The Potent of Galvanized Iron as an Alternative Material

for the Exhaust Pipe Filter

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the
Senior High School Department
The Sto. Nino Formation and Science School

In Partial
Fulfillment
Of the Requirements
For the Subject Research

Carandang, Mikhaela Andrea D.

Eguia, Charisse Anne O.
Enriquez, Hailie Jade R.
Recinto, Nicole Andrei M.
Villanueva, Willard Joshua B.

JANUARY 2021
1
 CHAPTER 1

NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Exhaust gas emissions from engine combustion greatly

contributes to air pollution. Air pollution constitute to

major threat to health and climate. This is a mixture of solid

particles and gases. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,

nitrogen oxide, formal dehyde, benzene and soot, all of each

can be detrimental to the human body if inhaled in large

quantities. According to the survey made by The World Health

Organization (WHO), there are 9 out of 10 people that breathes

air containing high levels of pollutant. The effects of air

pollution can cause about seven million deaths every year as

a result of consistent inhalation of dangerous gases in the

air. People living in urban areas are greatly affected by

being exposed to high levels of air pollution.

Land transportation is one of the major sources of

pollutants in the atmosphere. Fossil fueled vehicles have

2
been around for decades. Since 1886, the gasoline is used for

internal combustion engines, and by 1890’s motor cars have

reached their modern stage of development. Due to the increase

of vehicle production, the amount of air pollutants in the

atmosphere also rose. Jeepneys, private cars, and tricycles

are the usual sight in the roads of the Philippines. Exhaust

fumes from these vehicles contributes the increasing

pollution in the environment caused by large amount of carbon

emissions thus, certain attempts to disintegrate pollution

were conducted. Attempt to prevent these kinds of fumes were

done, but due to varying opinions of vehicle owners these

lead to the failure of implementation. Owners and some of the

solutions to be too costly and will not benefit them as much.

Electric cars have been a proposal for this problem, but some

vehicle owners do not consider this idea as the appropriate

solution for this problem. Old model vehicles that still emit

harmful gases are still used up until now. In third world

countries like Philippines, fossil fueled vehicles can be

found everywhere. Vehicles like car, jeepneys, motorcycles,

tricycles, buses, and trucks are some of the major sources of

air pollutants. Though many solutions have been developed,

implementation is still a problem. The inventions require a

huge amount of money to have a widespread execution because

3
of the large increase of air pollution, health hazard begun

to rise up rapidly. The diffusion of exhaust fumes into the

environment brings out dangerous effect and can cause a lot

of diseases such as asthma, heart decease and lung cancer. It

can cause damages in the nerves, organs, kidneys and brain in

general not only for humans but also for other living

organisms.

One of the vehicles that releases large amount of gases

in the air is a Tricycle. Tricycles are one of the public

transportations used by people in the Philippines. Tricycle

is a motorbike with an attached sidecar. This is mostly used

for short distance rides. This vehicle is considered as one

of the main sources of pollution in cities for it emits carbon

monoxide, hydrocarbons and many threatening gases. According

to the Asia Development Bank, tricycles produce 3.8 tons of

carbon dioxide in a year that contributes to the contamination

of the air quality. This may further result to severe

respiratory diseases which is one of the reasons why the

government warns the public of the harmful effects of the

exhaust fumes from the tricycles. (Strother, 2013)

The exhaust pipe is the pipe that guides the gas out

of the engine of a vehicle. It is the pathway of dangerous

gases out of the exhaust system. It diffuses smoke and soot

4
as a result of combustion of fossil fuel in the vehicle’s

system. The system of pipes is designed to carry the exhaust

gas away from both the driver and the vehicle this is why an

exhaust pipe is located at the rear of a vehicle.

An exhaust pipe filter (EPF) is attached to a vehicle’s

exhaust pipe to capture heavy particulates and reduce too

much release of harmful gases. An advantage of this exhaust

pipe filter includes the identification of the amount of air

pollutants emitted by the vehicle and the structure inside

the filter refrains the loud sound the vehicles create.

However, the exhaust pipe filter cannot filter out the

smallest particles due to the limitation of filter media, it

is only limited to the reduction of heavy particulate matter

in the exhaust gas.

Galvanized iron (GI) is an iron which is coated with

zinc to make it corrosion resistant. Steel can also be

galvanized. If the zinc coating is broken, the galvanized

object remains protected against corrosion because zinc is

more reactive than iron and hence, can be easily oxidized.

Thus, when zinc layer breaks down, the zinc continuously

reacts and get oxidized. Therefore, the iron object is

protected. Instead of stainless steel, the researchers will

use galvanized iron as the material for exhaust pipe filter.

5
Using galvanized iron as a material for the exhaust pipe

filter, can make outstanding resistance to mechanical damage

and rusting.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless and colorless gas

that is formed by an incomplete combustion of fuels. It can

be found in fumes produced by stoves, fireplaces, and gas

ranges. This is more commonly found in fumes produces when

fuels used in vehicles are burned. CO is highly dangerous

because it has the ability to poison people or animal who

breathe it. The problem with carbon monoxide is that it is

impossible to detect it with senses for it has no odor and

color. There is an average of 400 people die due to the

unintentional CO exposure every year. This is one of the gases

that is expected to be filtered out.

Hydrocarbons are organic chemical compounds composed

of hydrogen and carbon atoms. This is a source of fuel because

it is highly combustible and it produces carbon dioxide, heat

and water when it is burned. This compound is naturally-

occurring and found in every home. Hydrocarbons cause

seizures, irregular heart rhythm, and damage to the kidneys

or liver when a person accidentally had an intake of a

hydrocarbon product. Hydrocarbons are found in gasoline and

6
kerosene which are used This is the second gas that the

researchers will filter from the exhaust fumes.

Because of the implications regarding air pollution, the

researchers came up with a solution that will aid to the

gradual reduction of harmful solid particles that are left

out during the fuel combustion process in the engines that

are then released into the atmosphere. With the help of

exhaust pipe filters, tricycle owners can monitor the amount

of carbon and soot emissions of their tricycles which allows

the tricycle owners to assess the problem behind their

vehicles.

As stated in the previous paragraphs, vehicles are one

of the sources of air pollution which produces significant

amounts of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide on their exhaust

pipes. In relation to this, the exhaust pipe filter can lessen

the production of exhaust fumes. The said exhaust pipe filter

will be attached to the exhaust pipe of the vehicle. Based on

prior studies, having a filter at the end of the tailpipe of

a vehicle can filter out heavy particulate and can reduce

carbon emissions. In addition, the filter has the capability

to prevent the noise the vehicles produce.

The purposes of this study are: To determine the effect

of the Galvanized Iron in filtering carbon monoxide and

7
hydrocarbons from tricycles, and to reduce carbon emissions

using exhaust pipe filters.

Statement of the Problem

The main problem of the study was to determine the

effectiveness of the Potent of Galvanized Iron as an

alternative material for the exhaust pipe filter.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What was the effect of the potent of Galvanized Iron-

coated Exhaust Pipe Filter in terms of:

1.1. Filtering Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon

emitted by the Tricycle; and

1.2. Maximizing the effectivity of the

filtration material.

2. What was the effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated

Exhaust Pipe Filter on the tricycle in terms of

preventing the builds up of back pressure?

Hypotheses

1. The Potent of Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter

had no effect in the terms of:

1.1. Filtering Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon

emitted by the Tricycle; and

8
 1.2. Maximizing the effectivity of the filtration

material.

