International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST)

SAFETY ASSESSMENT IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

USING JSA
G. Manoj kumar#1, K. Visagavel#2, P.M. Shanmugavadivu#3, S. Kamalakannan#4

#1 PG Scholar, Department of Industrial Safety Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology,

Tamil Nadu, India.
#2 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India.
#3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu,
India.
#4 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology,
Tamil Nadu, India.
#1manojkumar.guruvas@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: 1. INTRODUCTION

The construction industry is a nowadays, a 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

backbone of nation especially in developing
The purpose of this study is to analyse and
countries. One of the most hazardous industry in
determine why accidents and injuries are occurring
the world is a construction industry as it is
and increasing within the construction sites.
accounting for a high percentage of work related
Among the various activities in construction site,
injuries and fatalities. Many countries have
the major accidents causing activities are chosen.
established the safety programs. In developing
Conducting job safety analysis within the selected
countries, where safety and health program are still
activities in the site area, this study will analyse
at their infancy or lack of proper implementation
various job, tasks, and activities in relation to job
and the situation is more critical. This paper aims at
safety, while considering the hazards and the risks
assessing to identify the health hazards, risks and
involved in the activities. Furthermore, this study
causes of poor safety practices in high rise
intends to determine the need for are commended
buildings. Mostly reported acute health hazards are
actions for each hazard, as well as framing the safe
“fall from height” and “electrocution”, while
operating procedure.
mostly reported chronic health hazard is “exposure
to hazardous substances”. Lack of awareness about 1.2 NEED FOR JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
site safety and dislikes to wear PPE’s were
The department of Environment, Health and Safety
identified as main cause of poor safety practices in
(EHS) at the construction site is experiencing an
construction sites. And this paper aims to give a
increase of accidents in its construction activities.
complete study of all hazards in the sites and their
These accidents are affecting productivity,
corrective measures.
endangering staff, and increasing costs. Many
Keywords—High rise buildings, Safety workers are injured and killed at the workplace due
assessment, Job safety analysis… to various construction related activities. One of the
best ways to determine and establish proper work
procedure is to conduct a job safety analysis. This

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current study will investigate
component of major accident causing duties, tasks,
and behaviours and identify the hazards associated
with the activity, finally suggesting
recommended action necessary for the preparations
of the operating procedure. Key to this analysis is
the understanding of how employees can perform
optimally while being aware of proper safety
measures in order to reduce accidents and injuries.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objectives of this project are:
the critical it remains one of the most dirty, difficult and
dangerous with poor working conditions.According
to the international labour organization, it accounts
the for30-40% of the world’s fatal injuries. The paper
analysed, described and systemized the principal
groups of construction safety risks; Described the
interdependencies among safety risks, affecting by
spatial, technological and time parameters of the
building process, as well as by the site conditions.
[2]
2.3 Vicki Kaskutas and Ann Marie Dale, et al,
(2003) “Fallprevention and safety

 To investigate the factors affecting the communication training for foreman: report of

safety in construction industries a pilot project designed to improve residential

 To identify the health hazards and risks in construction safety”.Falls from heights account

