MATH REVIEWER

Prepared by: Alex Lauricio, Cascedric Ariel, and Khalel San Diego

Sequences:
Sequences are successions of numbers that follow a rule or a formula.

For our purposes, there are two sequences:

Geometric Sequences: r = common ratio

Arithmetic Sequences: d = common difference

Red: Extremes
Blue: Means

The numbers at the end/s of the sequence are the extremes.

The numbers in between are called the means.
All the elements of the sequence are called terms.

Types of Sequences:

Infinite Sequences: Often contain ellipses and also have one or no extreme at all.

Ellipses: (...)

Finite Sequences: Always have an extreme on both ends.

1. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....} = Infinite
2. {..., 2, 3, 4, 5} = Infinite
3. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...., 101} = Finite
4. {..., 10, 15, 20, 25, ....} = Infinite

General Term: All the terms in a sequence are bounded by a rule or formula. The
formula is known as the general term. It is also used to find any term in a sequence.

Notes:
Not all sequences have the same formula!
Each sequence has a unique formula so there is no one-size-fits-all solution!

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES:
-Sequences with a constant common difference. The difference between any two
consecutive terms remains constant
-It can be descending or ascending, depending on the sign of the common difference
-Common difference is expressed as (d), to get the common difference you must
subtract a_2 to a_1

ARITHMETIC MEAN AND SERIES

-Arithmetic means are the number in between the ends in arithmetic sequences
-Arithmetic series, on the other hand, is the sum of the first n terms in an arithmetic
sequence
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES:
-Sequences where each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term
called the common ratio
-Common ratio is expressed as (r)
GEOMETRIC MEAN:
Definition: The terms inserted between the first and the last term to form a geometric sequence.
Formula (For 2 numbers)

Formula(To find the common ratio)

Example Problem:
GEOMETRIC SERIES:
- The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence.
- We can get the geometric series for infinite sequences and finite sequences.
- The term ‘infinite’ can be confusing. We can add ½, ¼, ⅛, etc. until it becomes
infinitely small. It doesn’t equal infinity, we know that the value approaches one.

FINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES:

Take note that:

If r = 1 then

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If r = -1 and n is even

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If r = -1 and n is odd
INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES:
Polynomials:

Terms
- Constituent parts of polynomials. These are mathematical
expressions composed of two parts, the number part and the
variable part.
Remainder Theorem:
The remainder theorem will help us determine the remainder when a
polynomial in x is divided by (x - c) even without doing the division
process.

If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x - c, then the remainder is R = P(c).

The Remainder Theorem is useful for evaluating polynomials at a

given value of x, though it might not seem so. This is because the tool
is presented as a theorem with a proof, and you probably don't feel
ready for proofs at this stage in your studies.
Factor Theorem::

The factor theorem will help us determine if (x-c) is a factor of polynomial in

x.

If (x-c) is a factor of P(x), then P(c) = 0.

If P(c) = 0, then x - c is a factor of P(x)

Division Algorithm
Long Division
- A way of obtaining the quotient of polynomial division, very
similar to whole number division.
Synthetic Division
- A more streamlined version of long division, offering a faster
way of obtaining the quotient.

Steps:

We equate the divisor to 0. We’re trying to find c in (x-c), which is our

divisor. The best way to do this is to equate it to 0 (x - c = 0) and solve
for c.

We use the coefficients of the dividend in standard form, making sure

to fill in any missing decreasing exponent values with 0. Like if we
were to divide x^3 + x, make sure to add 0x^2.

Arrange it into the following form (example):

We see in the example, the first number, we bring down. And then we
multiply it by our divisor, which is c, and then put it below the next
term. We add the two terms, bring down, and repeat.

Once there is nothing to bring down any more, the resulting number
will be the remainder. If it is 0, then there is no remainder.

The entire series of numbers below the coefficients of the divisor will
be our quotient. Starting from right to left, excluding the remainder,
label the exponents from 0 up to the degree of the divisor minus 1.