2. The Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter had no

effect on the tricycle in terms of preventing the builds

up of back pressure.

Conceptual Framework

To fulfill the aim to seek specific answers to research

questions raised by the study, a framework for the study had

been established.

The first circle contains the Input which is the

Galvanized Iron used as an Alternative Material for the

Exhaust Pipe Filter. The second circle shows the process of

making an Exhaust Pipe Filter with the material, Galvanized

iron, as well as the process of filtration, observation and

measuring which will be the methods used in the study. The

third circle presents the variable that convey precise

results.

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 • Process of
making an The Potent of
Galvanized the Galvanized
Iron as the Exhaust Pipe Iron as the
material for Filter. Alternative
the Exhaust • Filtration, Material for
Pipe Filter Observation, the Exhaust
and Pipe Filter
Measuring

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Conceptual Framework on the Input,

Process, and Output of the Effectiveness of the

Galvanized Iron as an Alternative Material for the

Exhaust Pipe Filter.

Significance of the study

The findings of the study were redounded to the benefit

of the Tricycle drivers and commuters, considering that a

tricycle is one of the most common public transportation in

the Philippines. Governing bodies were developing

increasingly careful emission regulations. This had led to

push to develop more efficient filters. The study deals with

the reduction of soot particles by using an exhaust pipe

10
filter. The exhaust pipe filter, as introduced in the study,

provided number of benefits in terms of threatening air

pollution crisis on developing countries like the

Philippines. This can benefit the environment, the tricycle

owners, commuters, future researchers, and the researchers

themselves. The study would be a significant endeavor to the

following:

Environment. Since the exhaust pipe filters minimize

the dangerous gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon

that contributes to air pollution, there will be a cleaner

and safer environment for all.

Community. This study is helpful to most people

involved in the air pollution crisis. Because of its cost-

effectiveness, it could save the community’s health and every

man living on it in inexpensive ways.

Tricycle Owners/Drivers. The Tricycle owners and

drivers can install the exhaust pipe filter to their tricycles

and they will have less problem regarding the noise tricycles

produce and the smoke it emits.

Future Researchers. With the use of this study, Future

Researchers can better understand the purpose of steel

alternatives, such as Galvanized Iron, which in turn can be

used for more sustainable ways.

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 Commuters. People can benefit from this because by

lessening the deleterious gas emissions, there will be a fresh

air to breathe and can prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and

epidemic sickness which is relevant and timely to the world.

Researchers of the study. The study is significant for

the researchers because it gives them a wider spectrum of

information that will benefit their future studies and

projects.

The materials used were not hard to come by such as

galvanized iron. This material can be easily found in a

hardware. It also has a high corrosion resistance. Aside from

that, though stainless steel is a good choice, galvanized

iron is cheaper, making it affordable to the beneficiaries of

the study. The product cannot only be considered highly

beneficial concerning the public health but it was also cost-

effective that can help sustain the needs of the citizen both

financially and economically.

Scope and Limitations of the study

As to satisfy the discreet needs of this research, the

study focused on the effectiveness of the Potent of Galvanized

Iron as an Alternative Material for the Exhaust Pipe Filter

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as it introduced a less-polluted air for people. The

researchers presented their own model of the filter with

galvanized iron as the material. This study was conducted in

Rosario, Batangas. It involved the observation of exhaust

pipe filter and the measurement of soot to determine if the

researchers’ exhaust pipe filter model is effective in

filtering the particles from the fumes. The study was in form

of a True Experimental Research because it used a random

sampling and it was an unbiased selection. This study was

conducted in school year 2020-2021.

The study was limited only in determining the

effectiveness of Galvanized Iron as an alternative material

for the Exhaust Pipe Filter. This study did not cover other

kinds of vehicle and only use tricycles as the research

instrument. This study was conducted for a day using a smoke

emission test to determine how effective was the exhaust pipe

filter in filtering carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The

observation and recording of data were done in a day with the

use of a weighing scale to measure how much carbon monoxide

and hydrocarbons it can filter. As for the results of this

study, it would be considered verifiable only to the

aforementioned measurement methods and conducted experiments.

13
The findings of the study could be used as bases for similar

studies in which air pollution crisis is addressed.

Definition of Key Terms

For the purpose of clarification, the important terms

used in the study had been defined conceptually, and

operationally, based on their observable characteristics and

how they were used in the study.

Carbon Monoxide. The term refers as a flammable,

colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, partially soluble in

water. (Pohanish, 2012) In the study, this term is used to

mean as the one of the gases being emitted by the exhaust

system.

Combustion. The term refers to a chemical reaction

between substances, usually including oxygen and usually

accompanied by the generation of heat and light in form of

flame. (Kondratiev, 2020) In the study, this term is used to

mean as the process in which the exhaust pipe releases the

incomplete combusted fossil fuels.

Exhaust System. The term refers to pushing of the

exhaust gases from the engine to the rear of the vehicle where

the gases can exit. (Krause, 2018) In the study, it is used

14
to mean as where gases and incompletely burned fuel travel

away from the engine to the end of the vehicle.

Filtration. The term refers to a process used to

separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium

that allows liquids and gases to pass through but not the

solid. (Helmestine, 2020) In the study, it is used to mean as

the process of separating soot particles from the exhaust gas

by capturing the soot using the filtration materials.

Fossil Fuel. The term refers to a general term for

buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials,

formed from decayed plants and animals that have been

converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, and heavy oils.

(Spelch, 2016) In the study, it is used to mean as the

component of the fuel that powers a vehicle’s engine, the

fuel is burned during the combustion process that turns into

gas. Some of the fuel are not burned which are then included

in the emission of exhaust gas.

Galvanized Iron. The term refers to a coat of zinc

that is applied over an iron. (Raley, 2017) In the study, it

is used to mean as the material that houses the filtration

media and the component that comes in contact with the exhaust

pipe of the vehicle.

15
 Hydrocarbons. The term refers as an organic chemical

compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

(Fernando, 2020) In the study, this term is used to mean as

the gas that will be filtered out together with the carbon

monoxide.

Potent. The term refers to the term refers to achieve

or bring about a particular result which in other word is

effective, this term also refers to exert or being capable of

exerting strong physiological or chemical effects. (Harcourt

H. M., 2018) In the study, this term is used to mean as the

pieces of Galvanized Iron.

Smoke Emission Test. The term refers to the level of

air pollutants emitted from the exhaust of every vehicle.

(CARCHEX, 2016) In the study, this term is used to mean as

the test which is the basis to know if carbon monoxide, carbon

dioxide, oxygen, hydrocarbon and temperature changes upon

testing.

16
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related legal bases and

studies which are composed of facts and principles related to

the present study. They are from various sources and

references like government documents, past theses, and

articles from the internet. The arrangement starts with the

legal bases and ends with the local and foreign studies.

Related Legal Bases

The Republic Act No. 8749 (Philippines Clean Air Act

of 1999), states that the air pollution and environmental

protection shall be managed. It states that vehicle emissions

should be limited and controlled. Emission limit values are

given by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

It sets emission standards for all vehicles and gives

pollutant limitations for the field. The rules and

17
regulations in the law shall be applied to all industrial

emissions and establishments which are potential sources of

air pollution.

The RA 8749 supports the present study because it

refers to the use of an exhaust pipe filter as an answer to

solve the problems in air pollution that is timely nowadays.