the sites for 64% of residential construction worker fatalities

 To analyze the hazard assessment and 20% of missed work days. We hypothesized
that worker safety would improve with
 To prepare a safety precautions
forementraining in fall prevention and safety
 To provide a proper suggestion of safety
communication.Results from worksite
measures to the industries
observational audits (n=29) and
2. LITERATURE SURVEY foremen/crewmember surveys (n=97) administered
before and after training were compared. We
2.1 Marion Gillen and Davis Baltz, et al, (2002),
observed increased compliance with fall
published a paper on the title “perceived safety
protections and decreased unsafe behaviours during
climate, job demands, and co-worker support
worksite audits. [3]
among union and non-union injured
construction workers”. The authors carried out 2.4 S.Chockalingam and T.Sornakumar, et al,
the study which aimed to evaluate injured (2011) “An Effective Total Construction Safety
constructions workers. Injured severity was Management in India”.Construction safety
assessed using the Health Assessment management has always been a big issue in India.
Questionnaire (HAQ). Worker perceptions of Construction safety is influenced by perception of
workplace variables were determined by two risk, management, safety rules and procedures of
instruments: a) safety climate measures for the workers. A measure of safety management
construction sites and b) the job content could be used to identify those areas of safety that
questionnaire (JCQ). [1] need more attention and improvements. The
dynamic nature of safety management, which has
2.2 Maria kozlovska and ZuzanaStrukova, et al,
the ability to change on daily basis, means there is
(2002). Published a paper on the title “overview of
a great need for reliable tools that can measure
safety Risk perception in construction”.
safety climate.[4]
Construction industry is a generally risky business;

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2.5 OphirRozenfeld and Rafael Sacks, et al,  Potential accident due to

(2012) “construction job safety Analysis in careless/unauthorized driving
support of Lean Project Management”. A
 Unavailability of clear approach to the
method specialized for construction has been
backfilling
developed, called “Construction job safety
Analysis” (CJSA). The method was applied to  Fall of concrete slurry
explore 14 primary construction activities. A
 Collapsing of temporary structures
survey was conducted through some 100 interviews
with site managers and safety experts to reveal the  Toppling of machines
likelihood of loss of control events that may be lead
 Sliding of sides in excavation
to accidents. [5]
 Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen in
2.6 M.O. Agwu, et al, (2012) “Impact of job
excavation
Hazard Analysis on organisational performance
in shell Bonny Terminal Integrated Project”. It  Overloading at one particular edge on the
defines job hazard analysis as a process of near excavation
identifying potential hazards in construction
 Inhalation of dust
activities and assessing its potential effects on
people, assets and the environment while executing  Inhalation of toxic materials
construction jobs. Safety performance as well as on
 Electrocution
company performance: enhancement of
productivity, profitability and loss control through  Fire hazards
reduction of accident/Incident rate. The paper
 Fall of material while shifting crane
posits that: technology through better identification,
assessment and control of job related hazards, there  Mishandling of cutting and drilling
will be an improvement in management/employees machines
obedience to safety rules and regulations.[6]
 Hand and eye get irritated/injured while
3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION anchoring

The visual inspection has been carried out in the  Improper storage
construction site. The major problem of site
4. METHODOLOGY
hazards listed below:
The systematic method is applied in a field of
 Materials fall from height
study. Its includes accident analysis, selection of
 Workers fall from height job activities, hazard identification and finally
suggesting corrective action and frame the
 Fear of height
operating procedures.
 Unsafe surroundings or environment
Steps involved in process of methodology
 Fall of scaffolding material

 Accident involving machinery

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accident analysis of the cinstructuion

site 4.2 TYPE OF ACTIVITY INVOLVED
identofy the major accident involving activities The below activities are involved in which the
major accidents are occurred in high rise buildings.

type of activity The following table shows that the number of

nature of injury
involved accidents happened in each activities for the last
one year in my visited sites. And these data
selection of activities gatheredfrom oral discussion with labours.
Table 4.2.1 Number of Accidents by Jobwise
selection individual
activity JOB SELECTION NO. OF
ACCIDENTS
breakdown into steps of
each activity SCAFFOLDING 12
MASONRY WORK 6
hazard identification
PLASTERING 6

checklist preparation
Fig 4.2.1 Accident Analysis by Jobwise
checklist effectiveness
NO. OF ACCIDENTS
control measures
6 SCAFFOLDING

operating procedures
12
MASONRY
WORK

PLASTERING

6
SELECTION OF ACTIVITY

Flow chart 4.1.1 Methodology Process In this paper, the following activity jobs are
selected for providing control measures of the

4.1MAJOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING identified hazards using JSA methodology.

