FINAL REQUIREMENT IN (SOCSCI1)

SOCIETY AND CULTURE 1

Submitted by: Pedroso, Maria Angela Grace P.

Submitted to: Galupar, Jenie Lie

1BSVT-B
 Auguste Comte

Contributions:

 Coined term: Sociology

 The ―social physics‖ of society
 Reject metaphysics and theology
 Evolution of Intellectual Thought: the law of 3 stages
 Hierarchy of sciences
 Social Physics
 Positivism or positivist science
 Methods

(1798–1857)

Comte was born in Montpellier on January 20, 1798. Having displayed his brilliance
in school, he was ranked fourth on the admissions list of the École Polytechnique in
Paris in 1814. He is the founder of positivism, a philosophical and political movement
which enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second half of the nineteenth century.
is considered one of the founders of sociology. He coined the term ―sociology‖ in
1838 by combining the Latin term socius (companion, associate) and the Greek term
logia (study of, speech). Comte hoped to unify all the sciences under sociology. He
believed sociology held the potential to improve society and direct human activity,
including the other sciences. A philosopher, mathematician, and social scientist,
Comte was best known as the originator of positivism, an approach to the
philosophy and history of science and to the theory of societal development that
identified genuine knowledge as the product of empirical observation and
experiment and social-intellectual. Auguste Comte is called the father of sociology
because he coined the word 'Sociology' in 1830, for that branch of science which
studied human behaviour. In fact, he created a hierarchy of sciences in which he
put sociology at the top. He argued that sciences dealing with simple phenomena
were first to arrive.
 Karl Marx

Contributions:

 Economic Determinism
 Conflict theory
 The communist manifesto
 Dialect materialism
 Capitalism- Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
 Superstructure & Economic Based Infrastructure
 False-Class Consciousness
 Communism

(1818-1883)

He was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, economist, historian,

sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier,
Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Berlin.
He married German theatre critic and political activist Jenny von Westphalen in
1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile
with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his
thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his
writings, researching in the British Museum Reading Room. Marx's political and
philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic,
and political history. His name has been used as an adjective, a noun, and a school
of social theory. Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics,
collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through
class conflict. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in
human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised. His work in
economics laid the basis for some current theories about labour and its relation to
capital. Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists, and political parties worldwide
have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas.
Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science.
 Emile Durkheim

Contributions:

 He sought to construct one of the first scientific approaches to social

phenomena
 Said that traditional socities were held together by the fact that everyone
was more or less the same.
 Along with Herbert Spencer, he was one of the first to conceptualize the
idea of functionalism
 Thought that society was more than the sum of its parts, and coined the
term social facts

(1858—1917)

David Émile Durkheim was born 15 April 1858 in Épinal, Lorraine, France, to Mélanie
(Isidor) and Moïse Durkheim, coming into a long lineage of devout French Jews. As
his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been rabbis   young
Durkheim began his education in a rabbinical school. However, at an early age, he
switched schools, deciding not to follow in his family's footsteps. In fact,
Durkheim led a completely secular life, whereby much of his work was dedicated to
demonstrating that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine
factors. Despite this fact, Durkheim did not sever ties with his family or with the
Jewish community. Actually, many of his most prominent collaborators and
students were Jewish, some even being blood-related. Marcel Mauss, a notable
social anthropologist of the prewar era, for instance, was his nephew. He is widely
regarded as the founder of the French school of sociology. Durkheim was born into
a Jewish family of very modest means, and it was taken for granted that he would
become a rabbi, like his father. He is a French social scientist who developed a
vigorous methodology combining empirical research with sociological theory. He is
widely regarded as the founder of the French school of sociology.
 Max Weber

Contributions:

 Power and authority

- Charismatic authority
- Traditional authority
- Rational-legal authority
 Social action theory
 Verstehen
 Rationality
 Bureaucracy
 Authority
 The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism

(1864—1920)