Hence, using exhaust pipe filter will help reduce the harmful

gases in the air. It will also secure the health of the

people.

Related Study

An article written by (Binod Shrestha, 2019) tells

about the process of galvanization. Galvanization is a metal

coating process in which a part is coated with a thin layer

of zinc. The zinc coating prevents the occurrence of oxidation

and weathering. The article also mentions the benefits of

galvanizing metals. Galvanization lengthens the duration of

the metal and provides corrosion resistance to the parts

exposed in the environment.

The article has relevance to the present study because

it proves the benefits to be attained when the metal undergoes

the process of galvanization. The study also reveals the

significant processes in galvanizing a metal. According to

18
the previous study, galvanization will enhance the longevity

of the iron thus, it will also increase the lifespan of an

exhaust pipe filter.

A study written by (Danfeng Du et al., 2019) tells

about the new kind of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) with

gear-shaped wood fiber filter element. In this study, wood

fiber was introduced as a porous material that has virtues of

high absorption efficiency. To verify its reliability and

efficiency, the filtration resistance change was compared and

analyzed through a diesel particulate filter bench test. The

wood fiber DPF was proven to have a huge dust capacity and

long service life whereas a traditional filter needs to be

regenerated.

The study has relevance to the present study because

it proves that different kinds of material can be used to

make a filter. It is also explained in the previous study

that using wood fiber filter has lesser requirement than the

ordinary diesel particulate filters. The only disparity is

that the present study will use a different material as one

of the components of the exhaust filter.

The latest study by (De torres et al., 2019) reveals

that eggshells could help prevent vehicles to produce huge

levels of harmful gases by being one of the components of an

19
exhaust pipe filter. It is stated that eggshells have the

ability to absorb air pollutants emitted by vehicular exhaust

pipes. The study proves the effectiveness of crushed

eggshells as component of an automotive exhaust pipe filter

by testing three jeepneys. The study is focused also in

reducing air pollution produced by road transport. According

to this study, road transport was one of the most evident

contributors to increasing toxic air pollution levels. This

leads the researchers to produce an exhaust pipe filter with

eggshells as one of the components.

The study is related to the present study because it

is focused in the emission of toxic gases. According to the

study, with the use of an exhaust pipe filter, there would be

a large possibility that air pollution level will be

decreased. The previous study used jeepneys to prove this

idea because it is a prominent vehicle which will also be

used in the present study. The use of a waste material

encourages the researchers to use a different material to

test the effectivity of an exhaust pipe filter with a

different component.

Another study on the topic by (Ula Chrobak, 2019)

reveals that the filtering technology used to eradicate toxic

gases from vehicles used a chemical reaction that sometimes

20
generates another pollutant, Nitrogen Dioxide. Nitrogen

Dioxide causes inflammation and tightening of airways. It can

cause asthma and respiratory diseases. The emerging

technology seemed very promising in terms of reducing the

particulate matter associated with engine exhaust but very

adverse to health. The study lends an awareness that under

some circumstances, filtering technology can increase gas in

exhaust and may have an unexpected and deleterious effects on

health.

The study contradicts the present study because it

elaborates the disadvantages of using an exhaust pipe filter

on the health and well-being of people. It may cause health

risk and severe diseases to people like asthma and pulmonary

diseases. This is contrasting the present study because the

present study advocates the reduction of deleterious gasses

that may be detrimental to the health of people in the area.

This challenges the researchers of the present study to

disprove the idea that an exhaust pipe filter generates

another pollutant which is the Nitrogen Dioxide.

An article written by (Frederica Perera, 2017) states

that emissions include many toxic air pollutants and carbon

dioxide which may cause harmful effects to the communities.

It explains that majority of air pollution was generated by

21
the combustion of fossil fuel for electricity production,

heating, industrial processes, and most especially,

transportation. The article focuses on the health impacts of

fossil-fuel pollution.

This article is related to the present study because

it proves that fossil-fuel is harmful to the health of the

people mainly, the children’s health. This article supports

the present study because it explains the dreadful effects of

air pollution to one’s health which is why there is a need

for an exhaust pipe filter. This exhaust pipe filter will

help reduce the air pollutants and dangerous gases by

filtering the particles from the exhaust pipe of a vehicle.

An article written by (Jason Rose et al., 2017) discuss

about the carbon monoxide, its pathogenesis, management and

future directions of therapy. According to the article,

carbon monoxide poisoning affects 50,000 people a year in

United States. The clinical presentation runs a spectrum,

ranging from headache and dizziness to coma and death. A

portion of carbon monoxide poisoning still have substantial

morbidity which concludes that carbon monoxide has a very bad

effect to the body of the humans.

The article has a bearing to the present study because

the exhaust pipe filter is expected to lessen or completely

22
remove the carbon monoxide emission of the tricycle. The

carbon monoxide is detrimental to the health of the people

and can cause severe illness which can further lead to death.

Many illnesses were mentioned in the article that will harm

the internal organs of the people. With the help of an exhaust

pipe filter, the amount of carbon monoxide that has the

possibility to be inhaled will be reduced.

An article by (Jasper Pickering and Reuters, 2017)

introduces a filter that removes dangerous exhaust fumes. The

device was called Airbubbl and it was designed to remove

Nitrogen Dioxide from air stream. Toxic air pollution was

revealed to pass through the inlets inside diesel vehicles.

Many cabin filters removed small particles but do not

eliminate nitrogen dioxide and other harmful gases.

The article is relevant to the present study because

it explains that with the use of nanocarbon filters, it can

effectively remove nitrogen dioxide from the air stream. This

will help decrease the levels of air pollution in the area.

The use of fluid dynamics allows the researchers to gain

knowledge that the mechanisms of the exhaust filter can be

more efficient in filtering heavy particulate matter.

The study conducted by (Xiaobing Liu et al., 2017)

entitled, “Soy Protein Isolate/Bacterial Cellulose Composite

23
Membranes for High Efficiency Particulate Air Pollution,”

states that a soy-based air filter which are toxic to living

organisms. Soy protein contained many functional groups on

its structure and these functional groups were exposed for

interactions with pollutants through denaturation process. It

was found that the resulting SPI/BC composite possess

extremely high removal efficiencies for particulate

pollutants. The results revealed that functional structures

of the biomaterial provide huge potential for applications in

green multi-functional air filters. It revealed that the

chemical groups of Soy have a capability to capture passing

pollution at the molecular level.

The study has a bearing to the present study because

the previous study has proven that the organic filtering

mechanisms is a plausible solution to air pollution. There

are also advantages stated which are very much efficient to

eliminate hazardous gases. This will give the researchers an

idea to make a low-cost exhaust pipe filter by using readily

available materials that are economical and biodegradable.

An article written by (Eva Allanigue, 2016) tells

about a study conducted regarding an exhaust pipe filter made

up of crushed mussels. Mussles contain calcium carbonate that

24
can absorb air pollutants. This was proven to be an effective

solution to curb air pollutants coming from exhaust fumes.

The article is related to the present study because it

suggests that a different material can be effective in

filtering the fumes. According to the study, waste matter can

be used to filter out dangerous gases. The study can be a

basis for the design of the exhaust pipe filter.

An article written by (Karen Bowen, 2016) tells about

the effects of inhaling diesel fumes. Long exposure to diesel

exhaust may increase the risk of developing asthma, lung

diseases, heart diseases, brain and immune system issues.

