Defence Research and Development Organisation

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Defence Research and Development Organisation

Sanskrit: बलस्य मल
ू ं विज्ञानम ्

"Strength's Origin is in Science"[1]

Agency overview

Formed 1958

Headquarters DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi

Employees 30,000 (7200 scientists aprox and 12000 technical officer

and assistants)

103 billion(US$1.7 billion)(2011-12)[2]
Annual budget

Minister Arun Jaitley, Defence Minister of India

responsible

Agency executive Avinash Chander, Director General, DRDO, Scientific

Adviser (SA) to Defence Minister and Secretary,

Department of Defence R&D

 Website www.drdo.gov.in

DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, The Headquarters of DRDO

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is anagency of the Republic of India,

responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was
formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical
Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. It is under the administrative control of
theMinistry of Defence, Government of India.
With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various
fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and
naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organisation. The organization includes
around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS) [3] and about
25,000 other scientific, technical and supporting personnel.

Contents
  [hide] 

 1 History
 2 Projects
o 2.1 Aeronautics
 2.1.1 Avionics
 2.1.2 Other Hindustan Aeronautics programs
 2.1.3 Unmanned aerial vehicles
 2.1.4 Indigenization efforts
o 2.2 Armaments
 2.2.1 Small arms
 2.2.2 Explosives
 2.2.2.1 Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)
 2.2.2.2 Explosive Detection Kit (EDK)
 2.2.2.3 Indian CL-20 explosive
 2.2.3 Artillery systems and ammunition
 2.2.4 Tank armament
o 2.3 Electronics and computer sciences
 2.3.1 Electronic warfare
 2.3.1.1 EW systems for the Army
 2.3.1.2 EW systems for the Air Force
 2.3.2 Radars
 2.3.3 Command and control software and decision-making tools
 2.3.4 Computing technologies
  2.3.5 Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)
o 2.4 Combat vehicles & engineering
 2.4.1 Tanks and armoured vehicles
 2.4.2 Modification of BMP-2 series
 2.4.3 Other engineering vehicles
 2.4.4 In development
o 2.5 Naval research and development
 2.5.1 Sonars
 2.5.2 Torpedoes
 2.5.2.1 Under development
 2.5.3 Other projects
 2.5.3.1 Information command and control systems
 2.5.3.2 Mines and targets
 2.5.3.3 In development
o 2.6 Missile systems
 2.6.1 Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)
 2.6.1.1 Prithvi ballistic missiles
 2.6.1.2 Agni ballistic missiles
 2.6.1.3 Akash SAM
 2.6.1.4 Trishul SAM
 2.6.1.5 Nag anti-tank missile
 2.6.2 Brahmos missile
 2.6.3 Shaurya
 2.6.4 Sagarika
 2.6.5 Sudarshan
 2.6.6 Prahaar Missile
o 2.7 Plans
 2.7.1 Long-range SAM
 2.7.2 Astra BVRAAM
 2.7.3 Anti-Ballistic Missile Defence Project
 2.7.4 GATET engine
 2.7.5 Anti-satellite weapon
 2.7.6 Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat)
 3 See also
 4 References
 5 External links
o 5.1 Videos

History[edit]

105mm light field gun prototype being shown by Gen Jetley to then Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram.
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established in 1958 by amalgamating the
Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department
of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO and its 50
laboratories/establishments. Most of the time the Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as
if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army
and the Air Force themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the
designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a MiG
21 from the world market, they wanted a MiG 21 from DRDO.[4] DRDO started its first major project in surface-
to-air missiles (SAM) known as Project Indigo in 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without
achieving full success. Project Indigo led toProject Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range
SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of
Defence program between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of
missiles, including the Agni missile, Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash missile, Trishul missile and Nag Missile. In
2010,then defence minister A.K. Antony ordered the restructing of the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) to give 'a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective
participation of the private sector in defence technology'. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its
functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its
chairman.[5][6] The programs which were largely managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many
of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. [7] DRDO has
achieved many successes since its establishment in developing other major systems and critical technologies
such as aircraft avionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles,
sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

Projects[edit]

Aeronautics[edit]

 The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft. The LCA is
intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role
fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The LCA program has
allowed DRDO to progress substantially in the fields of avionics, flight control
systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures, along with aircraft
design and development.[8]

 The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI program under the
"Vetrivel" program. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning
receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers,
manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s.

 The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programs for its MiG-
27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the
manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been
responsible for the system design and integration of these upgrades, which
combine indigenously developed systems along with imported ones. DRDO
contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest
jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation
and displays.
  Avatar (spacecraft)
Avionics[edit]
The DRDO's avionics program has been a success story with its mission computers, radar warning receivers,
high accuracy direction finding pods, airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety
of Indian Air Force aircraft. The organization began developing these various items for its upgrades, and for the
LCA project. Variants were then developed for other aircraft. The lead designer in several of these efforts has
been DARE, or the Defence Avionics Research Establishment, DRDO's designated mission avionics
laboratory. Other laboratories have also chipped in, from the radar specialist LRDE, to electronic warfare
focused DEAL to the ADE, which develops UAVs and flight control systems.

LCA uses DRDO-developed avionics

The DRDO is also co-developing more advanced avionics for the Light Combat Aircraft and the IAF's combat
fleet. These include a range of powerful Open Architecture computers, better defensive avionics including
modern RWR's, self-protection jammers, missile approach warning systems and integrated defensive suites,
optronics systems (such as infrared search and track systems) and navigational systems such as Ring Laser
Gyro based Inertial navigational systems. Other items under development include digital map generators,
helmet mounted displays and smart multifunctional displays.

Other Hindustan Aeronautics programs[edit]

Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programs.
These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s
in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA program. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air
Force with indigenization of spares and equipment. These include both mandatory as well as other items.

Unmanned aerial vehicles[edit]

A scaled down model of the Rustom-1 MALE UAV

The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles- the Nishant (Midnight) tactical UAV and
the Lakshya (Target) Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).[9] The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services
for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with an improved all
digital flight control system, and a better turbojet engine. [10] The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short-
ranged UAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian Navy and the Indian
Paramilitary forces as well.
The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAVs. These draw upon the
experience gained via the Nishant program, and will be substantially more capable. Referred to by the HALE
(High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations.The MALE UAV
has been tentatively named the Rustom,[11] and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including
optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability.
The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight.
Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and
weaponizing UAVs.

 DRDO Abhyas
 DRDO AURA
 DRDO Fluffy
 DRDO Imperial Eagle
 DRDO Kapothaka
 DRDO Lakshya
 DRDO Netra
 DRDO Nishant
 Pawan UAV
 DRDO Rustom
 DRDO Ulka
Indigenization efforts[edit]
DRDO has been responsible for the indigenization of key defence stores and equipment. [12] DRDO has
assisted Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd and the IAF with the indigenization of spares and assemblies for several
aircraft. DRDO laboratories have worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and
even ISRO over projects required for the Indian Air Force and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure is also
utilized by other research organizations in India.

