1

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL FINAL REPORT FOR

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
HOOKE’S LAW OF ELASTICITY

By:
BACOLOD, BERNARD VINCE RJ
BS ME I

Submitted To:
ENGR. JOHN PAUL SALVATERA
Course Facilitator

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
ENGG PHYSL: Physics for Engineers Laboratory
2571 7:30 – 10:30 MWF ONLINE

14 DECEMBER 2020
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II. DISCUSSION OF THEORY

Hooke’s law
In 1660, English scientist Robert Hooke found out law of elasticity. When he is
studying springs and elasticity, He observed that the stress versus strain curve for
materials has a linear region. In certain limits, the force needed to stretch an elastic thing
such as a metal spring is straightly proportional to the appendix of the spring and is called
as Hooke's law. Mathematically, Hooke’s law is commonly written as:
F = –k(x)
The applied force (F) is equivalent to a constant (k) multiplied by the displacement (x).

The constant k is the

measurement of
spring’s stiffness and
is called the spring
constant. Negative
value is indicating that
the change of length
of the spring once it is
stretched. Stretching

Figure 1https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2015/54e1ebda060dc.jpg a spring the length of it

changes through the
amount (x) from its equilibrium length, then it applies a force F = -kx in a direction towards
its equilibrium position.
Where in:

F = is the applied force

x = is the extension length

k = is the constant of proportionality known as spring constant in N/m

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The law of elasticity states that for small deformation of an object,

the displacement or change in length is straightly equivalent to the deforming load.
Beneath these conditions, the object’s original size and shape upon releasing of the load
will return. When extremely large values of applied force, the malformation of the elastic
material is sometimes bigger than anticipated on the basis of the law, even though the
material stays flexible and will go back to its character or original after removal of the
force. According to the law, elastic manner of solid can be explicate by the reality that
small relocations of their components or particles from normal positions is also correlated
to the force that makes the displacement.

A spring is a thing that can be disfigure. Springs come in a vast assortment of unalike
forms, but the basic metal coil spring is presumably the most common. Springs are
necessary part of more or less all kind of complex mechanical utensils or appliances from
ball-point pens to competing car engines. There is nothing enormously entranced to the
shape of a coil spring that forms it act like a spring. The elasticity or sometimes called
springiness, could be a fundamental property of the wire that the spring is made from.
Moreover, a long straight metal wire has the capability to spring back following unbending
or crumpling action. Winding the wire into a spring fair permits us to emprise the
properties of a prolonged piece of wire in a tiny space. This is much more favorable for
building mechanical devices.

Figure 2
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Feducation%2Fscience%2Fp
hysics%2Fhow-simple-harmonic-motion-works-in-horizontal-and-vertical-
springs%2F&psig=AOvVaw2yDf7D6TzTTzAVeKNIvVAG&ust=1594269973471000&source=images&cd=vfe&ve
d=0CA
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A material is either flatten or stretched in feedback to the force being applied to the
it. The force applied is commonly known as stress and is betoken by the symbol σ in
mechanics. The area to which the material flattens or stretches is called as strain. Unalike
materials respond diversely to applied stress. This detail is significant for engineers while
choosing materials for their structures. Unalike springs, hanging on the material, will have
opposed spring constants. The constant calculated experientially can be utilized further.

When stress from the material is detached, there are 2 types of distortion or
deformation that can take place: plastic deformation and elastic deformation. Plastic
deformation take place when a huge stress is put in to a material. The stress is so big
that the material will not spring back to its previous proportion. There is a permanent,
irreparable contortion. The least value of the stress which creates plastic deformation is
known as the elastic limit for the material. For materials in the most, the strain
accomplished when a little stress is applied rests on the stinginess of the chemical bonds
in the material. The material’s stiffness is straightly related to the material’s chemical
structure and what type of chemical bond has on it.

Any spring must be designed and specified such that it only ever experiences
elastic distortion when constructed into a machine under normal operation. This is to
signify that the restoring force due to the spring is in the contrary direction to the force
which caused the displacement. Pulling down on a spring will cause an extension of the
spring downward, which will in turn result in an upward force due to the spring. It is
always important to make sure that the direction of the restoring force is specified
consistently when approaching mechanics problems involving elasticity.
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III. DATA A ND RESULT