He was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist who is

regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern
Western society. His ideas profoundly influence social theory and research.
Despite being recognized as one of the fathers of sociology along with Auguste
Comte, Karl Marx, and Émile Durkheim, Weber saw himself not as a sociologist but
as a historian. Weber did not believe in monocausal explanations, proposing instead
that for any outcome there can be multiple causes. He was a key proponent of
methodological anti-positivism, arguing for the study of social action through
interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) methods, based on understanding the
purpose and meanings that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber's main
intellectual concern was in understanding the processes of rationalisation,
secularisation, and "disenchantment". He argued that such processes result from a
new way of thinking about the world and are associated with the rise of capitalism
and modernity. Weber is best known for his other thesis combining economic
sociology and the sociology of religion, emphasising the importance of cultural
influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of
capitalism.
 A.R. Radcliffe-Brown

Contributions:

 Scientific Investigations
- Observation
- Taxonomy
- Generalizations
 Developed theory of structural-funtionalism
 Saw the acting individual as less important, emphasizing instead the social
institutions.
 All social and cultural institutions are functional in maintaining overall social
structure of a society.

(1881—1955)

He was born Alfred Reginald Brown in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, England, the

second son of Alfred Brown (d.1886), a manufacturer's clerk, and his wife Hannah
(née Radcliffe). He later changed his last name, by deed poll, to Radcliffe-Brown,
Radcliffe being his mother's maiden name. He was educated at King Edward's
School, Birmingham, and Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1905; M.A., 1909),
graduating with first-class honours in the moral sciences tripos. While still a
student, he earned the nickname "Anarchy Brown" for his close interest in the
writings of the anarcho-communist and scientist Peter Kropotkin. He studied
psychology under W. H. R. Rivers who, with A. C. Haddon, led him toward social
anthropology. Under the latter's influence, he travelled to the Andaman Islands
(1906–1908) and Western Australia (1910–1912, with biologist and writer E. L.
Grant Watson and Australian writer Daisy Bates) to conduct fieldwork into the
workings of the societies there.
 Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski

Contributions:

 Field work in trobriand islands

- The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given
context.
- Language functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action.
 Paved the way for a cultural, contextual study of L in Britain
 Phatic communion

(1884—1942)

He was born on 7 April 1884 in Kraków – in the Austrian partition of the former
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – then part of the Austro-Hungarian province
known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. His father, Lucjan Malinowski, was
a professor of Slavic philology at the Jagiellonian University, and his mother was
the daughter of a landowning family. He was a Polish-British anthropologist whose
writings on ethnography, social theory, and field research have exerted a lasting
influence on the discipline of anthropology. Malinowski was born in what was part of
the Austrian partition of Poland, and completed his initial studies at Jagiellonian
University in his birth city of Kraków. From 1910, at the London School of
Economics (LSE), he studied exchange and economics, analysing Aboriginal
Australia through ethnographic documents. In 1914 he traveled to Australia. He
conducted research in the Trobriand Islands and other regions in New Guinea and
Melanesia where he stayed for several years, studying indigenous cultures.
 Tallcott Paksons

Contributions:

 Founder of structural functionalism

 Functional pre-requisites
 Pattern Variables
 Sexual Division of Labour
 He believed in the interconnectedness of different elements of society.
 Construct a system or general theory of social action to include its all
aspects, drawing on several disciplines and reinterpreting previous theories.
 This supported individual integration into social structures.

(1920—1979)

He was born on December 13, 1902, in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He was the son
of Edward Smith Parsons (1863–1943) and Mary Augusta Ingersoll (1863–1949).
His father had attended Yale Divinity School, was ordained as a Congregationalist
minister, and served first as a minister for a pioneer community in Greeley,
Colorado. Parsons is considered one of the most influential figures in sociology in
the 20th century. After earning a PhD in economics, he served on the faculty at
Harvard University from 1927 to 1929. In 1930, he was among the first professors
in its new sociology department. Later, he was instrumental in the establishment of
the Department of Social Relations at Harvard. Based on empirical data, Parsons'
social action theory was the first broad, systematic, and generalizable theory of
social systems developed in the United States and Europe. Some of Parsons'
largest contributions to sociology in the English-speaking world were his
translations of Max Weber's work and his analyses of works by Weber, Émile
Durkheim, and Vilfredo Pareto. Their work heavily influenced Parsons' view and was
the foundation for his social action theory. Parsons viewed voluntaristic action
through the lens of the cultural values and social structures that constrain choices
and ultimately determine all social actions, as opposed to actions that are
determined based on internal psychological processes.
 Robert K. Merton