ACTIVITIES
 SCAFFOLDING
The major accidents are identify by the past three
 EXCAVATION
year accident analysis which is given below. Based
 BACKFILLING
on major accident consideration, the job safety
 FORMWORK
analysis is done.
 REINFORCEMENT
NATURE OF INJURY
The following table illustrate the nature of
accidents occurred in high rise buildings site. 4.3 CHECKLIST PREPARATION
A Checklist is a type of informational job aid used
to reduce failure by compensating for potential
Fig 4.1.1 Accident Analysis by Nature of Injury

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limits of human memory and attention. A basic Medical Services

6 and First Aid: Is 1926.50
example is the “to do list”.
the facility for the (c)
Checklist for the Construction sites treatment of injured
employees located
Table 4.3.1 GENERAL SAFETY AND
within three minutes
HEALTH PROVISIONS of the jobsite?
Are telephone
OSHA 7 numbers of 1926.50
Sl. SAFETY CHECKS STAND YES NO physicians, (f)
No -ARD hospitals, or
Safety and ambulances
1 Training 1926.21 conspicuously
Education: All the (b)(2) posted?
employee are Sanitation: Are
instructed in the 8 drinking water and 1926.51
recognition and adequate toilet
avoidance of unsafe facilities available at
conditions? the jobsite?
Are employees, who Occupational Noise
2 are required to 1926.21 9 Exposure: Are the 1926.52
handle or use (b)(3) employees is
poisons, caustics, exposed are affected
and other harmful by noise exposure?
substances Gases, Vapors,
instructed in their Fumes, Dusts and
safe handling and 10 Mists: Does the 1926.55
use? employer assure that (a)
Are employees, who no employees
3 are required to enter 1926.21 exposed to
confined spaces and (b)(6) inhalation,
in the use of ingestion, skin
protective and absorption, or
emergency contact with any
equipment? substance?
Housekeeping: Is Illumination: Are
4 all the debris kept 1926.25 employees provided 1926.56
cleared from work (a) 11 with light not less (a)
areas, passageways, than the minimum
and stairs? illumination?
Personal protective Are containers of
5 equipment: Are 1926.28 hazardous 1910.12
employees required (a) 12 chemicals, labeled, 00(f)(1)
to wear appropriate tagged, or marked?
personal protective Ventilation: Does
equipment? the employer ensure
13 that concentration of 1926.57
hazardous (a)
Table 4.3.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND substances such as
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS dusts, fumes, mists,
vapors, or gases?
OSHA Hazard
Sl. SAFEY CHECKS STAND YES NO Communication: 1910.12
No -ARD 14 Does the employer 00(e)(1)
have any hazardous
material?

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Does the employer railings and mid rail

15 have an SDS for 1910.12
should be
each hazardous 00(g)(1)
chemical on site? appropriate.
Are the employees
16 trained in hazards of 1920.12 Avoid working in
chemical in their 00(h) rain and heavy wind.
work area?

5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Placement Scaffolding Check for quality of

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS: of the may collapse. scaffold and ensure
A systematic method of identifying potential scaffolding bracing in the each
Electrocution.
hazards and control measures to safely perform a stage.
specific task.
Erect on hard soil/
5.1 JSA-SCAFFOLDING
firm ground.

A temporary platform either supported from below

Lock/ anchor the
or suspended from above, on which workers sit or
structure with
stand when performing tasks at heights above the
permanent structure/
ground. A platform or frame work for raising
column in the
workers and materials during the erection, repair,
building.
or maintenance of a building.
Check for any
Table 5.1.1 JSA for Scaffolding insulated electrical
wires touches the
CRITICAL POTENTIAL CONTROL
scaffolding.
STEPS IN HAZARDS MEASURES
THIS JOB Dismantlin Fall off People working in
Erection of Man and Wear safety helmet, g the scaffold nearby area should
scaffolding material may belt and anchor the scaffold material use proper PPE.
for safe fall from same with lifeline. while
The area were
working at height. dismantling.
Use fall arrest dismantling takes
height,
Fear of system. place should be
with cross
height. barricaded and
bracing, Ensure safety net is
appropriate
planks, Unsafe installed.
communication in
holding surroundings
Toe board should be nearby areas to be
pins, split or
provided. made.
pin etc. environment.
Ensure proper access Dismantling should
and platforms to all be done by competent
working levels. work men.