Exposure to diesel exhaust particles made people with

allergies more liable to be influenced to the materials to

which they were allergic. The previous study explains that

diesel particulate contains diesel soot. Breathing in these

small particles may aggravate asthma, emphysema and heart

attacks. Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide are few of the

components of a diesel exhaust and extremely high

concentrations of these can cause death.

The article is related to the present study because it

states the possible effects of exhaust particles to human. It

also gives further explanations about the various kinds of

diseases one could possess by inhaling diesel fumes. Exposure

25
to these particles can be harmful to one’s body. It has

relevance to the study because filtering it may lessen the

dangerous effects of soot particles to the people.

An article written by (Ken Brakefield, 2016) tells

about the difference between the stainless steel and

galvanized steel. Stainless steel and galvanized steel have

the same appearance but there are great disparities in terms

of strength, weight, and composition. Galvanized steel was

used for smaller budget projects than stainless steel because

of its ability to resist rusting and to withstand the damage

done by harsh weather.

The article has a bearing to the present study because

it further elaborates the difference between the galvanized

steel and stainless steel. It supports the study because it

states the applicability of galvanized steel to be used in

any kind of weather because it will not have an effect in the

performance of the exhaust pipe filter. The use of galvanized

steel will give the exhaust filter a longer lifespan.

A research study conducted by (Zhongwei Meng et al.,

2016) states that the filtration velocity affects the

filtration stage. The study focuses on the influence of diesel

particulate filter micropore structure on its filtration

process. The results of the previous study show that the

26
filtration process could be divided into different stages to

secure a correct filtration method.

The study has a bearing to the present study because

it states that there can be other structures for the exhaust

pipe filter. According to the study, there is a need for more

use of exhaust filter to lessen the negative impacts on the

environment and human health. There are also advantages

stated which are very much efficient to the environment.

An article written by (Melissae Fellet, 2015)

entitled, “Vibrations Power Vehicle’s Exhaust Filter,” states

that there is another type of filter that contains charge

surfaces that attract oppositely charged particles. The

vibration made by the vehicle created an electric field that

caused the particles to stick inside the filter. According to

the study, typical filters could lower engine performance and

fuel efficiency however, the vibration powered exhaust filter

removed about 95 percent of polluted smoke.

This article is related to the present study because

it made use of the exhaust filter to isolate particles from

the smoke. It gives explanations about the capabilities of an

exhaust filter. Furthermore, the article gives the

researchers idea that exhaust filters can give benefits to

the engine of the vehicles.

27
 An article written by (Tom Berg, 2015) tells about the

benefits and implications of using Diesel particulate

filters. Diesel particulate filters separated soot and ash

from the exhaust steam. It excellently cleansed exhaust and

eliminated the diesel smell. The disadvantage of using these

kinds of exhaust filter came from the extra maintenance and

repairs required to keep the systems operating.

The article has bearing to the study because according

to the previous study, there are positive and negative effects

in using diesel particulate filters. These disadvantages are

great help for the researchers to improve the function and

performance of the filter. There are also advantages that are

efficient in filtering ash and soot particles. This study

also proves to be a solution for the current problems about

air pollution.

A study by (Kollipara, 2014) explains that micrometer-

diameter particulate matter poses cardiovascular and

pulmonary health risks. The study suggests that smaller

particulates from vehicle exhaust can also get into the lungs

of the people and cause inflammation, which may trigger asthma

attacks or worsen heart disease. In this study, Kollipara

thought the solution could be high efficiency filters. There

were two types of filters, the conventional filter and the

28
custom filter. The result was that the custom filter with the

smallest fibers kept the Ultrafine Particles (UFP) levels 93

to 99 percent while conventional filters achieved 35 to 70

percent. However, this study reveals that the custom filter’s

smaller and denser fibers causes air to flow more slowly than

conventional filters do. Regardless of this, Kollipara stated

that the study shows that there is an assurance of keeping

the air clean and leaving the UFP out.

The study has a bearing to the present study because

the previous study differentiates the custom filter and the

conventional filter. According to this study, a custom filter

with smaller holes would filter more particles even the

Ultrafine Particles. The study supports the present study

because of the use of smaller holes for the wire mesh inside

an exhaust pipe filter. In addition to this, it highlights

the significance of the present study which is to reduce the

emission of toxic gases.

An article by (Ma Chenguang, 2013) is about a study in

China creating a device that reduces harmful emissions by 95

percent. The researchers in this study developed a

particulate filter that can eliminate more than 95 percent of

PM2.5 pollutants from diesel-fueled vehicle emissions. PM2.5

refers to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 millimeters in

29
diameter which can easily enter and penetrate the human lungs.

The product was called ActBlue Particulate Filter. Lui Yi, a

professor at the university, stated that with the added

ability of reducing noise, the filter covers the exhaust pipe

and can be recycled. It was also revealed that the ActBlue

Particulate Filter decreased the nitrogen oxides emission

more than 85 percent.

The article of Ma Chenguang has relevance to the study

because it gives further explanations about the positive

effects of having an exhaust pope filter. In addition to this,

the previous study proves that an exhaust pipe filter reduces

the noise made by the combustion process. The results of the

previous study support and expand the researchers’ knowledge

about the topic.

A research study by (Pilusa, Mollagee, and Muzenda,

2012) explains the effect of using a Whale Filter on the

overall exhaust emissions of a vehicle. A Whale Filter was a

South African Diesel particulate filter designed to operate

as a secondary filter for the removal of particulate

contaminants prior to injection of fuel promoted efficient

combustion, and resulted to reduced emission and fuel

consumption. To validate this, emission tests were conducted

on four different types of vehicles. The results showed an

30
average reduction in carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and

hydrocarbon emissions after the Whale Filter was installed in

the four vehicles.

The study is related to the present study because it

shows the essential benefits of having a filter in a vehicle.

It supports the study in a way that it proves the main benefit

of an exhaust pipe filter which is to reduce hazardous gases

that is the result of combustion in engines. It also shows

that it creates an efficient combustion. Removal of these

particles ensures that only clean gases is introduced to the

atmosphere. The study supports the present study because it

pushes for a filter designed for micro-filtration.

A research study written by (C.L. Myung and Simsoo

Park, 2011) entitled, “Exhaust Nanoparticle Emissions from

Internal Combustion Engine,” states that diesel combustion

produces significant amounts of Particulate Matter (PM) as a

result of incomplete combustion and poor mixture formation in

the combustion chamber. The study reveals that the measures

to reduce the particle emissions from diesel engines includes

electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems,

combustion design, and exhaust after-treatment. The

filtration efficiency strongly depended on the soot loading

status.
31
 The study has relevance to the present study because

it asserts that with incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide

and hydrocarbon, there will be a production of nanoparticles

which will be filtered by an exhaust pipe filter. It is also

revealed in this study that the effectiveness of filtration

depends solely on the production of particles. In this study,

it is revealed that the construction of particles depends on

the engine and the combustion.

An article written by (Michael Campos, 2011) entitled,

“Exhaust Filter Cuts Harmful Particles and Emissions,” states

that an exhaust filter was attached to a vehicle’s tailpipe

to capture heavy particulate matter and reduce carbon

emissions. It further explains that the filter could increase

fuel economy of a range of vehicles using a standard

laboratory-based test protocol. It is stated in the article

that some skeptics claimed that an exhaust filter would cause

back pressure that in turn could damage the vehicle’s internal

mechanisms yet, some justified that it reduces the emitted

particles.