Armaments[edit]
DRDO often cooperates with the state owned Ordnance Factories Board for producing its items. These have
led to issues of marginal quality control for some items, and time consuming rectification. Whilst these are
common to the introduction of most new weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the
requisite schedule and quality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of modernisation.
Criticism directed at the OFB is invariably used for the DRDO, since the users often make little distinction
between the developer and the manufacturer. [citation needed] OFB has got more access to funding in recent times,
and this is believed to have helped the organization meet modern day requirements.
Even so, India's state owned military apparatus provides the bulk of its ammunition. The DRDO has played a
vital role in the development of this ability since the role of private organizations in the development of small
arms and similar items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been adopted
by the Indian Army as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service. There have been issues with rifle
quality in usage under extreme conditions in the heat, with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with
higher grade material and strengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner. [13] In
the meantime, the rifle has found favour throughout the army and has been ordered in number by other
paramilitary units and police forces.[14][15]
In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with more state funding coming
its way, to the tune of US$400 million invested during 2002-07.[16] The organization hopes that this will allow it
to modernise its infrastructure; it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 and
reverse engineered versions of the Denel 14/20 mm anti-material rifles.[17]
In the meantime, the DRDO has also forged partnerships with several private sector industrial partners, which
have allowed it to leverage their strengths. Successful examples of this include the Pinaka MBRL, which has
been assisted significantly by two private developers, Larsen and Toubro Ltd. as well as TATA, apart from
several other small scale industrial manufacturers.
The DRDO's various projects are as follows:

Small arms[edit]
Insas Assault Rifle

 The INSAS weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian
Army and paramilitary units.[18] Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced
in 1998.[19] It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the Royal
Army of Oman.

 In 2010, DRDO completed the development of Oleo-resin plastic hand

grenades (partly derived from the potent Bhut Jholokia chilli found in north-
east India), as a less lethal way to control rioters, better tear gas shells and
short-range laser dazzlers.[20]
Explosives[edit]
Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)[edit]
A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and perfected for field detection of
traces of explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction, based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It
is used for identification of all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used
by Police and BSF for the detection of explosives.

Explosive Detection Kit (EDK)[edit]

In what has been termed a "reverse technology transfer",[21] the Explosive Detection Kit widely used in India by
bomb detection squads and the armed forces since 2002, would be manufactured and sold in the US. The kit
uses reagents to detect various chemicals present in explosives. [22]

Indian CL-20 explosive[edit]

A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard explosives of the armed
forces such as RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and Amorphous Boron. Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy Materials
Research Laboratory (HEMRL) have already synthesised an adequate quantity of CL-20, the new explosive, in
their laboratory.
The powerful explosive can substantially reduce the weight and size of the warhead while packing much more
punch. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in HEMRL using inverse
technology. CL-20, so named after the China Lake facility of the Naval Air Weapons Station in California, US,
was first synthesised by Dr Arnold Nielson in 1987.
CL-20 or Octa-Nitro-Cubane is a Nitramine class of explosive 15 times as powerful as HMX. HMX itself is more
than four times as potent as RDX.
CL-20-based Shaped Charges significantly improve the penetration of armor and could potentially be used in
the bomb for the 120-mm main gun mounted on the MBT Arjun tanks. The CL-20, due to its reduced sensitivity
enables easy handling and transportation and reduces the chances of mishap and loss to men, money,
materials and machines.[23]

Artillery systems and ammunition[edit]

 Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher: This system has seen significant
success. This system saw the DRDO cooperate extensively with the privately
owned industrial sector in India.[24]
  A new long-range tactical rocket system, not yet publicly named. The DRDO
has commenced a project to field a long-range tactical strike system, moving
on from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop a long-range
system able to strike at a range of 100–120 km, with each rocket in the
system, having a payload of up to 250 kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a
maximum speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40 km, before
hitting its target at 1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a guidance system
on the rockets whilst keeping cost constraints in mind. The DRDO has
acquired the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and its
technology, for use with the Pinaka, and a further development of the system
could presumably be used with the new MBRL as well.[25]

 DRDO's ARDE developed 81 mm and the,[26] 120 mm illuminating

bombs[27] and 105 mm illuminating shells[28] for theIndian Army's infantry and
Artillery.

 A 51 mm Lightweight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man
portable weapon, the 51 mm mortar achieves double the range of 2-inch
(51 mm) mortar without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre-
fragmentation technology to achieve vastly improved lethality vis a vis a
conventional bomb. Besides HE, a family of ammunition consisting of smoke,
illuminating and practice bombs has also been developed.[29] The weapon
system is under production at Ordnance Factories. [30]

 Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with
artillery shells for "air bursts" against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft
and anti-missile roles as well.[29]

 Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81 mm mortar
used by the infantry, a mortar training device for the 120 mm mortar used by
the artillery, and a 0.50-inch (13 mm) subcalibre training device for
105 mmVijayanta tank gun.[29]

 The Indian Field Gun, a 105 mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army
and is in production.[31] This was a significant challenge for the OFB, and
various issues were faced with its manufacture including reliability issues and
metallurgical problems. These were rectified over time.

 Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short-range anti-

submarine rockets (with HE and practice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine
which can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDO also
designed short- and medium-range ECM rockets which deploy chaff to decoy
away anti-ship homing missiles. In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in
(76.2 mm) PFHE shell, prefragmented and with a proximity fuse,[32] for use
against anti-ship missiles and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are
in production.[29][33]

 For the Indian Air Force, DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze
systems for the 450 kg bomb used by strike aircraft, 68 mm "Arrow" rockets
(HE, Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air to ground and even air to
air (if need be), a 450 kg high speed low drag (HSLD) bomb and practice
bombs (which mimic different projectiles with the addition of suitable drag
plates) and escape aid cartridges for Air Force aircraft. All these items are in
production.[29][33]
Tank armament[edit]
DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank's 120 mm rifled main
gun and is presently engaged in the development of the armament for the Future IFV, the "Abhay". The DRDO
is also a member of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO
also upgraded the Vijayanta medium tank with new fire control computers.

Electronics and computer sciences[edit]

Electronic warfare[edit]
EW systems for the Army[edit]

 It is India's largest electronic warfare system. It is a land based EW project,

consisting of 145 vehicles. The Samyukta consists of ESM and ECM stations
for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. The Indian Army
has ordered its Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and
development stage, along with the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is
substantial - it comprises COMINT and ELINT stations which can monitor and
jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In
contrast to other such systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can
perform the most critical battlefield EW tasks in both COM and Non-COM
roles. The system will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and
capability in the Army. Its individual modules can also be operated
independently.[34] A follow on system known as Sauhard is under
development.[35]

 The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and
the Sujav ESM system meant for high accuracy direction finding and jamming
of communication transceivers.[36]
EW systems for the Air Force[edit]

 Radar warning receivers for the Indian Air Force of the Tarang series. These

have been selected to upgrade most of the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as
for the MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG- 27 and Jaguar as well as self-
protection upgrades for the transport fleet.

 The Tranquil RWR for MiG -23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and
the Tempest jamming system for the Air Force's MiG's. The latest variant of
the Tempest jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well as
deception jamming as it makes use of DRFM. The DRDO has also developed
a High Accuracy Direction Finding system (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's
Su-30 MKIs which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable of supersonic
carriage.[37] This HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used
by the Su-30 MKI for SEAD.

 DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest Radar Warning Receiver for the Indian Air
Force, the R118, had gone into production. The R118 can also fuse data from
different sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warning systems and
present the unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted
that its new Radar Warner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced
stage of development and would be submitted for trials. The RWJ is capable
of detecting all foreseen threats and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.

 Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint
venture by the DRDO and EADS) which leverages EADS hardware and
DRDO software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter and
fighter fleets. DRDO also has laser warning systems available.
  A DIRCM (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass
DIRCM system intended to protect aircraft from infrared guided weapons.

 The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with
the Indian Air Force's Signals Intelligence Directorate, under the name of
"Divya Drishti" (Divine Sight). Divya Drishti will field a range of static as well as
mobile ESM stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets
for mission analysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of
radio frequency emissions like radar, navigational, communication or
electronic countermeasure signals. The various components of the project will
be networked via SATCOM links.

 Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included
the COIN A and COIN B SIGINT stations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT
equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing 737s and
Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar
Fingerprinting System for the IAF and the Navy.

 Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for
the AEW&C project. The Indian Air Force's AEW&C systems will also include
a comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as well as
conductingCommunications Intelligence.
Radars[edit]
The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been substantial progress in India's
ability to design and manufacture high power radar systems with locally sourced components and systems.
This began with the development of short-range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high power 3D
systems like LRTR intended for strategic purposes. Several other projects span the gamut of radar
applications, from airborne surveillance (AEW&C) to firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). The DRDO's
productionised as well as production-ready radar systems include:

 INDRA series of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the
first high power radar developed by the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the
Indian Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for the Indian
Air Force, also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and
track low flying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars
which provide range and azimuth information and are meant to be used as
gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC has pulse compression providing improved range
resolution. The series are used both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian
Army[38]
 Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is stated to be
ready. However, it can be expected that further iterative improvements will be
made. The Rajendra is a high power Passive electronically scanned
array radar (PESA), with the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs
against aircraft flying at low to medium altitudes. The Rajendra has a
detection range of 80 km with 18 km height coverage against small fighter
sized targets and is able to track 64 targets, engaging 4 simultaneously, with
up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendra features a fully digital high speed
signal processing system with adaptive moving target indicator, coherent
signal processing, FFTs and variable pulse repetition frequency. The entire
PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degrees on a rotating platform. This
allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even conduct all
round surveillance.[39]
 Central Acquisition Radar, a state of the art planar array S-Band radar
operating on the stacked beam principle. With a range of 180 km, it can track
while scan 200 fighter sized targets. Its systems are integrated on high
mobility, locally built TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however it is
 meant to be used by all three services. Initially developed for the long-running
Akash SAM system, seven were ordered by the Indian Air Force for their
radar modernization program and two of another variant were ordered by the
Indian Navy for their P-28 Corvettes. The CAR has been a significant success
for radar development in India, with its state of the art signal processing
hardware.[40][41] The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant while the REVATHI is
the Indian Navy specific variant. The ROHINI has a more advanced Indian
developed antenna in terms of power handling and beamforming technology
while the REVATHI adds two axis stabilisation for operation in naval
conditions, as well as extra naval modes.

BFSR-SR

 BFSR-SR, a 2D short-range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meant to be

manportable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the project was a systematic
example of concurrent engineering, with the production agency involved
through the design and development stage. This enabled the design to be
brought into production quickly.[42][43] The radar continues to progress further in
terms of integration, with newer variants being integrated with thermal
imagers for visually tracking targets detected by the radar. Up to 10 BFSR-SR
can be networked together for network centric operation. It is in use with
the Indian Army and theBSF as well as export customers.
 Super Vision-2000, an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meant for
helicopters and light transport aircraft. The SV-2000 is a lightweight, high
performance, slotted array radar operating in the X Band. It can detect sea-
surface targets such as a periscope or a vessel against heavy clutter and can
also be used for navigation, weather mapping and beacon detection. The
radar can detect a large vessel at over 100 nautical miles (370 km). It is
currently under modification to be fitted to the Advanced Light Helicopter and
the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to the Navy's Ka-25's as well.
[44]
 The radar has been inducted by the Indian Navy and a more advanced
variant of the Super Vision, known as the XV-2004 is also operational, and
features an ISAR, SAR Capability.
 Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, a 3D AESA was developed with
assistance from Elta of Israel and is similar to Elta's proven GreenPine long-
range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processing and
 software for tracking high speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced
more ruggedization. The radar uses mostly Indian designed and
manufactured components such as its critical high power, L Band Transmit-
Receive modules and other enabling technologies necessary for active
phased array radars. The LRTR can track 200 targets and has a range of
above 500 km. It can detect Intermediate-range ballistic missile. The LRTR
would be amongst the key elements of theIndian Ballistic Missile Defense
Program. DRDO would provide the technology to private and public
manufacturers to make these high power systems.[45]
 3D Multi Function Control Radar (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian
anti-ballistic missile program in cooperation with THALES of France. The
MFCR is an active phased array radar and complements the Swordfish Long
Range Tracking Radar, for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also
serve as the fire control radar for the AAD second tier missile system of the
ABM program. The AAD has a supplementary role against aircraft as well and
can engage missiles and aircraft up to an altitude of 30 km. The MFCR fills
out the final part of the DRDO's radar development spectrum, and allows India
to manufacture long-range 3D radars that can act as the nodes of an Air
Defence Ground Environment system.
 2D Low Level Lightweight Radar (LLLR) for the Indian Army, which requires
many of these units for gapfilling in mountainous terrain. The Indian Air Force
will also acquire then for key airbases. The LLLR is a 2D radar with a range of
40 km against a 2 square meter target, intended as a gapfiller to plug
detection gaps versus low level aircraft in an integrated Air Defence Ground
network. The LLLR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely a similar
antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a far
more portable unit. The LLLR can track while scan 100 targets and provide
details about their speed, azimuth and range to the operator. The LLLR
makes use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers
are the same. Multiple LLLRs can be networked together. The LLLR is meant
to detect low level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence fire control units
to cue their weapon systems.[46]
 3D Short Range Radar for the Indian Air Force - ASLESHA: The ASLESHA
radars have a range of approximately 50 km against small fighter-sized
targets and will be able to determine their range, speed, azimuth and height.
This radar will enable the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately
track low level intruders. The radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1
meter square aperture. The DRDO was in discussions with the Indian Navy to
mount these systems on small ships.
 Multi-mode radar, a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a
subsystem provider. This project to develop an advanced, lightweight
Multimode fire control radar for the LCA Tejas fighter had faced challenges
and was delayed. It has now been completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance.
The multimode radar has range (for detection of a small fighter target) greater
than 100 km, can track 10 targets, can engage 2 targets and uses lightweight
system. It has been revealed that an all new combined signal and data
processor had been developed, replacing the original separate units. The new
unit is much more powerful and makes use of contemporary ADSP
processors. The radar's critical hardware has also been developed and
validated. The software for the air to air mode has been developed
considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look
down modes) but air to ground modes are still being worked upon. The radar
development was shown to be considerably more mature than previously
thought. At Aero India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR project has
been superseded by the new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR
has been completed with Elta Israel's assistance and now involved Elta EL/M-
2032 technology for Air to Ground mapping and targeting. This "hybrid" MMR
 has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial LCA
Tejas fighters.
 DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various
other license produced radars manufactured at BEL with the help of BEL
scientists and other researchers. These improvements include new radar data
processors for license produced signal radars as well as local radar
assemblies replacing the earlier imported ones.
Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under development or in trials,
these include:

 BEL Weapon Locating Radar: 

A model of the BEL Weapon Locating Radar

A 3D radar successfully developed from the Rajendra fire control radar for the
Akash system, this radar uses a passive electronically scanned array to
detect multiple targets for fire correction and weapon location. The system
has been developed and demonstrated to the Army and orders have been
placed[47] In terms of performance, the WLR is stated to be superior to
the AN/TPQ-37, several of which were imported by India as an interim system
while the WLR got ready.

