N U C L E A R I N S T R U M E N T S AND METHODS 140 (1977) 4 4 1 - 4 4 5 ; © NORTH-HOLLAND P U B L I S H I N G CO.

DETERMINATION OF PHOTON COORDINATES IN A HODOSCOPE CHERENKOV

SPECTROMETER

G . A . AKOPDJANOV, A . V . INYAKIN, V . A . KACHANOV, R . N . KRASNOKUTSKY, A . A . LEDNEV,

YU. V. MIKHAILOV, YU. D. PROKOSHKIN, E . A . RAZUVAEV and R. S. SHUVALOV

Institute for High Energy Physics, Serpukhov, U.S.S.R.

Received ! 3 September 1976

The characteristics of a hodoscope (cell-type) Cherenkov spectrometer made of TF-1 lead glass have been studied in a 25 GeV
electron beam. It is shown that with cell dimensions of about 3.5 cm one can achieve an accuracy of about 1.5 mm in measuring
the coordinates of high energy photons. The experiments are a continuation of analogous investigations performed earlier with
a spectrometer made of TF-5 lead glass.

1. Introduction effectively up to four photons simultaneously and to

In ref, 1 the possibility to determine precisely both
the coordinates and energy of photons by measuring
the energy release of the shower in the total absorption
detector with a hodoscope structure h a v e been
experimentally shown. For the first time this method
was realized with the 648-channel hodoscope scintilla-
tion spectrometer NICE2-4), which was used in a
wide scale experimental program 5-9) at the [ H E P
70 GeV accelerator. The program realized in 1972-1975
was completed with the discovery of the spin-4
h-meson1 °).
The hodoscope structure used in the spectrometer
NICE (in each plane one shower coordinate was mea-
sured with 64 counters) makes it possible to detect
Fig. I. The scheme of the hodoscope spectrometer, GAMS model.
Each of the 24 lead glass (TF-1) Cherenkov counters is viewed by
photomultipliers FEU-85.
reconstruct accurately the mass of particles decaying in
photons, e.g. h ~ 2 r c ° ~ 4 7 1 ° ) . However, when the
number of simultaneously measured gammas becomes
larger (six or more) there occur the effects of shower
overlapping in separate spectrometer planes and the
accuracy in kinematics reconstruction worsens.
Therefore, besides a plane hodoscope structure l)
we have considered a version of the hodoscope
spectrometer of the cell type, that consists of a large
number of lead glass total absorption Cherenkov
counters. This allowed us to detect simultaneously
tens of photons [this is of particular importance in the
case of investigating multiparticle production processes
at accelerators with energies of hundreds and thousands
of GeVll)]. This method of measuring the photon
coordinates and energies was tested in the experiments
performed in a 15 GeV electron beam of which we
show that in the hodoscope spectrometer with cells
made of TF-5 lead glass with dimensions of 32 mm an
accuracy of measuring photon coordinates better than
3 mm is realized 12).
Below we describe the results on the experimental
tests of the hodoscope spectrometer model with
square cells made of TF-1 lead glass with the dimen-
sions 34x 34 mm 2 and length 36 cm (15 radiation
lengths) that was a prototype of the universal spectrom-
eter GAMS 11'~2) (fig. 1). The measurements were
performed in the 25 GeV electron beam. The electrons
were selected in the secondary negative beam of the
IHEP 70 GeV accelerator with the help of the gas
Cherenkov counters1). The electron coordinates were
defined with the precise 1 mm bin scintillation hodo-
scope. An electronic system 3'4) on-line with the
computer IBM 1800 was used to measure the pulse-
heights for each of the 24 counters in the spectrometer
442 G.A. AKOPDJANOV et al.

model. The counters were calibrated in advance in the other defining its periphery:
electron and muon beams. Light emission diodes were
used to control the counter stability. h(S-X~) = at e x p ( - l S - X ~ l / b a ) +

+ az e x p ( - [ X - X c l / b 2 ) , (2)

2. Shower profile then the experimental data may be described quite well
(fig. 2). For the studied model made of TF-1 lead glass
Fig. 2 presents the measured dependence of the
the following values have been obtained: b a = 4.5 mm
average pulse-height ratio Ai/Ai+ 1 for two adjacent
and b 2 = 12 mm. The pulse-height spectra, measured
counters on the electron coordinate Arc. X c = 0
with the beam near the boundary between two cells,
corresponds to the centre of the (i+ 1)th cell of the hodo-
are in agreement with the presence of a narrow core in
scope, and Xc = 17 mm is the boundary between the ith
the central part of the shower. In the light lead glass
and (i + 1)th cells. With the obtained dependence of the
TF-1 this core is more distinct than in the heavy one,
ratio AJAi+ 1 on X~ one can define the shower profile i.e. TF-5 12).
A ( X - X ¢ ) , which is the shower energy release as a
function of the distance from its axis. In the scintilla-
3. Determination of the coordinates by the centre of
tion hodoscope spectrometer the shower profile is well
gravity of the shower
described by the exponential functiont):
The measurement of the shower centre of gravity X o
A(X-X¢) = A(0) e x p ( - I X - X o l / b ) . (1) is the simplest method to define the coordinates of high
energy photons and electrons in a hodoscope spectrom-
As for the shower profile in the Cherenkov hodo- etert):
scope spectrometer, this turns out to be more com-
plicated~2). However, if two exponentials are intro- X o = 2A ~ iA,/~. Ai, (3)
i i
duced: one that gives the shower narrow core, and the
where A is the half-width of the hodoscope element.
For exponential shower profiles the coordinate of
Ai IAt+ ! photon or electron Xc is related to the centre of
5
gravity through a nonlinear relation
\ X c = b arcsinh (--~ sinh 6), [XoI<~A, (4)
\
\

