Proposed Manual of the Local Safety Guidelines & Precautions

of Construction Workers in Luisiana, Laguna

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
L. Bernardo Memorial High School
Luisiana, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the
Strand of Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM)

Shane Crisnel Lorbis

Jaybee Rondolo
Diana Mae Veluz
Nielmar Veluz
Jastin Villanueva
 The Problem and It’s Background
INTRODUCTION

Construction comes from the word ''construct,'' which means ''to build.''

Building a sandcastle, a fort out of pillows, or a house of cards are all

examples of constructing something. In terms of engineering, construction is

the activity of putting together different elements, using a detailed design and

plan, to create a structure for a certain location. When you construct large

structures, you need to have a clear plan of how you're going to do that. You

also need to know the specific location. Architects and engineers design and

build the structure with that location in mind.

We chose this issue because it focuses on ensuring that a building site

or the construction industry as a whole does not pose an immediate threat to

the general public or construction employees, as well as ensuring that the final

result meets mandated safety requirements.

There are risks and hazards in every workplace. This study combines

the majority of reports in order to ensure the safety of construction employees

and protect them from workplace health and safety issues. To manage

workplace health and safety and assist minimize injuries and sick days, it's

vital to recognize, track, and limit the risk associated with occupational

hazards.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Construction sites are an often hazardous, predominantly land-based

activity where site workers may be exposed to various risks. Site risks can

include working at height, moving machinery (vehicles, cranes, etc.) and

materials, power tools and electrical equipment, hazardous substances, plus

the effects of excessive noise, dust and vibration. The leading causes of

construction site fatalities are falls, electrocutions, crush injuries, and caught-

between injuries. This study aims to disseminate information about

construction worker safety regulation, specifically what should be done and

followed to avoid unexpected accidents on construction sites and in the

workplace.

We chose this topic because we believe that ensuring the safety and

welfare of construction workers are vital for society and we hope that this

research can help to further increase people's knowledge about its importance.

That can help to decrease the risk of injuries in construction sites, but it also

reduces the risk of work-related injuries and accidents as well.

Every workplace has risks and hazards. This research compiles most of
the reports to ensure the construction workers' safety and protect them from
workplace health and safety risks. It's critical to recognize, track, and reduce
the risk associated with occupational hazards in order to manage workplace
health and safety and help avoid injuries and sick days.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM(S)

This study was aimed to determine the effects of proposed manual of

the local safety guidelines & precautions of construction workers in Luisiana,

Laguna.

1. To determine the safety guidelines at the construction sites:

1.1 Safety Gears

1.2 First Aid

1.3 Alertness

2. To know the effects to the worker in terms:

2.1 Electrocution

2.2 Heat Stroke

2.3 Injuries

3. Is there a significant effect of the safety guidelines at construction sites

in terms of electrocution, heat stroke and injuries?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There are no significant effects of the safety guidelines at
construction sites in terms of electrocution, heat stroke and injuries.

Theoretical Framework
According to U.S DOL theory, guidance for construction employers and

workers, such as those engaged in carpentry, ironworking, plumbing,

electrical, heating/ ventilation/air conditioning/ventilation, masonry and

concrete work, utility construction work, and earthmoving activities. This theory

are also contain Local Safety Guidelines & Precautions of Construction

Workers such us: Tasks that allow employees to remain at least 6 feet apart

and involve little contact with the public, visitors, or customers. Tasks that

require workers to be within 6 feet of one another. Tasks that require workers

to be in close contact (within 6 feet) with customers, visitors, or members of

the public. Entering an indoor work site occupied by people such as other

workers, customers, or residents suspected of having or known to have

COVID-19, including when an occupant of the site reports signs and

symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Category not applicable for most

anticipated work tasks. Each Construction workers required to have a

Personal Protective Equipment

1.1 Hard hat

1.2 Safety Glasses
1.3 Safety Shoes
 Conceptual Framework

The Frame 1 and Frame 2 are depicted in Figure 1 research paradigm

of the study.