Table 3.1 Some Philippine Peso Coins and their Masses

Philippine
Date Date
Peso New Old
Introduced Introduced
Coin
8.70 g
8.00 g
March 26, (ring: copper-nickel July 10,
10.00 (nickel-plated
2018 center: 2001
steel)
AluminumBronze)
7.40 g
Nov. 30, 7.70 g
5.00 (nickel-plated Dec. 1995
2017 (nickel-brass)
steel)
6.00 g 6.10 g (copper-nickel) Dec. 1995
1.00 (nickel-plated 5.35 g (nickel-plated April 21,
steel) March 26, steel) 2003
3.60 g 2018 3.80 g (brass) Dec. 1995
0.25 (nickel-plated 3.60 g (brass-plated March 22,
steel) steel) 2004
2.50 g (copper-plated
0.10 - - Dec. 1995
steel)
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Table 3.2 Adding Weights

Initial Length of the Spring, 𝐿𝑖 = 0.025 m

Total Mass
of the Final
Coins Length of
Coins Added Weight Elongation,
Added Added Force
the Spring, Constant,
Trial

1 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.0803 kg 0.7877 N 0.028 m 0.003 m 262.5667

2 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.1606 kg 1.5755 N 0.031m 0.006 m 262.5833

3 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.2409 kg 2.3632 N 0.034 m 0.009 m 262.5778

4 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.3212 kg 3.1510 N 0.037m 0.012 m 262.5833

5 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.4015 kg 3.9387 N 0.040 m 0.015 m 262.5800

6 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.4818 kg 4.7265 N 0.043 m 0.018 m 262.5833

7 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.5621 kg 5.5142 N 0.046 m 0.021 m 262.5810

8 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.6424 kg 6.3019 N 0.049 m 0.024 m 262.5792

9 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.7227 kg 7.0897 N 0.052 m 0.027 m 262.5815

10 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.8030 kg 7.8774 N 0.055 m 0.030 m 262.5800

Average 262.5796
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Table 3.3 Removing Weights

Initial Length of the Spring, 𝐿𝑖 = 0.025 m

Total Mass
of the Final
Coins Force
Length of
Coins Removed Weight Compression,
Removed Removed Constant,
the Spring,
Trial

1 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.0803 kg 0.7877 N 0.052 m -0.027 m -29.1741

2 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.1606 kg 1.5755 N 0.049 m -0.024 m - 65.6458

3 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.2409 kg 2.3632 N 0.046 m -0.021 m -112.5333

4 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.3212 kg 3.1510 N 0.043 m -0.018 m -175.0556

5 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.4015 kg 3.9387 N 0.040 m -0.015 m -262.5800

6 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.4818 kg 4.7265 N 0.037 m -0.012 m -393.8750

7 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.5621 kg 5.5142 N 0.034 m -0.009 m -612.6889

8 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.6424 kg 6.3019 N 0.0331 m -0.006 m -1050.3167

9 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.7227 kg 7.0897 N 0.028 m -0.003 m -2363.2333

10 (15)(5.35)= 80.25 g 0.8030 kg 7.8774 N 0.025 m 0m 0

Average -506.5103
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Graph

TABLE 3.2
9

8 0.03, 7.8774

7 0.027, 7.0897

0.024, 6.3019
6
0.021, 5.5142
5
0.018, 4.7265

4 0.015, 3.9387

0.012, 3.151
3

0.009, 2.3632
2
0.006, 1.5755

1
0.003, 0.7877

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

Area of the tringle ½ bh = ½ ( 0.03 m)(7.8774 N)

= 0.1182 Nm
Work done, W = ½ (k)(X2)

= ½ (262.5796 N/m) (0.0165 m)2

= 0.0357 Nm

What do you observe about the values of area and work?

- I observe that the value of the work done is lesser than the area.
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IV. SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS

Initial Length of the Spring, 𝐿𝑖 = 0.025 m

One-peso coin = 5.35 g

Coins Added

15 (5.35 g) = 80.25 g

Total Mass of the Coins Removed

1
80.25 g ( ) = 0.0803 kg
1000𝑔

Weight Added
0.0803 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 0.7877 N

Elongation, X

0.028 – 0.025 = 0.003 m

Compression, X

0.025 m – 0.053 m

= -0.028 m

𝑵
Force Constant, (𝒎)

0.7877 𝑁
( ) = 262.5667 N/m (Elongation)
0.003 𝑚

0.7877 𝑁
( ) = -28.1321 N/m (Compression)
−0.028 𝑚
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𝑇1+𝑇2+𝑇3+𝑇4+𝑇5+𝑇6+𝑇7+𝑇8+𝑇9+𝑇10
Average K, ( )
10

262.5667 + 262.5833 + 262.5778 + 262.5833 + 262.5800 + 262.5833 + 262.5810 + 262.5792 + 262.5815 + 262.5800
10