0.5
I

\ where 6 =A/b. In the case of the two-exponential

profile of the shower, eq. (2), the dependence of X¢ on
Xo practically coincides with eq. (4) if one introduces
the shower effective width b, that is equal to the
weighted sum of the widths bt and b2.
The value Xo is a shifted estimate of the coordinate
X~, but at 6 < 2 the difference between X0 and X¢ is
small and may be compensated by a small correction to
0,1
a measured value for X0 [< 1 mm in the NICE
spectrometer 2, 3)]. With the growth of 3 this correc-
0,05 tion, however, increases rapidly ( ~ A 3).
In our case the half-width of the Cherenkov hodo-
scope cell, A = 17 mm, is considerably larger than the
effective half-width of the shower /~, 6 = 3.3, and the
i I i i L i i
dependence of Xo on X¢ is essentially nonlinear (fig. 3).
O,Ol 211
17 13 9 5 I -3 -7 This dependence is nicely described with the exponen-
Xc, mm tial model where/~ = 5 mm. As is clear from fig. 3 at so
large 6 the centre-of-gravity method is not convenient
F i g . 2. T h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r a t i o o f t h e a v e r a g e s i g n a l p u l s e -
any longer and requires large corrections to be intro-
h e i h g t s in t w o a d j a c e n t c o u n t e r s o n e l e c t r o n c o o r d i n a t e Arc. D o t s
are the measured values, the curve has been calculated for the duced for nonlinearities (up to 7 mm). The statistical
p r o f i l e o f s h o w e r (2), b l = 4.5 m m , b2 = 12 m m , a l / a 2 = 0.14. uncertainty of defining the coordinates, ax, is ~<1 mm
 DETERMINATION OF P H O T O N COORDINATES 443

near the cell boundary, however, it amounts to 3 mm
in the cell centre.
4. Other algorithms in defining coordinates
In the case of the exponential shower model eq. (1)
an unshifted estimate of coordinate Arc is
X a = ½b ln(Ai+x/A,_l).
Here At+ 1 and A~_~ are the pulse-heights of the
signals in the cells adjacent to the ith cell, through
which the shower axis passes. For a more complicated
shower profile eq. (2) dependence (5) turns out to be
quite precise also in a wide range of X~ 1 2).
The Xa coordinate distributions obtained experi-
mentally at different values of X¢ are shown in fig. 4.
The accuracy in defining the coordinates with this
method is
trx = 2 m m .
Besides, the coordinate X¢ may be defined using the
ratio of the pulse-heights in the adjacent cells. Then the
unshifted estimate will be
X b = A--bln~\A~+l +1 . (7)
Xo, I'fllTI
Fig. 4 shows the experimental distributions for X b.
They are characterized by the same uncertainty,
tr~ ~ 2 mm, as in the case when eq. (5) is used.
The values for b in eqs. (5) and (7) are different
in the case of the two-exponential model eq. (2): in
eq. (7) the central part of the shower is used to define
the coordinate, therefore b ,~ b I ; as for eq. (5) it is the
(5) shower periphery and b ~ b2 .
As is seen from fig. 5 eqs. (5) and (7) provide high
accuracy [eq. (6)] as well as good linearity between the
measured and real coordinates of the photon (electron).
The displacement from linearity does not exceed 2 mm
and may be compensated for by introducing a small
correction.
There is only one parameter in eqs. (5) and (7), i.e.
the shower effective width, and they are convenient for
fast calculations in on-line processing of the data.
More detailed information may be obtained when
(6) analysing the signals from all the hodoscope cells. For
this purpose one has to pass from the one-dimensional
dependence, eq. (1), to a two-dimensional profile of the
shower, that has the form
A(X, Y) = const" Ko I l x/(X2 + y2)l, (8)
where K o (t) is the second kind, zero order Bessel func-
tion of an imaginary argument, X¢ = Y¢ = 0.
The values for the coordinates X, Y were defined by
minimizing the functional
Z2 = ~ EA, - E,(X, Y)J2/a~, (9)
i