Local Safety Guidelines & Precautions of Construction

in terms of safety gears, first aid, and alertness consists

in the first frame, while the effectiveness of safety rules on construction sites in 

terms of electrocution and injuries consists in the second frame.

Local Safety Guidelines & Construction Workers Safety

Precautions of Construction
 Electrocution
 Safety Gears  Heat Stroke
- Hard hat  Injuries
- Safety Glasses
- Safety Shoes
 First Aid
- Medical Kit
 Alertness

Frame 1 Frame 2

Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of the Study

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of this study was used in providing some information about

the effects of the safety guidelines at construction sites in terms of

electrocution, heat stroke and injuries.

This study involves the following:

Construction Worker. A worker employed in manual labor of the

physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure.

Engineers. An aspect of life since the beginning of human existence.

Future Researchers. This study helped the researcher to have more

information and knowledge in keeping safe at the construction workers. This is

a good reference about the effects of safety guidelines at the construction sites

on workers.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The coverage of this study was the safety guidelines at the construction

sites on the construction workers. It was limited only of Four (4) construction

workers in Luisiana, Laguna for the year 2021.

 Tots
 Joel
 Wewyn
 Reymart
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Safety Gears. Used by workers to protect themselves from direct exposure to

blood or other potentially hazardous materials to avoid injury or diseases.

Hard hat. A rigid protective helmet, as worn by factory and building workers.

Safety Glasses. Toughened glasses or goggles for protecting the eyes when

using power tools or industrial or laboratory equipment.

Safety Shoes. A pair of safety shoes (also known as safety boots) is personal

protective equipment (PPE) for foot protection at workplaces.

First Aid. It is an emergency care given immediately to an injured person.

Medical Kit. A set of materials and tools used for giving emergency treatment to a

sick or injured person.

Alertness. (Being alert) state of being active attention by high sensory

awareness such as being watchful and prompt to meet danger or emergency,

or being quick to perceive and act.

Electrocution. The injury or killing of someone by electric shock.

Heat Stroke. The most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body

becomes unable to control its temperature: the body's temperature rises

rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down.

Injuries. Damage to the body caused by an external force. This may be

caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

The review of the literature for this study focuses on Proposed

Handouts of The Locality Guidelines and Precautions of Construction Workers

in Luisiana, Laguna. This will also include a summary of the various studies

and other material that have a significant impact on the variables studied.

Related Literature

Safety Guidelines

A stated manual that serves as a set of safety precautions for

construction employees during their work.

The major objective of this safety gear for construction workers, also

known as a reflective vest, is to preserve visibility for various operations at the

site, such as site inspections (Shah,2020).

The objective of the study was to determine the influential safety factors

that governed the success of a safety management system for construction

sites. The number of incidences among construction workers and the level of
awareness on matters concerning safety were also determined. The study

involved a self-administered three-part questionnaire among the workers and

interviews with industry experts involved in brick-laying, concreting and in

related assorted trades (Ismail, 2012).

First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical

training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to

cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of

people who are at risk for developing PTSD (Peterson,2018).

First aid is applied to injured or ill persons in any health threatening

setting in order to save life, prevent degradationof the situation, or contribute to

a treatment process before professional medical care is available. First aid

refers to assessments and interventions that can be performed by a bystander

(or by the victim) with minimal or no medical equipment (Study Mode, 2013).

Alertness is a bare minimum for the psychological demands of driving, it

can be said is that having an MWT of 40 min suggests there is demonstration

of the capacity for sufficient alertness for these activities and would support an

application for driving privileges provided there were no other contributing

factors to driving impairment. (Murray,2021).

 A place of consciousness where one is alert and ready to respond to

stimuli, versus when one is unaware or tired. About neurology, a large amount

of cortical response stems from the elicitation of the reticular activating system

(Sam M.S,2013).