 Active Phased Array radar: a 3D radar for fighters, a MMR follow on, the
APAR project aims to field a fully fledged operational AESA fire control radar
for the expected Mark-2 version of the Light Combat Aircraft. This will be the
second airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to
transfer the success DRDO has achieved in the ground based radar segment
to airborne systems. The overall airborne APAR program aims to prevent this
technology gap from developing, with a broad based program to bring DRDO
up to par with international developers in airborne systems, both fire control
and surveillance.
 Synthetic aperture radar & Inverse synthetic aperture radar: the DRDO's
LRDE is currently working on both SAR and ISAR radars for target detection
and classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for both
conventional fixed wing as well as UAV applications.
 Airborne Warning and Control: a new radar based on Active Electronically
Scanned Array technology. The aim of the project is to develop inhouse
capability for high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering the
development of a S Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have datalinks to
link fighters plus communicate with the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a
local SATCOM (satellite communication system), along with other onboard
ESM and COMINT systems.[48]
  Medium Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar: in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO)
noted that it was working on a Long-rangebattlefield surveillance radar. It is
possible that the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project and
the Indian Army will utilize the BEL built ELTA designed BFSR-MR's for
Medium Range surveillance while using the LRDE designed systems for Long
Range surveillance. The 2D radar will track ground targets and provide key
intelligence to the Indian Army's artillery units, with the resultant information
available on various tactical networks.
 3D Medium Power Radar: a spinoff of the experience gained via the 3D
MFCR project, the 3D Medium Power Radar project is intended to field a
radar with a range of approximately 300 km against small fighter sized
targets. Intended for the Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array,
and will be transportable. It will play a significant role being used as part of the
nodes of the Indian Air Force's enhanced Air Defence Ground Environment
System.
 3D Tactical Control Radar: a new program, the TCR is an approximately
150 km ranged system for use by the Indian Army and Air Force. A highly
mobile unit, it will also employ open architecture to provide easy upgrades,
and a variety of modes and capabilities depending on the software fit. The aim
of the 3D Medium Power Radar and TCR is to offer systems which can be
deployed in a variety of roles, from fire control to surveillance, and not be tied
to one role alone.
Command and control software and decision-making tools[edit]

 Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for
the Navy and air war software for the Air Force. All these systems are
operational with the respective services.
 C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has
developed several critical C3I (command, control, communications and
intelligence systems) for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the
Indian Army aims to spend US$300 million to network all its artillery guns
using the ACCS (Artillery Command and Control System). Developed by
DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprises
computers and intelligent terminals connected as a wide area network. Its
main subsystems are the artillery computer center, battery computer, remote
access terminal and a gun display unit. The ACCS is expected to improve the
Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and allowing for more rapid and
accurate firepower. The ACCS will also improve the ability of commanders to
concentrate that firepower where it is most needed. The DRDO and BEL have
also developed a Battle Management system for the Indian Army for its tanks
and tactical units.
Other programs in development for the Army include Corps level information and decision making software and
tools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I. These systems are in production at DRDO's
production partner, Bharat Electronics Limited. These projects are being driven by the Indian Army Corps of
Signals. The Indian Army is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also
delivered projects such as the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's communication hardware. [49]

 Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have
been provided by the DRDO. The Navy is currently engaged in a naval
networking project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus
maritime patrol aircraft and sensors.
 Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air
Force's network of radars and airbases which have been successfully
operationalised. Other systems include sophisticated and highly
complex mission planning and C3I systems for missiles, such as the Agni and
Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruise missile. These systems are
 common to all three services as all of them utilize different variants of these
missiles.
 Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated
on manufacturing a range of simulators and training devices for the three
services, from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the Indian Air Force,
to sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters,
tanks and gunnery devices.
Computing technologies[edit]
DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for most of its defence projects.
These include supercomputers for computational flow dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs
manufactured in India for flight controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around
Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.

 Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE+ [50] Supercomputer

for strategic purposes for supporting its various programs. The initial version,
as detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: The system delivered a
sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations
per second) for computational fluid dynamics programs. Pace-Plus included
32 advanced computing nodes, each with 64 megabytes(MB) of memory that
can be expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is
a hyperSPARC with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid
dynamics, these high-speed computer systems were used in areas such as
vision, medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neural
networks and finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is
the PACE ++, a 128 node parallel processing system. With a front-end
processor, it has a distributed memory and message passing system. Under
Project Chitra, the DRDO is implementing a system with a computational
speed of 2-3 Teraflops utilizing commercial off the shelf components and the
Open Source Linux Operating System.
 Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of
processors and application specific integrated circuits for its critical projects.
Many of these systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused
across different projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert
cartesian to polar coordinates, ANUCO, a floating point coprocessor and
several others, including the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used
in several DRDO projects.[51]
 Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has
been to create a substantial local design and development capability within
India, both in the private and public sectors. This policy has led to several
hard to obtain or otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in
India. These include components such as radar subsystems (product specific
travelling wave tubes) to components necessary for electronic warfare and
other cutting edge projects. Today, there are a range of firms across India,
which design and manufacture key components for DRDO, allowing it to
source locally for quite a substantial chunk of its procurement. The DRDO has
also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off the shelf) processors and
technology, and follow Open Architecture standards, wherever possible, in
order to pre-empt obsolescence issues and follow industry practise. One
significant example is the development of an Open Architecture computer for
the Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and VME64
standard. The earlier Mission computer utilizing Intel 486 DX chips has
already seen success, with variants being present on the Su-30 MKI, Jaguar
and MiG-27 Upgrades for the Indian Air Force.[52]
Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)[edit]
DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has identified DEWs, along with
space security, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as focus areas in the next 15 years. [53]
The aim is to develop laser-based weapons, deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can
intercept missiles soon after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of the
ballistic missile defence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is developing a 25-kilowatt laser
system to hit a missile during its terminal phase at a distance of 5–7 km.
LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system, under project Aditya,
which should be ready in three years. Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control
technology. Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used.
LASTEC projects include:

Hand-held laser dazzler.

Non-Lethal systems:

 Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage.

50-metre range. Status: Ready.

 Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre

range. Status: Will take 2 more years.

 Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs

and other explosives from a distance. Status: Trials begin in 18 months.
Lethal Systems:

 Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of

10 km. Status: Will take 2 more years.

 25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase at

range of 5 to 7 km. Status: Will take 5 more years.

