergy consists

Don't decrease first of the muscle activity on the side of the body opposite to the ankle pattern in a
proximal to distal pattern of activation.

Fix support, hips energy may be used primarily in the situation where changes in the support
strategies. Stepping or grasping synergies are not available.

Changing the support strategies, the change in the support strategies include stepping, stepping
means forward backward or sideways and grasping using one hand to grab a bath or a fixed support
in response to moments of a platform

stepping and grasping deeper conflict support synergy because tapping grasping moves on enlarge
the body space of support, so that it remains under the body center of gravity.

Now, changing this support synergies are the only synergies that does useful in maintaining the
stability in the instance of the large four division
head stabilization strategies. Head strategies are used to maintain the head during the surge in
omen of body such as walking

to strategies for maintaining the vertical stability of the head are as follows head stabilization in
space or head stabilization on track.

This is the example of fixed support strategy

in the basis fixture and the body is move according to their motivation forward or backward, it can
move in a sideways

and according to that the law, Alhaji and CLG become change.

This is the example of thick support synergy.

Now stepping strategy

in large part division we can use stepping strategies

according to the stepping strategies, the lead line of gravity and center of gravity is change.

This is the muscles chat, which is worked in different strategies in ankle surgeries or hip strategies.

Now kinetics and kinematics of posture,

inertial and gravitational force, ground reaction forces coincident action lines and sagittal plane.

Now inertial and gravitational forces in a dead standing posture, the body undergo a constant
swaying motion called postural sway or sway envelope, the extent of sway envelope for a normal
individual standing with four inches between the feet can be as large as 12. degree in the sagittal
plane and 16 degree in the frontal plane.
inertial forces must be considered in the posture analyzes of all dynamic posture such as walking
running and jogging. gravitational forces act, downward, from the body center of gravity,

in the static extending posture the vertical projection of body center of gravity, the line of gravity
falls within the base of support.

Now ground reaction forces whenever the body contact the ground, the ground pushes back on the
body. This force is known as the ground reaction force. Ground reaction force is a compensate force
typically described as having three component, a vertical component force, two forces components
directed horizontally, one of the two horizontal forces is in the medial letter direction. there
whenever other horizontal force is in the anterior posterior direction along the ground.

The center of pressure is the theoretically point where the forces consider it

To act, all the bodies are faced that is in the contact with the ground may have forces acting over the
large portion of its surface area.

Now says I totally when the line of gravity passes directly through a joint exists, no gravitational
torque is created around the joint. If the line of gravity passes at the distance from the axis of
gravitational torque is created,

if the gravity line is located anterior to the joint axis, the torque will tend to cause anterior motion of
the proximal segment of the body supported by that joint, which is called flexion. If the gravity line
falls posterior to the joint axis, the torque will tend to cause posterior motion of the proximal
segment of the body supported by the joint which is called extension.

Now, this is the ideal posture versus poor posture in male female or inner Skeletor.

The right side

is poor posture

and the left side is

ideal posture.
Now, this is the different type of poor posture is comparison with good posture.

The middle one is a good idle posture and the right and left one is a different type of poor postures.

Optimal posture

letter view optimal alignment, the sagittal plane angle, the line of Gravity Falls slightly anterior to the
lateral malleolus and therefore anterior to the ankle joint axis. The anterior position of the line of
gravity relative to the ankle joint axis create a dorsiflexion moment the muscle activity of the plant
plantar flexion is necessary to prevent forward motion to the TBI

the soul muscle acting in the reverse action extends a posterior pole on the tibia and is able to
oppose the dorsiflexion moment

tibialis anterior tibialis posterior and petronius provide transfer stability in the field during postural
sway.

Now knee the knee joint is in full extension and the line of gravity passes anterior to the midline of
the knee and the line of gravity passes lightly posterior to the axis of the hip joint through the
greater torque enter

the posterior location of the gravitational line relative to the hip joint axis create an extension
moment at the hip that tends to rotate the pelvis posteriorly on the femoral head posterior to the
patella.

Now hip and pelvis the posterior location of the gravitation line relative to the hip joint exes

ilias who assists acting to create a balancing flexion moment at the hip

lumbosacral and sacroiliac joint in the ideal posture, the line of gravity passes through the body of
the fifth lumbar vertebra and close to the axis of the rotation of the lumbosacral joint gravity.
Therefore, create a very slight extension moment at L fy two s one that is opposed by the anterior
longitudinal ligament.
When the sacrum is in the optimal position, the line of gravity passes lightly anterior to the sacroiliac
joints. The gravitational moment that is created the sacroiliac joint tends to cause the anterior
superior position or the sacrum to rotate the anterior and inferior via the

posterior inferior portion tends to move posterior D and superiorly. The tension in the sacroiliac and
Secretary welcome ligament

contract

vertebral column when the vertebral close

During the optimal alignment, the line of gravity will pass through the midline of the trunk

ligamentous structures and passive movement tension and unable to provide enough force to
oppose all the gravitational movements acting around the joint axis of the vertebral column. So,
latissimus dorsi rotators and the neck extension muscles have to work to produce the contributing
card contraband balanced force.