The article has relevance to the study because it

proves that it is possible to make a filter that can filter

out the smallest particles and it can save fuel consumption.

It also states that the exhaust pipe filter reduces the carbon
32
emission of a vehicle which means it also reduces air

pollution. This also contradicts the study because they said

that as the Exhaust Pipe Filter filters out the particulate

matter and heavy gases, it causes back pressure that could

damage the internal engines and operations of the vehicle.

The results of the previous article expand the researchers’

knowledge and understanding about the topic.

Another study by (Gunter Hagen et al., 2010)

introduces a Conductometric Soot Sensor for the detection of

Diesel Particulate Filter malfunction. Diesel particulate

Filters were used to reduce the tailpipe Particulate Matter

emissions. In this study, it is revealed that a determination

can be made whether the exhaust pipe is defected or clogged

when there is an application of the pressure sensor.

The study has a bearing to the present study because

it suggests the idea of having a sensor to avoid malfunctions

in the device. According to the study, there is a possibility

that the exhaust filter will face defects and clogs. This

will give researchers an idea to apply in the creation of the

exhaust pipe filter.

33
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter discusses the techniques and procedures

used in the study. The components of the research include the

research design, research instrument, validity and

reliability of the instruments, data gathering procedure,

statistical treatment, which are important in interpreting

and evaluating the gathered data.

The focal purpose of the research study, which is to

determine the effectiveness of the potent of Galvanized Iron

as an alternative material for the Exhaust Pipe Filter, was

supported by the research method, materials, equipment and

utensils, procedure, and statistical treatment used in the

study.

34
Research Design

The Research Design used in the present research study

was Experimental Research Design particularly, True

Experimental Design. According to Mitchell (2015),

Experimental Research is concerned with constructing research

that is high in causal validity. The True Experimental design

obtains quantitative data which is objective and is not prone

to subjectivity since the data obtained is based from the

result and analysis of the experimentation.

The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the

potent of Galvanized iron as an alternative material for the

exhaust pipe filter. The study utilizes Galvanized Iron as

the main component of the Exhaust Pipe Filter. Moreover, it

is a must to obtain an objective result from the

experimentation at hand. As such, True Experimental Design is

the research design which must be used it the present study.

Materials

The materials used in the study were galvanized iron

flat sheet, galvanized iron hose/pipe clamp, galvanized iron

wires, galvanized iron rivets, and screws. In the study,

mussel shells and gauze were put into use as a filter media.

Table 1 presents the materials used for the production of the

35
galvanized iron as the material for the exhaust pipe filter.

Table 1. Materials Used for the Evaluation of the Galvanized

Iron as the Alternative Material for the Exhaust

Pipe Filter.

Materials Quantity

Galvanized Iron Flat - 1 unit

Sheet

Galvanized iron pipe - 1 unit

clamp

Wires - 2 units

Rivet - 10 units

Screws - 35 units

Gauze - 6 yards

Mussel shells - 270 grams

Equipment and Utensils

The equipment used in the preparation for making the

exhaust pipe filter were tin snip, riveter, electric drill,

chisel, hammer as well as gauze and crushed mussel shells for

manufacturing the filtration media and the filter cartridges.

36
Table 2 displays the equipment and utensils used in the

production of the exhaust pipe filter, the filtration media,

and the filter cartridges.

Table 2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Production of

the Exhaust Pipe Filter, the Filtration Media, and

the Filter Cartridges.

Equipment and Utensils Quantity

Tin snip • 1 unit

Riveter • 1 unit

Electric Drill • 1 unit

Automotive Emission Analyzer • 1 unit

Chisel • 1 unit

Hammer • 1 unit

Glue gun • 1 unit

Procedure

The research study conducted the process of designing

the Exhaust Pipe Filter and the process of the testing and

collecting data. The aforementioned processes were done by

37
researchers in order to come up with a product that will

improve the effectiveness of the filtration material using a

design that utilizes Galvanized Iron. The first part was

designing and building the exhaust pipe filter, it includes

the steps from designing and making cardboard prototype to

assembling the actual galvanized iron parts. Paper cut outs

of the Exhaust pipe filter parts was traced onto the

galvanized iron sheet. The galvanized iron sheet was cut into

pieces that was traced. Some of these pieces were perforated

hence, the pieces were drilled one by one. The cut pieces of

galvanized iron were folded to match the shape of the Exhaust

pipe filter design. After all the pieces are done, the process

of assembling will commence. The rivets and screws were used

to hold the pieces together. A hose/pipe clamp is attached to

the exhaust pipe filter in order for it to be mounted onto

the exhaust pipe. The next step is testing and gathering of

data. These methods were presented to explain the formation

of the Exhaust Pipe filter and the filtration method, which

was done by the researchers.

38
 Vehicle Exhaust Emission
testing in the emission
testing center

Attachment of the exhaust

pipe filter at the tail
pipe of the jeepney

Accumulation of exhaust
gas straight from the
jeepney

Collection of filtered
exhaust gas

Measuring and comparing

the exhaust gas and
filtered exhaust gas

Recording of the results

gathered in the test

Analysis and tabulation

of the results

Figure 2. Process Flowchart of the Procedure for the

Filtration of Exhaust Gas from Tricycle using

Exhaust Pipe Filter made of Galvanized Iron

39
 The tricycle had undergone emission test to assess the

efficiency of the exhaust pipe filter in filtering carbon

emitted by the vehicle. The emission test occurred two times.

The first test was done to determine the amount of carbon

emitted by the vehicle without the exhaust pipe filter. this

serves as the basis as to how much the filter reduces carbon

emissions. The second includes the exhaust pipe of the

vehicle. This test will be compared to the first test to

determine whether there is a significant change in the amount

of carbon emissions. These tests will also determine if the

vehicle is still capable of running properly even with the

filter, it will show how the exhaust pipe filter prevents the

build up of back pressure at the exhaust. Once the Automotive

Emission Analyzer detects exhaust fumes and the researchers

feels the exhaust fumes coming out of exhaust, it means that

the exhaust pipe filter runs properly and prevents the build-

up of back pressure.

The information and results from evaluation part were

gathered and registered by the researcher. Figure 2 exhibits

the procedures associated in the filtration of exhaust gas

from the jeepney using exhaust pipe filter made of galvanized

iron.

40
 Tracing and
Planning the cutting of the
design of the Creation of the templates on
exhaust pipe templates. the Galvanized
filter. Iron flat
sheet.

Drilling of Welding and

holes for the screwing of the
Building five
perforated parts of the
filter
slots for the exhaust pipe
cartridge.
filter filter
cartridge. together.

Formation of
the exhaust
pipe filter.

Figure 3. Process Flowchart of the Procedure for the Formation

of the Exhaust Pipe Filter.

The procedure on the formation of the exhaust pipe

filter begins with the planning of the design of the exhaust

pipe filter. The researchers set the requirements that the

design should accomplish. The design should be compact and

has the ability to distribute the exhaust gases throughout

the filter media. The components of the exhaust pipe filter

must be mostly made from Galvanized Iron and has to be durable

enough to withstand the vibrations caused by the movements of

the vehicle. With the set requirements, the researchers came

41
up with the design for the EPF. The casing of the EPF is 6 ½

inches long, 6 inches wide, and 3 inches high. This enabled

the EFP to fit under the vehicle. The casing was octagonal in

shape to provide a compact and durable body. The researchers

created templates for the EPF. These templates were used to

trace the EPF in the GI. Then, the next process was the

cutting of the pieces traced in the GI flat sheet. After this,

there was a creation of holes for the perforated slots in the

filter cartridge, for perforated cone, and for the screws.