Precautions of Construction Workers

These are the safety precautions for construction workers that can help

them minimize a variety of accidents that can occur over the course of their

work.

Electrocution is death or severe injury by electric shock, electric current

passing through the body. The word is derived from "electro" and "execution",

but it is also used for accidental death. The term "electrocution" was coined in

1889 in the US just before the first use of the electric chair and originally

referred only to electrical execution and not to accidental or suicidal electrical

deaths (Yang,2015).

Electrocution can cause a disruption of the balance between the active

inward and outward currents at the end of phase 1, or cause direct electrical

injury to the myocardium, resulting in spatial dispersion of repolarization and

the appearance of the Brugada ECG pattern (Phenocopy, 2018).

 Heat stroke, also known as sun stroke, is a type of severe heat

illness that results in a body temperature greater than 40.0 °C

(104.0 °F). Other symptoms include red skin, headache, dizziness,

and confusion. It occurs because of high external temperatures or physical

exertion. Some construction workers are usually exposed on a high

temperature while working (Grissom, 2016).

Heatstroke is a condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a

result of prolonged exposure to or physical exertion in high temperatures. This

most serious form of heat injury, heatstroke, can occur if your body

temperature rises to 104 F (40 C) or higher. The condition is most common in

the summer months (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018).

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by an

external force. This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and

other causes (Nlm.nih.gov,2015).

Most fatal injuries in construction result from falls from heights and

being struck by moving vehicles, while most non-fatal injuries result from falls

from heights, slips and trips, and being struck by a moving or falling object

(Atique,2012).
 Injury was founded in 1969 and is an international journal dealing with

all aspects of trauma care and accident surgery. Our primary aim is to facilitate

the exchange of ideas, techniques and information among all members of the

trauma team (Elsevier, 2022).

Related Studies

Based on the study of Smallwood et al., (2008), Construction has been

regarded as the most hazardous place in which to work with a high level of

health and safety risks. The International Labour Organization estimates that

at least 60,000 fatal accidents happen in a year on construction sites around

the world, which is one in six of all fatal work related accidents. Furthermore, it

has been acknowledged that 25–40% of fatalities in the world’s occupational

settings are contributed to by construction (ILO, 2011). Based on fatality

statistics, different countries show that the construction industry produces 30%

of fatal industrial accidents across the European Union (EU), yet it employs

only 10% of the working population. In the United States of America (USA) the

sector accounts for 20% of fatal accidents and only 5% of employment, and in

Japan construction fatalities account for 30-40% of industrial fatal accidents

(ILO, 2011). In the developing world, the risks associated with construction

work are much greater. Available data would suggest they are 3–6 times
greater (Jason, 2008). In comparison with developed countries, construction

sites in developing countries are ten times more dangerous.

Safety Guidelines is important aspect that need to be take into

consideration. According to Nevhage and Lindahl (2008) safety guidelines is

defined as the quality of safety related work, and its improvement in

organization can increase its resistance or robustness and lower risk of

accidents. Based on Sawacha, Naoum & Fong (1999) safety guidelines

can be effect by lacking controlled working environment and

complexity, diversity of size of organizations. Good safety guidelines and

high productivity are companionable and should not be separately

(Memarian, 2017). Practice of safety guidelines is important element to

improve effective management of safety organization. According to Surienty,

Hong & Hung, (2011) they had mentioned that safety guidelines are related

to the original practices, parts and purposes linked with safe, it is usually

viewed as one of the structure of the total organizational management and is

carried out by the safety management system with the assistance of

numerous safety management practices (Vinodkumar & Bhasi 2010). As

mentioned by Vinodkumar and Bhasi (2010) safety management practices

consist of management commitment, safety training, worker’s involvement,

safety communication and feedback, safety rules and procedure, safety

promotion and policy.

 According to Vinodkumar & Bhasi, (2010); Hsu, (2008), saftey

guidelines is very important to reduce number of accidents at workplace.