= 262.5796

Area of the triangle,

½ Base (Height)
½ (0.03m)(7.8774N)
= 0.1182 Nm

Work done,
½ (K)(X2)
½ (½ (262.5796 N/m)(0.0165 m)2
= 0.0357 Nm
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V. DIAGRAM OF THE SETUP/ DOCUMENTATION

Figure 1 front view of the setup Figure 2 side view of the setup
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Figure 3 Setup of the experiment

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VI. OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION

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VII. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. State Hooke’s Law of Elasticity
a. as it is applied to an elongated body like a metal rod.
- When a metal is stressed, a nonpermanent deformation, presumably
permitted by elastic distortion of atoms in the space lattice, occur.
The bar’s elongation is straightly proportional to the tensile force and
the length of the bar and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional
are and the modulus of elasticity.
b. as it is applied to a cylindrical spring
- if it is applied cylindrical spring, the proportionality constant k hinge
on upon a number of factors for the object. Like in a nylon string when
it is tightened is stretches, and the elongation is proportional to the
force applied. But for thicker or wider nylon strings like 6th and ones
made of steel stretch less for the same applied force, indicating they
have a larger constant. Strings return to their normal length when the
force is removed, provided the deformation is small. Most materials
will behave in this manner if the deformation is very least.

2. A cylindrical spring is found to elongate by 3 cm when stretched by a force of

500 Newtons. Determine: a) its force constant, b) the work done by a
600Newton force in elongating the spring, and c) the elongation if a 100-kg
mass is hung on the spring.

a) Force constant, k b) W = F (d)

T = KX
500 N = K (0.03 m) = (600 N)(0.03 m)

500 𝑁 𝐾 (0.03 𝑚)
= = 18 J
0.03 𝑚 0.03 𝑚

= 16666.6667 N/m
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C) 100 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 16666.6667 N/m (x)

981 𝑁 16666.6667𝑁/𝑚 (𝑥)

=
16666.6667𝑁/𝑚 16666.6667 𝑁/𝑚

X= 0.5886 m or 58.86 cm

Engage

1. What happens when a material is deformed? Why?

- When a force is placed on a material, the material stretches or compresses in
response to the force. The components of the material changed due to the force.
2. Why do some objects return to their original size and shape when loaded?
- it is because the object can take or hold the force applied. An object will return
to its initial size or original shape when it can absorb the load given.
Why do some materials do not return to their original form when unloaded?
- It is because the load or force applied is too much for the object. After
unloading, the object will not return to its original size and shape because it
cannot take the force applied.
Explain

1. Discuss your choice of materials.

- Block of wood
- Tape
- Pencil
- Thread
- Straw
- Plastic cup
- One-peso coin
- Ruler
- spring
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In this experiment I used block wood as a stand attached with pencil, used to
hang the spring. I used tape and straw to hold the pencil from falling down when
weight was added at the plastic cup. Also, I utilized thread as a rope for the spring
and plastic cup, coin basket. Ruler for measuring and spring to be observed on
this experiment.
2. Were you able to obtain your expected results? Why or why not?

- Yes, because I tried my very best on this experiment on utilizing the materials
provided and by following the procedure and did not make unessential short
cut.
3. Discuss any problems you have encountered and how you addressed or remedied
these.

- When doing trials, the pencil I attached to the stand is easy to move. Hence, I
look for a straw and tie the pencil at the back to hold it from moving.
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Elaborate

1. Discuss briefly the importance of the law on elasticity in your field of study.

- It allows to lay out how load affects the body. It was observed in experiments
like any other constitutional equations. It states strain is proportional to stress.
Material riposte differently to stress and the details of the response are
significant to engineers who must select their materials for structures and
machines that behave foreseeably under expected stresses.
2. List and describe two (2) situations in which conceptual (qualitative) and numerical
description of elasticity are relevant in your field of study.

- Elasticity is very important for making machines, robotics, and etc. It is used
to design protection and stable manmade structures such as skyscrapers and
over bridges to make life convenient.
- In creating bridge bearings and engine mountings, rubber is used, where
its elastic properties are important for the absorption of vibrations.
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VIII. REFERENCES
Hooke's Law Research - Shant's AS Physics Portfolio. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/a/seq.org/shants-as-physics-portfolio/hooke-s-law-research
Admin. (2020, January 17). What is Hooke's Law? - Formula, Graph, Experiment Hooke's
Law Of Elasticity. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/physics/hookes-law-equation-
experiment/
Hooke's law. (2020, June 23). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_law
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020, January 13). Hooke's law. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/Hookes-law
What is Hooke's Law? (article). (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-
is-hookes-law