The researchers constructed five filter cartridges to place

inside the EPF. The parts of the EPF were attached to each

other by the welding process and screws. The researchers also

designed the interior of the casing to house a GI perforated

cone for the distribution of gas throughout the five slots of

the filter cartridges. These slots were also perforated made

from a GI flat sheet so that the exhaust gases can easily

penetrate and be filtered by the filtration cartridges.

As the exhaust gases enter the EPF, the perforated

cone causes it to flow and spread outward through all the

five filter cartridges then, it was filtered by the filter

media. The five filter cartridges ensured more surface area

and more contact with the exhaust gases. The EPF was mounted

to the tailpipe of the vehicle by the hose/pipe clamps. The

42
U-bolt attachment can be easily mounted on the EPF by screws

The researchers specifically designed the perforated cone so

that it increases its functionality as the pressure from the

exhaust flow increases. These explained that there will be a

much stronger flow in the EPF. The filtered exhaust gas exits

the EPF through a hole with a 2 ½ inches diameter. The hole

was a part of a cover at the end of the EPF which can be

removed by unscrewing the screws. The cover was made removable

for the means of cleaning and replacing the filter cartridges.

The process of making the EPF was done with the help of a

mechanic. Figure 3 displays the procedure for the formation

of the Exhaust pipe Filter.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical treatment technique used in analyzing

and interpreting the data in the present study were the mean

of case-wise differences. In determining the effectiveness of

the Galvanized Iron Exhaust Pipe Filter, there was a need for

the average of the weight of the gas with and without the

exhaust pipe filter. These were crucial in identifying the

effectiveness of the potent of Galvanized Iron as the

Alternative Material for the Exhaust Pipe Filter. The formula

for the mean of the case-wise differences is as follow:

43
 ∑𝑑
𝑑̅ = 𝑖
𝑛

where 𝑑𝑖 , represents the amount of carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbon filtered; and 𝑛 is the number of times the smoke

test emission was conducted.

44
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and discussions

based on the experiment conducted by the researchers. Data

were presented, analyzed, and interpreted in accordance with

the purpose of the study. The arrangement of the findings and

discussion was based on the statement of the problem in the

study. The data gathered were analyzed to seek answers to the

research questions and to test the hypotheses.

The data are presented and interpreted based on the

research questions. This chapter presents the findings of the

study with accordance to the following questions:

1. What was the effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter in terms of:

1.1. Filtering Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon emitted

. by the tricycle.
45
 The results gathered from the smoke emission test are

shown in Figures 4 and 5 which present the data gathered to

determine the effect of the Galvanized Iron in terms of

filtering carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emitted by the

tricycle.

Figure 4. The Effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter in terms of filtering Carbon Monoxide emitted by

the tricycle.

The Effect of Galvanized Iron-coated

Exhaust Pipe in terms of filtering
Carbon Monoxide emitted by the tricycle.
0.025
Emitted Carbon Monoxide

0.02
0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0
Without EPF With EPF

Carbon Monoxide

Figure 4 has two columns that displays the bars of

the accumulated result after the test which is used to

determine the effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

46
Pipe Filter in terms of filtering Carbon Monoxide emitted by

the tricycle. The left side of the chart presents the emitted

Carbon Monoxide by the tricycle. It ranges from 0-0.025. The

bottom part of the chart compares the emitted Carbon Monoxide

with and without an Exhaust Pipe Filter. For the first column,

the emitted Carbon Monoxide without Exhaust Pipe Filter,

there was 0.02 emitted Carbon Monoxide. Based from the tests,

for the second column, the emitted Carbon Monoxide with

Exhaust Pipe Filter, there was no emitted Carbon Monoxide.

This figure presents the amount of Carbon Monoxide

emitted with and without the Exhaust Pipe Filter. The

experiment shows that the tricycle with the EPF emits less

amount of carbon monoxide significantly. The data shows that

the exhaust pipe filter reduces emission of carbon monoxide

effectively.

Established from the test conducted by the

researchers, the article of Jason Rose (2017) aided the study

because it discussed the negative implications of the

inhalation of carbon monoxide to the people. From the article,

it tells that the exhaust pipe filter can reduce and remove

the carbon monoxide emission of the vehicle because carbon

monoxide can be filtered. Based on the results gathered, it

was found that the galvanized iron-coated Exhaust pipe filter

47
is effective in filtering out the carbon monoxide. Therefore,

the EPF has an effect in terms of filtering the CO emitted by

the tricycles.

Figure 5. The Effect of the Galvanized Iron in terms of

filtering Hydrocarbon emitted by the tricycle.

Hydrocarbons
25

20
Emitted Hydrocarbons

15

10

0
Without EPF With EPF

Hydrocarbons

Figure 5 has two columns that shows the bars that

reflects the result of the test which is to identify the

effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter in

filtering Hydrocarbons emitted by the tricycle. The left side

of the chart displays the emitted hydrocarbons which ranges

from 0-25. The bottom part of the chart compares the emitted

48
Hydrocarbon with and without an Exhaust Pipe Filter. From the

first column, the emitted Hydrocarbon without the EPF is 22.

The second column, the emitted Hydrocarbon with the EPF is 0.

The smoke emission test with the EPF resulted with a reduced

amount of Hydrocarbon. The given data presents that the

exhaust pipe filter can reduce the emission of hydrocarbons.

From the test made by the researchers, the articles of

Frederica Perera (2017) and Karen Bowen (2016) supports the

study since these articles shows that the vehicles emit

detrimental gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.

The articles also discussed that with an exhaust pipe filter,

the hazardous gases that vehicles emit would be reduced and

it would be beneficial to the people. Based from the tests

made by the researchers, the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter is effective in filtering out the dangerous gases

such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.

The articles from Jasper Pickering and Reuters (2017),

and Ma Chenguang (2013) supported the study because it shows

that filters can help aid in decreasing the level of dangerous

exhaust fumes emitted in the air. The articles also discussed

that there is a high percentage of reducing even the tiniest

particulate matter when a filter is used. It also depends on

the design of the filter that will be used. In line with

49
these, the studies from Xiaobing Liu et al. (2017), Pilusa,

Molagee and Muzenda (2012), and C.L. Myung and Simsoo Park

(2011) aided the present study because these studies show

that there is a high removal of harmful gases and particulate

pollutants using the EPF. They supported the study by stating

that when there is an incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide

and hydrocarbon, particulate matter will be produced and the

exhaust pipe filter has a large role of filtering it out.

These studies show that with a filter similar to their design

promoted reduction of emission and fuel consumption and it

can effectively reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbons. From the present study, the results obtained

from the test with the EPF are both zero which means that the

exhaust pipe filter is effective in filtering carbon monoxide

and hydrocarbons.

The results obtained from the testing conducted is

supported by the Republic Act No. 8749 which states that there

are a lot of harmful gases and one of the sources of that are

vehicle emissions. The law states that vehicle owners should

control their vehicles’ emission to create clean environment.

This law gave the foundation of the idea that exhaust pipe

filter may be the answer to the problem which is the gradual

rising of the amount of harmful gases in the air.