 At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships,

to destroy missiles in their boost phase itself. Status: Will take a decade.
Combat vehicles & engineering[edit]
Tanks and armoured vehicles[edit]

T-72 Ajeya of the Indian Army

 Ajeya upgrade (Sanskrit: Invincible): upgrade for the T-72 fleet, incorporating

a mix of locally made and imported subsystems. 250 have been ordered.
Local systems include the DRDO-developed ERA, a DRDO-developed laser
warning system and combat net radio, the Bharat Electronics Limited
advanced land navigation system consisting of fibre optic gyros and
GPS, NBC protection and DRDO's fire detection and suppression system
 amongst other items. Imported systems include a compact thermal
imager and fire control system and a new 1000 hp engine.
 Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the FSAPDS for the 125 mm calibre,
meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120 mm FSAPDS and HESH rounds for
theArjun tank and 105 mm FSAPDS rounds for the Army's Vijayanta and T-
55 tanks.[54] Significant amounts of 125 mm anti-tank rounds manufactured by
the Ordnance Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to
improper packaging of the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage
during storage at high temperatures. The locally developed rounds were
rectified and requalified. Production of these local rounds was then restarted.
Since 2001, over 130,000 rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The
DRDO said in 2005 that it had developed a Mk2 version of the 125 mm round,
with higher power propellant for greater penetration. In parallel, the OFB
announced in 2006 that it was also manufacturing 125 mm IMI (Israel Military
Industries) rounds. It is believed that this might assist in improving the OFB's
APFSDS manufacturing capability. These rounds and presumably the Mk2
round and will be used by both the T-72 and T-90 formations in the Indian
Army.[55][56]
 Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from composite
armour and explosive reactive armour toRadios (Combat Net Radio with
frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. Fire-
control systems are currently in production at BEL for the Arjun tanks. The
first batch in production have a hybrid Sagem-DRDO system, with Sagem
sights and local fire control computer.[57]
 Arjun tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is
now in series production at HVF Avadi. 

Arjun MBT

The Arjun follows a template similar to the tanks developed by western

nations, with containerised ammunition storage, with blast off panels,
heavy Composite armour, a 120 mm gun (rifled as compared to smoothbore
on most other tanks), a modern FCS with high hit probability and a 1,400
horsepower (1,000 kW) engine and a four-man crew.
Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani acquisition of the M1
Abrams, the project fell into disfavour once it became clear that Pakistan was
instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) T type tanks [citation needed]. In
such a milieu, acquiring the Arjun in huge numbers is simply unnecessary for
the Indian Army, given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an
entirely new type.The Indian Army ordered 124 units in 2000 and an
additional 124 units in 2010[58][59] and work on Mark-II version of the tank has
commenced.[60]
Modification of BMP-2 series[edit]
India license manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been used as the basis for
several locally designed modifications, ranging from missile launchers to engineering support vehicles. The
DRDO and its various labs have been instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian
Army.

 Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle for enabling the combat

engineers to acquire and record terrain survey data. The instruments mounted
on the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bed
profile, water depth and bearing capacity of soil of the obstacle in real time
which are helpful in taking decisions regarding laying of tracks or building of
bridges.[61]
 Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving
operations in different terrain for preparation of bridging sites, clearing
obstacles and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also a
built-in feature using a rocket-propelled anchor.[62]
 Carrier Mortar Tracked: designed to mount and fire an 81 mm mortar from
within vehicle. Capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side;
108 rounds of mortar ammunition stowed.[63]
 Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.
 NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for
determining NBC contamination, as well as bringing back samples. The
vehicle includes a plow for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such
as a radiation dosimeter amongst other key items.
Other engineering vehicles[edit]

 Bridge Layer Tank: claimed by DRDO to be the amongst the best bridging
systems available on a medium class tank. It has an option to carry a 20-
metre or 22-metre class 70 MLC bridge, which can be negotiated by all tanks
in service withIndian Army.
 Amphibious Floating Bridge and Ferry System intended for transporting heavy
armour, troops and engineering equipment across large and deep water
obstacles. The vehicle can convert to a fully decked bridge configuration of
28.4 metres in length in 9 minutes. Two more vehicles can be joined in
tandem to form a floating bridge of 105 metres in length in 30 minutes. The
bridge superstructure is integrated with floats to provide stability and
additional buoyancy. The vehicle is also capable of retracting its wheels for
use as a grounded bridge/ramp for high banks.[64]
 Arjun Bridge Layer Tank: the BLT-Arjun is an all-new design with a scissor
type bridge laying method, which helps it avoid detection from afar. It uses the
chassis of the Arjun tank and can take higher weights than the BLT-72. [65]
 Sarvatra Bridge layer: the bridge can be deployed over water and land
obstacles to provide 75 metres of bridge-length for battle tanks, supply
convoys and troops. The system consists of a light aluminum alloy scissors
bridge and was approved for production in March 2000 trials. One complete
set of the multi span mobile bridging system includes five truck-mounted units
with a bridge-span of 15 metres each. The system is designed to take the
weight of the Arjun MBT, by far the heaviest vehicle in the Army's inventory.
Microprocessor based control system reduces the number of personnel
required to deploy and operationalize the bridge. The bridging equipment is
carried on a Tatra Kolos chassis and the system is built by Bharat Earth
Movers Ltd (BEML).[66]
 Mobile Decontamination System: with the NBC aspect of the battlefield in
mind, the DRDO developed a Tatra vehicle based Mobile Decontamination
system for decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles &
terrain during war. The main sub-systems of mobile decontamination system
are: pre-wash, chemical wash and post wash systems respectively. The pre-
 wash system consists of a 3000 litre stainless steel water tank and a fast
suction pump. A high-pressure jet with a capacity of 3400 l/hour and a low-
pressure jet with a capacity of 900 l/hour and 1600 l/hour are included. The
chemical wash system is capable of mixing two powders and two liquids with
variable feed rates and has a five-litre per minute slurry emulsion flow rate.
The post wash system consists of a high-pressure hot water jet, a hot water
shower for personnel and provision of steam for decontamination of clothing.
The decontamination systems have been introduced into the services. [67] The
system is under production for the Army at DRDO's partnering firms, with the
DRDO itself manufacturing the pilot batch.[68]
 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)/DRDO Daksh: A tracked robotic vehicle
with staircase climbing ability has been developed and is particularly intended
for remote explosion of explosive devices. The ROV is carried in a specially
designed carrier vehicle with additional armament and firing ports. The ROV
itself is fairly sophisticated, with provision to carry various optronic payloads,
an articulated gripper to pick up objects, an ability to traverse difficult terrain
including staircases, as well as an integral waterjet projector to blow up
explosive packages. It was formally inducted into Indian army's corps of
engineers on 19 December 2011. The Indian army placed a total order of 20
ROVs and 6 of them are now operational with army. Each unit cost about Rs.
9 million.[69][70]
 DRDO is developing robotic soldiers and mules capable of carrying luggage
up to 400 kg at high altitudes.[71]
In development[edit]