Contributions:

 Strain theory
 Manifest and latent theory
 Dysfuntions
 Broadens the analysis to incorporate changes as well as stability
 Makes critical distinctions between functions and personal motives

(1910)

He was born on July 4, 1910, in Philadelphia as Meyer Robert Schkolnickinto a

family of Yiddish-speaking Russian Jews who had immigrated to the United States
in 1904. His mother was Ida Rasovskaya, an "unsynagogued" socialist who had
freethinking radical sympathies. His father was Aaron Schkolnickoff, a tailor who
had officially been registered at port of entry to the United States as "Harrie
Skolnick". Merton's family lived in straitened circumstances after his father's
uninsured dairy-product shop in South Philadelphia burned down. His father later
became a carpenter's assistant to support the family. Known for developing
theories of deviance, as well as the concepts of "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role
model," Robert K. Merton is considered one of America's most influential social
scientists. Best known for developing theories of deviance, as well as the concepts
of "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role model," Robert K. Merton is considered one
of America's most influential social scientists. Robert Merton is a functionalist
sociologist who viewed society as a system of functioning parts or structures that,
together, create a stable society.
 Georg Simmel

Contributions:

 Formal sociology
 The dialectical approach
 Social geometry
 Superiordination and subordination
 Sociability
 Secrecy
 The secret society
 Philosophy of money
 Exchange
 Mass culture

(1858–1918)

Georg Simmel was born in Berlin, Germany, as the youngest of seven children to an
assimilated Jewish family. His father, Eduard Simmel (1810–1874), a prosperous
businessman and convert to Roman Catholicism, had founded a confectionery store
called "Felix & Sarotti" that would later be taken over by a chocolate
manufacturer. His mother Flora Bodstein (1818–1897) came from a Jewish family
who had converted to Lutheranism. Georg, himself, was baptized as a Protestant
when he was a child. His father died in 1874, when Georg was 16, leaving a sizable
inheritance. Georg was then adopted by Julius Friedländer, the founder of an
international music publishing house known as Peters Verlag, who endowed him with
the large fortune that enabled him to become a scholar. Beginning in 1876, Simmel
studied philosophy and history at the Humboldt University of Berlin, going on to
receive his doctorate in 1881 for his thesis on Kantian philosophy of matter, titled
"Das Wesen der Materie nach Kants Physischer Monadologie". An acquaintance of
Max Weber, Simmel wrote on the topic of personal character in a manner
reminiscent of the sociological 'ideal type'. He broadly rejected academic
standards, however, philosophically covering topics such as emotion and romantic
love. Both Simmel and Weber's nonpositivist theory would inform the eclectic
critical theory of the Frankfurt School.
 George Herbert Mead

Contribution:

 Symbolic Interaction
- Human behaviour has a deeper symbolic meaning
- Humans learn the meaning of social behaviour by socialisation
 Children learn in this stages:
- Preparatory (gestures, words, symbol)
- Play ( specific roles)
- Games (multiple roles)
- Generalized other to significant other (role of the group)

(1863–1931)

George Herbert Mead was born February 27, 1863, in South Hadley,
Massachusetts. He was raised in a Protestant, middle-class family comprising his
father, Hiram Mead, his mother, Elizabeth Storrs Mead (née Billings), and his
sister Alice. His father was a former Congregationalist pastor from a lineage of
farmers and clergymen and who later held the chair in Sacred Rhetoric and
Pastoral Theology at Oberlin College's theological seminary. Elizabeth taught for
two years at Oberlin College and subsequently, from 1890 to 1900, serving as
president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. He was an
American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the
University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is
regarded as one of the founders of symbolic interactionism and of what has come
to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition. Sociologist George Herbert
Mead believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other
people. He argued that the self, which is the part of a person's personality
consisting of self-awareness and self-image, is a product of social experience.