The gap between Use of Falling Carry tools in a bagor

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tools of tie the tools with 5.2 JSA-EXCAVATION

and objects rope.
Any Man-Made cut, depression/digging made
tackles i.e. tools,
Use rope and pulley on earth by removing its earth surface for basement
. bracing
for lifting the to construct any building.
and other
material.
material. Table 5.2.1 JSA for Excavation
Check that rope
knot is properly CRITICAL POTENTIAL CONTROL

tied. STEPS IN HAZARDS MEASURES

THIS JOB
Check all the
Operation Toppling of Ensuring licensed
locking pins split
of the machine/ operator, fitness
pin etc.
mechanical tipper-injury/ certificate of the
Tie up of Man and Fix wooden excavators. death. machine/ tippers, and
working material may planks/ landing proper path way.
platforms/ fall and lead mats properly
Manual Injury. Ensure proper PPE.
wooden to injury to with the
excavation.
planks/ workers. scaffolding.
landing Slide slope. Sliding of Ensuring proper
mats. slides may slopes/shoring based
cause on the type of soils/as
Up and While Allow person up and
injury/death. per the approved
down moving up down in stage with
slope.
movement and down, safety belts and
of workers persons may helmets. Barricade Person/machi Proper barricading to
working. slip and fall of ne may fall be done at a distance
The safety belt to
or may hit excavated cause of 1 meter.
anchoredto lifeline.
against area. injury/death.
fixture. Fall arrestor be
Bailing out Sliding/cavity Ensure for safe
provided.
Material may water. of working distance
fall. Ladders to be used earth/electroc from the edges /
for climbing. ution. shoring and elevated

Put safety net below cables for the pumps.

the work place.

Proper training to the 5.3 JSA-FORMWORK

specified workers.
The term given to either temporary or permanent
moulds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the
false-work supports the shuttering moulds.

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Table 5.3.1 JSA for Formwork backfilling machinery/hu points and measure
location as man loss with signage in
CRITICAL POTENTIAL CONTROL
STEPS IN HAZARDS MEASURES per the place indicating
THIS JOB traffic vehicular
Shuttering Material may Ensured that the
material fall while material is tied with management movement.
shifting shifting belt and signal man for no
through through is available.
crane. crane. human
Stacking of Person may Material should be interface en
materials/ fall if stacked stocked 1 meter
route to the
handling of on the path away from the path
materials. way. way. filling area.
Life line If the life line Life line ropes to be
Transportati Potential Drivers with valid
rope at are not provided in two
periphery of provided to levels at 0.5m and on of the accident due license and
building. strong 1m respectively.
soil to careless / knowledge about the
member, then
it can lead to unauthorized work have to be
disasters.
driving. employed. Nature of
Wearing full Workers may Full body harness to
body fall from be hooked properly backfilling location
harness, height and and PPE’s should be
needs to brief to the
helmet, cause injury. weared so will avoid
shoes. accidents. Drivers.
Handling of May cause Only skilled
Unavailabilit Traffic management
cutting injury if it is operators to operate
machines by operated by the machine. y of clear to be briefed to the
operators. unauthorized
approach to drivers and
All cutting persons.
machine the back confirmations on
should have
filling sufficiency of
protection
guards. location may approach needs
Stacking of May fall Runner plywood
lead to To be ensured.
runners and down if it should be stacked
plywood. stacked for for an height of 1m. potential
more height.
accidents.
Cleaning of May cause On daily basis wood
cutting yard. fire if it is not saw should be Absence of Drivers to have clear
cleaned. cleaned.
supervision rear view of the
5.4 JSA-BACKFILLING
during location of dump to
Backfilling is the re-filling the excavation or trench dumping of avoid any potential
withearth after the tiles have been laid. It is also the soil in the accident.
material used forrefilling. backfilling
location.
Table 5.4.1JSA for Back-filling