 Abhay IFV (Sanskrit: Fearless): an IFV design in prototype form. This IFV will

have a 40 mm gun based on the proven Bofors L70 (Armour piercing and
explosive rounds), a firecontrol system derived from the Arjun MBT project
with a thermal imager, all-electric turret and gun stabilization, a locally
designed FLAME launcher for locally manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank
missiles and an Indian diesel engine. The armour will be lightweight
composite.
 Tank-Ex: a project to mount Arjun's turret on a T-72 chassis to combine high
firepower with a low silhouette. This is a DRDO initiative and not a specific
Army demand. Reports emerged in 2008 that the Indian Army has rejected
the tank[72] with two prototypes built.
 Armoured vehicle for Paramilitary forces: a wheeled armoured vehicle, the
AVP was displayed at Defexpo-2006. The AVP has armoured glass windows
and firing ports, as well as provision for heavier caliber small arms, and crowd
control equipment. Currently at prototype stage.
 Mining and De-mining equipment: the Self Propelled Mine Burier has been
developed by the DRDO for a requirement projected by the Indian Army. It is
an automated mine laying system developed on a high mobility vehicle and is
currently in trials. The Counter-Mine flail, is a vehicle built upon the T-72
chassis and has a series of fast moving flails to destroy mines. A prototype
has been displayed.
Naval research and development[edit]
Sonars[edit]
DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed and productionized a range of sonars and related systems
for the Indian Navy's frontline combat ships.
The Shivalik class of frigates contain significant DRDO-developed systems

These include:

 APSOH (Advanced Panoramic SOnar Hull mounted),

 HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),
 HUMSA (Follow on to the APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA stands for
Hull Mounted Sonar Array),
 Nagan (Towed Array Sonar),
 Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).
Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new
generation of sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the Indian
Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would
include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagan towed array sonar. The Mihir is a dunking sonar
meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in
production for the Kilo class submarine upgrades.[73][74][75]

Torpedoes[edit]
DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs. These include a lightweight torpedo that
has been accepted by the Navy and cleared for production. [76]

Under development[edit]

 Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena is an advanced experimental torpedo

developed by the Naval Scientific and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), a
DRDO wing. Development was started in 1990.
 NSTL Advanced Lightweight Torpedo[77]
 NSTL Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo:[78] The heavy weight wire-guided
torpedo called Varunastra and Thakshak thermal torpedo are suitable for use
against both ships and submarines. The electrically powered Varunastra is
stated to be in production.
The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessor controlled triple tube torpedo launcher for
the Indian Navyas well as a towed torpedo decoy.[79][80]

Other projects[edit]
These have included indigenisation of various components (for instance, adsorbent material for submarines,
radar components, naval ship signature reduction efforts and materials technology). DRDO has played a
significant role in the development of warship grade steel in India and its productionisation. DRDO has also
assisted private industry in developing EW trainers, ship simulators for training and health monitoring systems
for onboard equipment. Other equipment for the Navy includes underwater telephone sets, and VLF
communication equipment, for the Navy's submarines. DRDO's IRDE has also developed optronic fire control
systems for the Navy's and the Coast Guard's ships. [81]
Information command and control systems[edit]
DRDO's labs have been part of projects to develop sophisticated command and control systems for the Navy,
such as the EMCCA (Equipment Modular for Command and Control Application) which ties together various
sensors and data systems. The EMCCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture
and adds to the ship's maritime combat power.[82]
DRDO labs are also engaged in supporting the Navy's ambitious naval enterprise wide networking system, a
program to link all naval assets together via datalinks, for sharing tactical information.

Mines and targets[edit]

Three kinds of mines, processor based mine, moored mine and processor based exercise mine are in
production for the Navy. Targets developed for the Navy include a static target called the Versatile Acoustic
target and a mobile target called the programmable deep mobile target (PDMT).

In development[edit]

 A Submarine Escape set, used by crew to escape from abandoned

submarines. The set consists of breathing apparatus and Hydro-suit.

 New generation Sonars and EW equipment.

 Heavyweight torpedoes, underwater remotely operated vehicles, improved

signature reduction technology for naval applications.
Missile systems[edit]
Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) [edit]
Main article: Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
The IGMDP was launched by the Indian Government to develop the ability to develop and design a missile
locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services.
The program has seen significant success in its two most important constituents - the Agni missiles and
the Prithvi missiles, while two other programs, the Akash SAM and the anti-tank Nag Missile have seen
significant orders. The Trishul missile, a program to develop a tri-service short-range SAM faced persistent
problems throughout its development, and was shut down in 2007.

Prithvi ballistic missiles[edit]

Main article: Prithvi (missile)
The Prithvi (Sanskrit: Earth) missiles are a range of SRBMs produced for the Indian Air Force and Army; a
variant for the Navy has been deployed on Sukanya class patrol vessel. Another submarine-launched variant
known as the K-15 is under development. The Prithvi is an extremely accurate liquid fuelled missile with a
range of up to 350 km. While relatively inexpensive and accurate, with a good payload, its logistics footprint is
high, on account of it being liquid fuelled. [83]

Agni ballistic missiles[edit]

Main article: Agni (missile)
The Agni-II missile

The Agni (Sanskrit: Fire) missiles are a range of MRBMs, IRBMs, ICBMs meant for long-range deterrence.
The Agni-III is the newest version which is getting inducted into the armed forces and has range of up to
3,500 km (2,175 mi). The Agni-I and Agni-II have been productionized, although exact numbers remain
classified.
First trials of the Agni-III saw problems and the missile test did not meet its objectives. The second test was
successful. Further tests of the Agni-III are planned to validate the missile and its subsystems, which include
new propellant and guidance systems, a new re-entry vehicle and other improvements. [84]
The Agni-V missile is an ICBM meant for long-range deterrence. The Agni-V is the newest version and has the
longest range of up to 5000–6000 km. Agni-V would also carry Multiple Independent Re-entry
Vehicles payloads and will have countermeasures against Anti-ballistic missile systems. It was successfully test
fired on 19 April 2012.[85] The missile will utilize a canister and will be launched from it. Sixty percent of the
missile will be similar to the Agni-III missile. Advanced technologies like ring laser gyroscope and
accelerometer will be used in the new missile.[86] DRDO plans to develop reusable missiles which will be a
combination of ballistic and cruise missile technology. [87] During an interview in August 24, 2014, The DRDO
chief disclosed the plans of DRDO designing a Long Range ballistic Anti-Ship missile.

Akash SAM[edit]
Main article: Akash missile
The Akash (Sanskrit: Sky or ether) is a medium-range surface-to-air missile system consisting of the command
guided ramjet powered Akash along with the dedicated service specific launchers, battery control radar (the
Rajendra Block III), a Central Acquisition radar, battery and group control centers.[12].[88] The Akash project has
yielded spinoffs like the Central Acquisition radar and Weapon Locating radar.

Akash missile

The Akash system cleared its user trials with the Indian Air Force in 2007. The user trials had the Akash
intercept flying targets at ITR, Chandipur. The Akash missile successfully hit its targets in all of the tests.
[89]
 The Indian Air force has since been satisfied with the performance of the missile and ordered two squadrons
of the Akash, with a squadron having eight launchers [90][91][92]
The Indian Air Force placed an order for an additional six squadrons of the Akash SAM in 2010, with an order
of 750 missiles (125 per squadron).This order makes a total of a 1000 Akash SAMs on order for the Indian Air
Force for eight squadrons.[93]
In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at 
125 billion(US$2.1 billion). Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production
agency for the Akash Army variant.