Moreover, it also imitates the significance of the management of safety-related

issues, reflected in the care and support given to implement safety related

program. Safety training is crucial especially to educate employees on safety

practice and compliance. It will provides prevention of accidents and controls.

(Cooper, 2000) Otherwise, safety training is also main for the successful of

OSH program. Vredenburgh (2002) defined worker’s involvement as a

behaviour based technique which involves individuals or groups in rising

communication flow and decision-making process within an organization.

Communication between co-workers and management is crucial for

involvement of employees to give any suggestion, comment on matters of

safety. Ford and Tetrick (2011) found that involving workers in the safety

management process was the key to organization’s safety performance

because such involvement empowered the workers psychologically via

their participation in safety committees.

Synthesis

This Study focuses on ensuring that a construction site or the

construction industry as a whole does not constitute an immediate threat to the

general public or construction workers. Although there has been significant

progress in construction safety, the industry still lags behind most other

industries in terms of safety. In poor countries, safety regulations are often

absent, or if they are, the regulating body is often ineffective. Despite

significant progress in construction safety, the industry continues to lag behind

most other industries in terms of safety. Safety rules are typically absent in

underdeveloped countries, and if they do exist, the regulatory authority is

usually incapable of successfully enforcing them.

 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter will explain the method adopted by this research. This

chapter presents the discussion on the research methodology of the study, the

subjects, sampling technique, research instruments, procedure of data

gathering, and statistical treatment that will be used for accurate data analysis

and interpretataion.

Research Design

This study will employed descriptive method of research in determining

the effectiveness of Proposed Manual of the Local Safety Guidelines &

Precautions of Construction Workers in Luisiana, Laguna. It used quantitative

approach and checklist form of questionnaire in order to gather data and

information. Descriptive research was used in describing and depicting the

characteristics of a certain group or or phenomena. The researchers used this

research design because the research described and explicated the

effectiveness of our study to the selected construction workers.

Respondent of the Study

This study will be employed to the Four (4) selected construction

workers in Luisiana, Laguna. As the study will pursue an interview schedule

type of survey to the four (4) construction workers as mentioned. Also, the

responders must possess the characteristics that the researchers needed in

order to be qualified as respondents of the study, they was the construction

worker, as indicated. We selected four professional construction workers who

can provide relevant information for our research study.

Sampling Technique

Purposive random sampling will be utilized in this research. This

sampling technique entailed the process of selecting a sample or data sources

based on the researchers' judgments. It was chosen because it allowed the

researchers to choose respondents who fitted the characteristics needed in

the study, which were four (4) construction workers from Luisiana, Laguna.

Also, this purposive random sampling ensured the credibility and reliability of

the answer and data from the respondents.

Research Instrument
 The researcher will used survey questionnaire in form of checklist. This

instruments was utilized for gathering information and data will be used in the

study. The primary aim of the survey questionnaire was to identify the

knowledge of the respondents as well as the opinion and level of their

satisfaction.

Survey questionnaire was used because it gather the information that is

beneficial to a group of individuals. The survey questionnaire uses statistical

analysis to collect data, and the result of it will be used in the development of

an individual. As for this research, there are group of five (5) researchers who

gathered data from four (4) respondents.

Research Procedure

To gather data, the researcher initially selected four (4) construction

workers and obtained their permission to be the study's respondents. The

researchers then went into detail about the study and why it was important to

conduct it. The researchers also explained their rights as survey respondents

to them. After that, the researchers distributed the questionnaires in the form

of checklist and had the respondents answer the questions that provided the

answer and information needed in the study.

Validation of Questionnaire

The researchers will utilize a number of techniques to guarantee that

the data collection instruments, such as the questionnaire, are valid, clear, and

understandable. The researchers created a questionnare in the form of a

checklist, which was reviewed by the research adviser and the assigned

grammarian to ensure that each question was valid. The research advisers

then identified the questions that needed to be revised, ensuring that the

questionnaires were error-free before being distributed to respondents.

Statistical Treatment