50
 Conversely, Ula Chrobak (2019) indicated that most of

the filtering technology uses a chemical reaction that leads

to the production of another pollutant. This use of technology

is claimed to be detrimental for the people because it may

have unexpected and dangerous effects on health. It claimed

that this may lead to severe diseases and illnesses. The

aforementioned study contradicts the results delineated by

the present study since the EPF successfully filtered out the

carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon without producing another

pollutant or harmful gases.

The reduction of harmful gases emitted by tricycles in

the air is beneficial to the environment because it will lower

the level of air pollution and there will be a cleaner air to

breathe. This is also advantageous to the community and

commuters since the people are the ones that are mainly

affected by these dangerous gases because they can cause

diseases, with the aid of an exhaust pipe filter, the air

will be safe for people to breathe without thinking about the

risk it may carry.

1.2. Maximizing the effectivity of the filtration

material.

Based on the smoke emission test, the results show

51
that there is a significant reduction of carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbon. This mean that the design of the galvanized iron

maximizes the filtration material. The effect of the potent

of galvanized Iron in terms of maximizing the effectivity of

the filtration material based on the completed experiment is

presented in the table 3 and figure 6.

Table 3. The Effect of the Potent of Galvanized Iron-Coated

Exhaust Pipe Filter in terms of maximizing the effectivity

of the filtration material.

Wind Tunnel Tests Airflow inside the Exhaust

Pipe Filter

Test A 1

Test B 1

Test C 1

Table 3 presents the results regarding the airflow

that passes inside the Exhaust Pipe Filter. The table consists

of two columns and four rows specifically. The first column

shows the wind tunnel tests which are the tests to examine

the flow of the EPF. The second column presents the airflow

52
inside the Exhaust Pipe Filter which are the results of the

tests conducted to determine if the air passes and circulates

through the EPF which helps in maximizing the effectivity of

the filtration material. The first row contains the title of

the two columns. The second row contains the Test A of the

Wind Tunnel Tests and the result of the test which is 1. The

third row shows the Test B of the Wind Tunnel Tests and the

result of the test which is 1. The fourth row contains the

Test C of the Wind Tunnel Tests and the result of the test

which is 1. The table shows that there is an airflow that

circulates inside the EPF and it is represented as 1.

Figure 6. The Effect of the Potent of Galvanized Iron-Coated

Exhaust Pipe Filter in terms of maximizing the effectivity of

the filtration material.

53
 The structure of the Exhaust Pipe Filter that

maximizes the effectivity of the filtration material is

presented in figure 6. The filter is connected to the tailpipe

of the tricycle. This Exhaust Pipe filter is made out of

Galvanized Iron. The cone-shaped filter inside the EPF is

called the Perforated cone. There are five cartridges which

are in color pink. Inside those cartridges are the filtration

material that helps in filtering the exhaust fumes. The

filtration material that the researchers used is the crushed

54
mussels.

The red arrow represents the unfiltered exhaust fumes

that are emitted by the exhaust pipe. The orange arrows are

the exhaust fumes that enters the perforated cone to

distribute it evenly throughout the exhaust pipe filter. The

blue circles are the representation of the holes in the cone.

The yellow arrows represent the fumes that get distributed

and enter the filtration cartridges. The fumes enter the

filtration cartridges and gets filtered by it which results

to the blue arrows. As the fumes reach the barrier at the end

of the three filtration cartridges, the barrier causes a force

that bounces back the fumes and helps it get filtered further

which is represented by the purple arrows. The force also

helps I get filtered fumes exit the exhaust pipe filter. The

green arrow represents the filtered fumes that exit the

filtration cartridges.

Based on the Figure 6, the filtration material is

separated into five filtration cartridges to increase its

surface area. Upon increasing the surface area, the point of

contact between the exhaust fumes and the filtration material

also increases. The researchers measured the surface area and

it resulted to a total of 89in2 that is almost the area of

the casing of the exhaust pipe filter which is 96in2. The

55
researchers designed the Exhaust Pipe filter so that there is

an even distribution of Exhaust Fumes throughout the

filtration cartridges. As seen in the illustration, the

perforated cone distributes the exhaust fumes without

hindering the flow.

The articles from Binod Shresta (2019) and Ken

Brakefield (2016) supports the present study since both

studies talks about the advantages of galvanized steel in the

formation of the EPF. The Galvanization of the metal allows

the fumes and particulate matter to bounce back and it also

has a long-life span which makes it durable and increases its

effectivity. The exhaust pipe filter design that the

researchers came up with has the exhaust pipe filter be made

up of galvanized iron.

A study by Danfeng du et al. (2019) guided the

researchers in choosing the right filtration material. This

study suggests the use of wood as a material for the filter

because it has a dust capacity and long-life span. Another

study from De Torres et al. (2019) discussed about an

efficient filtration material which are egg shells. It was

explained that egg shells have the capability to prevent the

emission of high levels of harmful gases because they can

absorb air pollutants.

56
 In line with this, another study suggests a different

filtration material which was used by the researchers. The

study by Eva Allanique (2016) is about the crushed mussels as

a filtration material. It was stated that the mussels contain

carbonate that absorbs air pollutants which are similar to

the egg shells. The researchers used crushed mussels as the

filtration material and it helps in filtering the fumes. Based

from the results of the tests and experiments done, since the

exhaust pipe filter was efficient in filtering out the carbon

monoxide and hydrocarbon, the filtration material did a huge

job of helping in filtering out the particulate matter and

exhaust fumes.

A research studies made by Zhongwei Meng et al. (2016),

Melissae Fellet (2015), Kollipara (2014), and Gunter Hagen et

al. (2010) aided the present study for they claimed that with

the correct and effective design of the structure, the fumes

and particulate matter can be filtered efficiently. The study

by Zhongwei Meng et al. (2016) suggested that there may be

other structure for the exhaust pipe filter that would be

more effective than the previous studies. This became the

foundation of the present study. The Melissae Fellet (2015)

discussed that a vibration-powered exhaust pipe filter can

remove high percentage of fumes and smoke. Another study from

57
Kollipara (2014) stated that a custom filter with smaller

holes has the ability to filter more gases. The study from

Gunter Hagen et al. (2010) discussed about the sensors which

can be added and be a part of the structure of the EPF. The

idea of having a sensor is beneficial because it can help

avoid the malfunctions in the flow of the exhaust fumes. Based

from the results of the tests conducted, the structure and

design made by the researchers are effective enough to filter

the harmful gases. Therefore, the effectivity of the

filtration materials is maximized because of the structure

and design of the exhaust pipe filter.

This is beneficial to the future researchers because

this will give them the idea of what to include in the

structure and design of their exhaust pipe filter that would

increase the surface area more and yield better results. The

results of the tests can help the tricycle owners pick the

most efficient, safe and durable exhaust pipe filter to use

in their tricycles.

2. What was the effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter on the jeepney in terms of preventing the builds

up of back pressure?

58
 The data gathered by the researchers from the

completed test were displayed in table 4.

Table 4. The Effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter on the jeepney in terms of preventing the builds

up of back pressure.

Wind Tunnel with Strings Airflow identified by the

Test strings

Test A 1

Test B 1

Test C 1

Table 4 displays the results regarding the airflow

that defined the effect of the Exhaust Pipe Filter to the

engine which may cause the builds up of the back pressure.

The table consists of two columns and four rows specifically.