Trishul SAM[edit]
The Trishul (Sanskrit: Trident, the weapon of Shiva) is a short-range SAM meant for the Indian Army, Air Force
and Navy. The Trishul project relied on equipment already in service with the Indian services, to drive down
logistics costs, and reduce program development costs and development time. The Army variant, relied on a
locally modified variant of the Signaal (now Thales) Flycatcher radar, integrated into a single launcher with a
four missile pack, along with separate electronics for missile guidance. The Air Force variant separated the
missile launchers on Kolos Tatra trucks, locally manufactured by India's BEML. The Naval variant was the most
ambitious, with a flight control system with an integrated radar altimeter to intercept sea skimming missiles. The
Trishul's guidance was Command Line of Sight with a three beam guidance system, which proved to be the
bane of the project and caused repeated failures during trials.
Due to the Trishul's persistent development problems the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army and the Indian
Navy began upgrading their existing short-range SAM systems or purchasing replacements.The Indian Air
Force has since procured batteries of the SPYDER SAM system[citation needed] and the Indian Army is upgrading its
OSA-AKM/ SA-8 systems with Polish assistance.[94] The Indian Navy has also moved on to the Barak 1 system.
[95]

The Trishul program was effectively closed down in 2006. It has been reported that key technologies developed
in the program may be utilized in future systems.[96] It has been reported that the experience gained from the
Trishul program will be utilized for a brand new SAM known as the Maitri, which will be codeveloped with the
European MBDA missile agency.[97]

Nag anti-tank missile [edit]

Main article: Nag (missile)
The Nag Anti-tank missile (Sanskrit: Cobra) is a guided missile system intended for the Indian Air Force and
the Indian Army. The Army will deploy the Nag on ground based launchers and from helicopters, whereas the
Air Force will rely on helicopter based units. The Nag has an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and has a top and
direct attack capability, with a tandem warhead.
The Army's land missile carrier and launcher, known as the Namica, carries several ready to use Nag missiles
within and four Nag missiles in an extendable launcher above the turret. The Namica has its own FLIR based
sighting and fire control unit.[98]

Nag missile

The Air Force and Army will also use their Advanced Light helicopters (ALH) (HAL Dhruv) and the HAL Light
Combat Helicopter (LHC) as Nag carriers. The ALHs will be equipped with IRDE (DRDO) developed HELITIS
(Heliborne Imaging and Targeting systems) with a combination of a FLIR and laser range finder in a stabilized
turret for target acquisition and designation. The thermal imager is likely to be imported, but the gimballed
turret, stabilization, laser range finder and associated electronics have been designed in India and will be
manufactured locally.[99]
The Nag ATGM is regarded as a highly capable missile, even though its development has been protracted,
mainly due to the technological challenges of developing a state of the art IIR sensor equipped top attack
missile. The Nag is still cheaper than most imported missiles in its category and is earmarked for the Army and
Air Force.
The Nag anti-tank guided missile was cleared for production in July 2009 and there are uncorroborated reports
since that it may be purchased by Tanzania, Botswana and Morocco.[100] The Nag will complement the existing
Russian 9M113 Konkurs Anti-tank guided missile and European missile MILAN in Indian usage, both of which
are manufactured under license by Bharat Dynamics Limited.

Brahmos missile[edit]
Main article: BrahMos
Launched as a joint venture between India's DRDO and the Russian NPO, the BrahMos program aims at
creating a range of missile systems derived from the Yakhont missile system. Named the "BrahMos" after the
Brahmaputra and the Moskva rivers, the project has been highly successful.

BrahMos

The Indian Navy has ordered the BrahMos Naval version, both slant-launched and vertically launched, for its
ships; the Indian Army has ordered two regiments worth of land-launched missiles for long-range strike; and an
air-launched version is in development for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs and the Navy's Tu-142 long-range
aircraft.
The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of its propulsion,
airframe and seeker, plus its Fire Control Systems, Mobile Command posts and Transporter Erector Launcher.
[101][102]

Main article: BrahMos-II
The hypersonic Brahmos 2 is to be developed as a follow on to the original Brahmos. The missile would still
follow the guidelines of the MTCR but would fly at speeds of 5-7 Mach.
BrahMos I Block-III
An upgraded version of the 290 km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was successfully test fired by
India on 2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Orissa coast.
"Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres
at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude was flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of
ITR," its Director S P Dash said after the test fire from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4-metre missile
which can fly at 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads of up to 300 kg for
a range of 290 km.
It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes at terror
training camps across the border without causing collateral damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched
from multiple platforms like submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL).
The Block III BrahMos has the capability of scaling mountain terrain and can play a vital role in precision strike
in the northern territories. The advanced cruise missile can fly close to the rough geographies and kill the
target[103] A five-year development timeframe is anticipated.[104]

Shaurya[edit]
Main article: Shaurya (missile)
The Shaurya missile (Sanskrit: Valor) is a canister-launched hypersonic surface-to-
surface tactical missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) for
use by the Indian Armed Forces. Similar to the BrahMos, Shaurya is stored in composite canisters, which
makes it much easier to store for long periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also
houses the gas generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellant motors take over to
hurl it at the intended target.
Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites
till they are fired from the special storage-cum-launch canisters.The Shaurya system will require some more
tests before it becomes fully operational in two-three years. Moreover, defense scientists say the high-speed,
two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile
defence systems.
It can be easily transported by road. The missile, encased in a canister, is mounted on a single vehicle, which
has only a driver's cabin, and the vehicle itself is the launch platform. This "single vehicle solution" reduces its
signature – it cannot be easily detected by satellites – and makes its deployment easy. The gas generator,
located at the bottom of the canister produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from
the tube.
The centerpiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shaurya is its ring laser gyroscope (RLG)
andaccelerometer. The indigenous ring laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and guidance system
developed by the Research Center Imarat (RCI) based in Hyderabad is a highly classified technology.
In test flights the RLG functioned exceptionally well. the RLG monitors the missile's position in space when it is
flying. The missile's on-board computer will use this information and compare it with the desired position.
Based on the difference between the missile's actual and desired positions, the computer will decide the
optimum path and the actuators will command the missile to fly in its desired/targeted position. The third test of
the RLG was successful on 24 September 2011, reaching a speed of 7.5 mach. It is now ready for production.

Sagarika[edit]
Main article: Sagarika (missile)
The K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile belonging to the K Missile
family with a range of 750 kilometres (466 mi). Sagarika can carry a payload of up to 500 kilograms (1,102 lb).
Sagarika was developed at the DRDO's missile complex in Hyderabad.
This missile will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence, and will provide retaliatory nuclear strike
capability. The development of this missile (under the title Project K-15) started in 1991. The Indian government
first confirmed Sagarika's development seven years later (1998), when the then Defence Minister, George
Fernandes, announced it during a press conference.
The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420 (P420), was completed in 2001
and handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test fired six times, and tested to its
full range up to three times. The test of missile from a submerged pontoon was conducted in February 2008.
Sagarika is being integrated with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class submarines that began sea trials on 26
July 2009.

Sudarshan[edit]
Main article: Sudarshan laser-guided bomb
India's first laser-guided bomb, Sudarshan is the latest weapon system developed indigenously to occupy the
niche of a precision delivery mechanism. It can be fitted to a 1000 pound gravity bomb and can guide it to the
target using lasers with a CEP (Circular Error Probability) of 10 metres.