CRITICAL POTENTIAL SAFETY

STEPS IN HAZARDS CONTROLS
THIS JOB
Barricading Accident Safety plan in place
of the involving to ensure control

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Dozing of Absence of Sufficient working toppling of the the height of 1

soil in the working space to be planned steel roads. meter,1.5mts
backfilling space for the prior to gap should be
location earth mover transportation of soil maintained in
may lead to to the dumping spot. between the
potential Sufficient bundles
accident supervision with Loading and Possibility of Necessary PPEs
involving alerting device must unloading getting hurt should be used
vehicle be present for cutting Smallest particles PPE’s to be
upturn in the raising an alarm can fly into the taken; goggles
backfilling during a probable eyes, leading to and guards for
location case of accident eye damages. machine are
forecast. checked before.
Compaction Mishandling Authorized operator
of soil in the of the roller with valid license
6. CONCLUSION
backfilling might lead to has to be ensured for
area using equipment the machine To improve construction safety, the organization
roller. damage operations. have started to seek effective job safety analysis
human injury. system and procedures. The job safety analysis
offers a good frame work for construction related
5.5 JSA-REINFORCEMENT activities. However, construction activities in these
construction sites are found not vigorously seeking
The reinforced concrete is a composite material in
the certification programs. The study has analysed
which concretes relatively low tensile strength and
the frequent accidents in the construction site and
ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of
examined the current status in the constructions
reinforcement having higher tensile strength and/or
site. Based on the accident categorization, the
ductility. Reinforcing schemes are generally
following activities are considered and performed
designed to resist tensile stresses in particular
job safety analyses. Excavation, scaffolding,
regions of the concrete that might cause
formwork, backfilling, concrete work, tiles &
unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure.
granite fixing, reinforcement, block work, painting
Reinforced concrete may also be permanently
and anchoring. Based on the JSA report, various
stressed (in compression), so as to improve the
hazards and risks involved in each specific tasks
behaviour of the final structure under working
are explored of the individual major accident
loads.
causing activities. OHS measures of construction
Table 5.5.1JSA for Reinforcement sites are given by framing the control measures for
the individual activities. Checklist analyses were
CRITICAL POTENTIAL SAFETY
conducted in order to identify the various hazards
STEPS IN HAZARDS CONTROLS
in the construction site. It has been found that
THIS JOB
construction companies have not satisfactorily
Stacking Possibility of Stock only upto
operating procedures. This reflected from a large

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number of recorded accidents in the past three

years. And finally prepared a JSA for the purpose
of, to reduce the hazards in the construction sites.

REFERENCES

1. Marion Gillen and Davis Baltz, (2002)

“perceived safety climate, job demands,
and co-worker support among union and
non-union injured construction workers”
2. Maria kozlovska and ZuzanaStrukova,
(2002) “overview of safety Risk
perception in construction”.
3. Vicki Kaskutas and Ann Marie Dale,
(2003) “Fall prevention and safety
communication training for foreman:
report of a pilot project designed to
improve residential construction safety”.
4. S.Chockalingam and T.Sornakumar,
(2011) “An Effective Total Construction
Safety Management in India”.
5. OphirRozenfeld and Rafael Sacks, (2012)
“construction job safety Analysis in
support of Lean Project Management”.
6. M.O. Agwu, (2012) “Impact of job Hazard
Analysis on organisational performance in
shell Bonny Terminal Integrated Project”.

www.delhimetrorail.com; 16 January 2004.

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