The first column shows the wind tunnel with strings test which

are the tests to examine the flow of the EPF and determine if

there is a builds up of back pressure. The second column

presents the airflow identified by the strings which are the

results whether the air passes through the EPF and does not

result to builds up of back pressure. The first row contains

the title of the two columns. The second row contains the
59
Test A of the Wind Tunnel with Strings Test and the result of

the test which is 1. The third row shows the Test B of the

Wind Tunnel with Strings Test and the result of the test which

is 1. The fourth row contains the Test C of the Wind Tunnel

with Strings Test and the result of the test which is 1. The

table shows that there is significant airflow inside the EPF

and it is represented as 1.

The internal structure of the Exhaust Pipe Filter

allows the exhaust fumes to flow smoothly. The result from

the Automotive Emission Analyzer shows that it detected the

exhaust fumes. This means that there is no hindrance to the

flow of the exhaust fumes inside the exhaust pipe filter. The

Figure 6 also illustrates how the exhaust pipe filter prevents

the buildup back pressure.

The layout of the filtration cartridges is parallel to

the flow of the exhaust fumes from the exhaust pipe. The

design is what prevents the builds up of back pressure. When

the smoke emission test was being conducted, the researchers

and the test technician placed their hands at the end of the

exhaust pipe filter to feel the flow of exhaust fumes coming

out of the EPF. The researchers and the test technician

confirmed that the flow of the exhaust fumes is not hindered

because they felt the flow of exhaust fumes. Therefore, the

60
researchers conducted that the Galvanized Iron-Coated Exhaust

Pipe Filter’s design does prevent the builds up of Back

pressure.

This is supported by an article from Tom Berg (2015)

which discusses the advantages of using the exhaust pipe

filter. Among the advantages that was mentioned in the

article, it explains that the exhaust pipe filter can filter

out the heavy particulate matter and dangerous gases. The

researchers of the past study claim that it can cleanse the

exhaust pipe of the vehicle and eliminate the bad odor coming

from the fumes. They claimed that it would not result to

having back pressure or clogged tailpipe. From the tests and

experiments done, it was found that there was a flow of

exhaust fumes at the end of the EPF which would mean that

there is no builds up of back pressure from the vehicle.

The data obtained based from the experiment opposed

the study of Michael Campos (2011) due to the results that

proves that there is no back pressure when the researchers

filtered the fumes using their design. The said study

deliberates that as the fumes get filtered, there would be a

builds up back pressure that would affect the internal system

of the vehicle. Based on the test conducted by the

researchers, when they put their hands at the back of the

61
EPF, they felt the flow of the fumes which means there is no

builds up of back pressure and there is no problem with the

internal system of the vehicle. In addition, the researchers

also observed and heard that there was no noise coming from

the vehicle. It was because the exhaust pipe filter cancels

out the noise produced by the tricycle. This was grounded on

the results obtained in the smoke emission test conducted.

The whole study helped the researchers in widening their

knowledge about the exhaust pipe filters which would be useful

for them in the future studies they will be conducting. This

will also bring advantages to tricycle owners because they

will be able to remove the noise vehicles produce.

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 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter highlights the results that support the

objectives of the study. This presents the statement of the

problem introduced in Chapter 1. This chapter contains the

summary of findings, the conclusions, and the recommendations

based on the observations and experiments done by the

researchers.

Summary

The main problem of the study was to determine the

effectiveness of the Potent of Galvanized Iron as an

alternative material for the exhaust pipe filter.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What was the effect of the potent of Galvanized Iron-

coated Exhaust Pipe Filter in terms of:

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 1.1. Filtering Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon

emitted by the Tricycle; and

1.2. Maximizing the effectivity of the

filtration material.

2. What was the effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated

Exhaust Pipe Filter on the tricycle in terms of

preventing the builds up of back pressure?

Summary of Findings

Based on the results of tests observed and documented

by the researchers, the following recapitulates all the

results based on Chapter 4:

1. The carbon monoxide and Hydrocarbon, after the test was

conducted, are both filtered out by the Galvanized Iron-

coated Exhaust Pipe Filter from the exhaust fumes of the

tricycle. The exhaust pipe filter is proven to be

effective in filtering the harmful gases. The structure

of the Exhaust Pipe Filter allows the increase of the

surface area making it bigger for the fumes to fit and

be filtered. This maximizes the effectivity of the

exhaust pipe filter in filtering the hazardous fumes

such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon.

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 2. The structure and the design of the Exhaust Pipe Filter

prevents the formation of the back pressure which is

beneficial because when there is a back pressure that

would mean that there is something wrong with the

internal system of the vehicle.

Conclusions

This contains a set of statements which are to answer

to the main problem of the study. This contains inferences,

deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations,

generalizations based upon the findings.

1. The Potent of Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter

has an effect in terms of filtering the Carbon Monoxide

and Hydrocarbon emitted by the tricycle and maximizing

the effectivity of the filtration material; therefore,

the hypothesis is rejected.

2. The Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter has an

effect on the tricycle in terms of preventing the builds

up of back pressure; therefore, the hypothesis is

rejected.

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Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study,

the researchers recommended the following:

1. Future researchers may conduct a similar research and

use a different filtration material that can absorb air

pollutants for better results.

2. The researchers recommend to try filtering soot or any

particulate matter instead of exhaust gases.

3. The use of a different kind of vehicle is suggested to

see the similarities and differences of the results and

to be able to know if the engines affect the exhaust

fumes released by the vehicle and the way it will be

filtered.

4. For future researchers, it is recommended to conduct a

study that would highlight the engine efficiency and

filtration without additional filtration materials.

5. The use of a different material in building the exhaust

pipe filter is recommended for future researchers to see

if there are other materials as efficient as a galvanized

iron.

6. The future researchers may create a structure of their

own to increase its efficiency in filtering air

pollutants.
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 ABSTRACT

The exhaust fumes coming from the land vehicles

greatly contribute to the increasing levels of air pollution.

Due to the increase of vehicle production, more detrimental

gases were released to the atmosphere. The researchers

conducted an experiment that filters Carbon Monoxide and

Hydrocarbons from the exhaust fumes that are released by a

tricycle using an Exhaust Pipe Filter made of Galvanized Iron.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the

effect of the Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter in

filtering carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from the exhaust

fumes of the tricycle. Aligned with this, the researchers

came up with these questions: (1) What was the effect of the

potent of Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust Pipe Filter in terms

of filtering Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon emitted by the

Tricycle and maximizing the effectivity of the filtration

material? and (2) What was the effect of the Galvanized Iron-

coated Exhaust Pipe Filter on the tricycle in terms of

preventing the builds up of back pressure?

The results were analyzed and interpreted to give

accurate answers. The researchers were able to draw the

following conclusions: (1) The Galvanized Iron-coated Exhaust

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Pipe Filter was effective in filtering Carbon Monoxide and

Hydrocarbon that were emitted by the tricycle and this aid in

maximizing the effectivity of the filtration material; and

(2) The Exhaust Pipe Filter is effective in preventing the

builds up of back pressure.

Moreover, on the basis of the findings presented in

this paper, the researchers recommended the use of a different

filtration material that can absorb pollutants and a

different vehicle to see if a different engine will yield

different results. The use of a different material other than

a Galvanized Iron was suggested by the researchers. For future

researchers, it was recommended to conduct a study that would

highlight the engine efficiency without additional filtration

materials and to filter soot or any particulate matter instead

of the exhaust gases.

68