Now head

the line of gravity relative to the head passes to the external auditor meters posterior to the coronal
structure and through the

odontoid process, tension in the ligament

knuckles

tectorial membrane posterior aspect of the sacrificial joint capsules and posterior fiber of the
annulus pulposus and my active

of the capital extensors.

deviations from optimal alignment.

deviation we can see in different view in lateral view, foot and toe claw toe hammer toe mallet Toe,
knee flexed knee posture hyper extended D posture

pelvis excessive anterior tilt, vertebral column lordosis and kyphosis head forward head posture

now anterior posterior view optimal alignment in an anterior view the line of gravity basis the body
into toes symmetrical halfway The head is straight with no tilting or rotation evident the eye clavicle
and the shoulder should be level. In poster view, the inferior angle of the scapula shoulder be
parallel and equidistant. From the line of gravity, the waist angle and the gluteus fold should be
equal and the anterior superior iliac spine and the posterior superior iliac spine should lie on a
parallel line with the ground as well as be equidistant from the line of gravity.

When the

alignment is optimal,

little or no muscular activity is required to maintain medial lateral stability.

anterior posterior view deviation from optimal alignment foot and dome base gave us base laners
hairless valgus knee Jen welcome January squinting or cross eyed patella crossover I patella,
vertebral column scoliosis.

This is the picture of face gave us the medial arches more curved in comparison to normal foot.

In this figure, figure a in January come knock knee the medial aspect of the knee complex is
subjected to tensile stress and the lateral aspect is subjected to compressive stress and pitcher B in
general welcome welcome bow leg the lateral aspect of the knee complex is subjected to tensile
stress and the medial aspect of the knee complex is subjected to compressive stress.

In this picture an A in squinting or cross eye patella. The superior medial pole of the patella, faces
medially and the inferior patella pole faces laterally in B in philosophia eyes patella the patella are
high and laterally situated and face upward and outward.

In typically changes in body counter uses in the scoliosis screening program. In pitcher a uneven
based angle or difference in the body space and unequal shoulder height or unequal scapular level
and pitcher we arrive during forward trunk flexion.
Now analyze yourself sitting posture the same gravitational moment as in a sitting posture must be
calm.

siddur But in addition, we must consider the accountant

force that are created when various portion of the body interference with various part of chair such
as head, back and foot rest and seats.

The location and amount of support provided to various portion of the body by chair or stool may
changes the position of the body pack and the

magnitude of the stress on body structures.

A consideration of the muscular activity entered the skullcrusher and seats, interference pressure in
the active erect setting posture will be compared to force in the relaxed, erect slumped and
slouched or sitting and to erect standing posture.

pitcher eight

in the active erect setting position, the line of gravity is close to the axis of rotation of the head, neck
and trunk and pitcher be in the relaxing exiting washer, the line of gravity still is relatively close to
those axes of rotation

in which you see this long audition, the line of gravity is relatively distance from the axis of the
rotation of the head, neck and trunk.

In this picture, the slouch to sitting posture, the line of gravity is at the distance from the axis of
rotation at the head, neck and the trunk, but the back of the chair is providing support in lieu of the
muscle support

no muscle activity.
The researchers have found that maintaining an active erect setting posture required not only a
greater number of junk muscle but also an increased level of activity in some of this muscle then in
both relaxed erect and slum posture

flexion relaxation is sudden cessation of the muscular activity during trunk flexion in either sitting or
standing posture

into discussion pressure and compressive load on the spine active electricity required co contraction
of the trunk extend slaps

erectors finally muscle and the flexor abdominal muscle which causes higher pressure in the desk
between L four and l five tenders slump setting

seat interference pressure the pressure caused by contact force between the person's body and the
seat is referred to the seat interference pressure.

every seat interference pressure is the mean of the pressure sensor value and the maximum seat
interference pressure is the highest individual sensor value.

The patient is able to delay interference pressure by leaning to the side leaning is recommended
every few minutes.

Now analyzes of lying posture in turn disco pressure intradiscal pressure and so fine line were less
than in the either line pro loan or lying on side and in all of this posture, the inter disco pressure was
less than in the sitting and standing posture lying prone with the bank extended and supported on
once elbow head. And lastly, enter discuss pressure among the line posture tested and was only
slightly less than inch slouch setting.

Surface interference pressure

in order for pressure the living surface to be effective, they should be able to reduce the interference
pressure below capillary closing pressure.

effects of each pregnancy occupation and

recreation on posher age.

interference in children, elderly, pregnancy, occupation and recreation.

Thank you