Prahaar Missile[edit]
Main article: Prahaar (missile)
Prahaar is a solid-fueled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile developed by DRDO of
India. It would be equipped with omni-directional warheads and could be used for hitting both tactical and
strategic targets. It has a range of about 150 km. It was test-fired successfully on 21 July 2011 from the
Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.[105]

Plans[edit]
Long-range SAM[edit]
Main article: Barak 8
India and Israel have worked out an agreement to develop and produce the long-range Barak 8 air defence
system for both the Indian and the Israeli militaries. The initial co-development funding is about US$350 million,
of which IAI will finance 50 per cent. The venture is a tripartite one, between the DRDO, the Indian Navy, and
IAI. The missile is referred to as the LRSAM in Indian Government literature, and will have a range of 72 km
(45 mi).[106][107] Israel Aircraft Industries refers to the system as Barak-8. IAI states that the missile will have a
dual pulse motor, is vertically launched and is able to engage both aircraft and sea skimming missiles. It has a
fully active seeker, and the Barak-8 Weapons system is capable of multiple simultaneous engagements. It will
have a two way datalink for midcourse update, as well as be able to integrate into larger C3I networks. The
primary fire control sensor for the naval Barak-8/LRSAM will be the ELTA MF-STAR Naval AESA radar which
Israel claims to be superior to many existing systems worldwide. [108][109][110] The dual pulse rocket motor for the
SAM was developed by DRDO, and the prototypes were supplied to IAI for integration with IAI systems to
develop the complete missile.
The other variant of the LRSAM will be fielded by the Indian Air Force. Along with the Akash SAM, the LRSAM
fills a longer range requirement and both types will complement each other. Each unit of the MR-SAM would
consist of a command and control center, with an acquisition radar, a guidance radar and 3 launchers with
eight missiles each.
A 4-year, US$300 million System Design & Development phase to develop unique system elements and an
initial tranche of the land-based missiles is estimated. The radars, C2 centers, TEL's and missiles will be
codeveloped by Israel and India. In turn, IAI and its Israeli partners have agreed to transfer all relevant
technologies and manufacturing capabilities to India allowing India to manufacture the LRSAM systems locally
as well as support them. [111] The Barak-8 next generation long-range surface-to-air missile (LR-SAM) had its
first test-flight on 29 May 2010.

Astra BVRAAM[edit]
Main article: Astra missile
Astra is a 80 km (50 mi) class, active radar guided missile meant for beyond visual range air to air combat.
Several tests of the missiles basic propulsion and guidance have taken place from land based launchers. Air-
launched trials will follow thereafter.[112]
Lightweight launcher
DRDO has developed an indigenous 7 kg lightweight rocket launcher for the Indian army which will replace the
14 kg Carl Gustav Mark-II launcher which is much heavier than the DRDO-developed rocket launcher. The
DRDO has made extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight. [113]

Anti-Ballistic Missile Defence Project[edit]

Main article: Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program
Unveiled in 2006, the ABM project was a surprise to many observers. While DRDO had revealed some details
about the project over the years, its progress had been marked by strict secrecy, and the project itself was
unlisted, and not visible among DRDO's other programs. The ABM project has benefited from all the
incremental improvements achieved by the DRDO and its associated industrial partners via the long-running
and often contentious Akash missile and Trishul missile programs. However, it is a completely new program,
with much larger scope and with predominantly new subsystems.

Prithvi Air Defense

The ABM project has two missiles—namely the AAD (Advanced Air Defence) and PAD (Prithvi Air Defence)
missiles. The former is an endo-atmospheric interceptor of new design, which can intercept targets to a height
of 30 km (19 mi). Whereas the latter is a modified Prithvi missile, dubbed the Axo-atmospheric interceptor
(AXO) with a dedicated second stage kill vehicle for ballistic missile interception, up to an altitude of 80 km
(50 mi).
Both these missiles are cued by an active phased array Long Range Tracking Radar, similar to the Elta
GreenPine but made with locally developed components, which include DRDO-developed transmit/receive
modules. The ABM system also makes use of a second radar, known as the Multi-Function Control Radar
which assists the LRTR in classifying the target, and can also act as the fire control radar for the AAD missile.
The MFCR, like the LRTR is an active phased array system.
The entire system was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence Exercise, when a prototype
AXO missile,successfully intercepted another Prithvi missile at a height of 50 km (31 mi).This test was
preceded by an "electronic test" in which an actual target missile was launched, but the entire interceptor
system was tested electronically, albeit no actual interceptor was launched. This test was successful in its
entirety.
The AAD Missile was tested on December 2007 which successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi missile
simulating the M-9and M-11 class of ballistic missiles. Interception happened at an altitude of 15 km (9 mi).[114]

GATET engine[edit]
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched a  1 billion (US$16.6 million)
project in R&D in the area of gas turbines, a DRDO official said on April 2010. Under the initiative of DRDO's
Aeronautics Research and Development Board, R&D projects, which need investment in the region of  5
million (US$83,000.00) to  50 million(US$830,000.00), would be considered for funding. GTRE was the nodal
agency to spearhead this venture, called GATET[115][116][117]

Anti-satellite weapon[edit]
After testing the over 5,000 km Agni V missile, which went up to 600 km into space during its parabolic
trajectory, the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) now feels it can fashion deadly anti-
satellite (ASAT) weapons in double-quick time. "An ASAT weapon would require to reach about 800 km
altitude... Agni V gives you the boosting capability and the 'kill vehicle', with advanced seekers, will be able to
home into the target satellite, DRDO chief, VK Saraswat said.[118] The defence ministry in 2010 had even
drafted a 15-year "Technology Perspective and Roadmap", which held development of ASAT weapons "for
electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the
higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan under the
management of DRDO.[119]
Consequently, defence scientists are focusing on "space security" to protect India's space assets from
electronic or physical destruction. Another spin-off from Agni V test is that the DRDO feels it can work towards
launching mini-satellites for battlefield use if an adversary attacks the country's main satellites. [118]

Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat)[edit]

Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite is an advanced reconnaissance spy satellite, being developed by
DRDO. It will be India's first officially declared spy satellite and according to ISRO it should be in the sky by
2014.[120] This satellite will help Indian intelligence agencies to significantly boost surveillance of terror camps in
neighboring countries.

See also[edit]
 Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
 Recruitment And Assessment Centre, New Delhi (DRDO)
 Ordnance Factories Board
 Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
 Aeronautical Development Agency
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
 Bharat Electronics Limited
 CCI-Sat

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External links[edit]
 The Official Website of DRDO
 DRDO on Globalsecurity.org
 DRDO on Federation of American Scientists
 Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC)
 DRDO's Electronics and Radar Development Laboratory
 DRDO: Media's whipping boy, DRDO: A stellar success, What's behind the
DRDO bashing
 PDF on DRDOs varied projects
 Army Chief compliments DRDO for positive achievements
 A few weapons systems developed by D.R.D.O.
Videos[edit]

 India's Defense Research and Development - Part 1

 India's Defense Research and Development - Part 2
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Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

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DRDO Laboratories

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 Military of India
Categories: 
 Military units and formations established in 1958
 Research and development organizations
 Defence Research and Development Organisation
 Ministry of Defence (India)
 Nuclear weapons programme of India
 1958 establishments in India

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