S0 where E i is the calculated energy release in the ith cell,

obtained by integrating eq. (8). The shower dispersion

20

6 18 20

i i i i i i i I J i
-I0 0 10 20 30 40
Xe,rntn
Xo, r'Pr'n Xb,
Fig. 3. T h e coordinate o f the shower centre-of-gravity Xo at
various positions o f t h e electron b e a m Xc. Xc = 0 corresponds to Fig. 4. The experimental distributions for the shower coordinates
the cell centre. D o t s are the m e a s u r e d values for Xo, the errors X, and Xb defined with eqs. (5) and (7) at different values o f Xc.
point to uncertainties (ax) in the coordinate Arc reconstruction. The electron beam is displaced in steps o f 8 m m (the intermediate
T h e curve has been calculated with eq. (2). distributions in the figure are omitted, see fig. 5).
444 G.A. AKOPDJANOV et al.

X~,mm
X b, mm

40

30
j /'J
/
20

-10
// I I I I I
,/,'/I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 -I0 0 10 20 30 40
Xc, mrn Xc, mm

Fig. 5. T h e dependence of the shower coordinate, reconstructed with eqs. (5) a n d (7), on the electron b e a m position. T h e errors near the
dots indicate the values for a=.

was defined without taking into account the pulse-
height correlations: a 2 = const.. Ai.
The obtained distributions for the reconstructed
electron coordinates are presented in fig. 6. Similar to
the aforementioned methods the dependence between
the measured and real coordinates has also been
obtained to be linear (within the limits of ~< 1 mm),
with a higher accuracy in the coordinate definition:
ax = 1.5 m m .
5. Choice of spectrometer cell dimensions
The choice of the cell dimensions is crucial for
N 20
designing a hodoscope spectrometer. When A ~ b
the accuracy in defining photon or electron coordinates
is < 1 mm, however it worsens quickly with the growth
of A and at A >> b (i.e., A > 5 cm) the coordinate is
defined with an error of ,-~A.
Fig. 7 presents the dependences of a~ on A cal-
culated using the two-exponential profile of the
shower, eq. (2), without taking into account the
correlations, i.e., for the case 6 A i = c o n s t x / A i.
(10) The curves have been normalized for the experimental
values Ofax at A = 17 mm. As is seen from this figure at
/
0 x ,mm /
/ o
/

80
15
,/f.
60

/
10

40

20 7,5mm

i
I" 0
I
10
I
20 30
I I
~0
I
50
I
60 70

i i i 2A, mm
o 12 14 18 22 26

Xd, mm Fig. 7. T h e error dependence on the spectrometer cell width.

Dots are experimental data: • are eq. (7), O are for the centre o f
Fig. 6. T h e experimental distribution o f the shower coordinates gravity at X = 0. T h e curves h a v e been calculated with the two-
Xd, reconstructed with eqs. (8), (9). T h e values for Xc are indicated exponential model o f shower eq. (2) with uncorrelated fluctua-
at the histograms. tions.
 D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF P H O T O N C O O R D I N A T E S 445

TABLE 1
Correlation matrix for the signal pulse-heights in the central cells of the hodoscope Cherenkov spectrometer, Cortja).

j/i/ 12 13 2 1 22 23 3 1 32 33

11 0.19 0.04 0.22 --0.35 --0.06 0.08 --0.09 0.01

12 0.24 0.02 --0.46 0.01 --0.09 --0.22 --0.10
13 --0.08 --0.40 0.14 0.01 0.05 0.06
2 1 --0.43 --0.21 0.20 --0.02 --0.12
22 --0.33 --0.31 --0.36 --0.28
23 --0.10 -0.04 0.19
3 1 0.25 0.09
32 0.30

Cor,s = Cors, = ((Al-,41) (Aj-,4s))/I((A,-X~) ~) ((Aj--zrs)2)] *. A, and d s are the realizations of the amplitudes in the ith and jth
cells of the hodoscope spectrometer. The top line and ( ) denote averaging over the sample of events, i = k, l, where k is for
vertical numbering for the matrix cells, l is for the horizontal one. The electron beam passes through the central cell; k, l = 2,2.

the cell width of2A > 4 cm the accuracy in defining the
coordinates worsens very rapidly and at 2A > 6 cm it
is already above 2 cm.
It should also be noted that at 2A > 4 cm the value
for the signals in the cells adjacent to the one hit by
a photon, become so small (less than 1/100 of the signal
in the central cell) that there arise problems in their
measuring.
Though the independent fluctuation model used
above reflects satisfactorily the change of ax with the
growth of A, it is still a very rough approximation in
describing a real picture of the electromagnetic shower
development. For a real shower a considerable correla-
tion of the energy release is characteric which is evident
from the correlation matrix presented in table 1.
Therefore the accuracy in measuring photon coor-
dinates in the Cherenkov hodoscope spectrometer is
first of all determined by the transverse fluctuations in
the shower development. This leads in particular to the
fact that the error ax, as was shown in our measure-
ments, is weakly dependent on the spectrometer energy
resolution, meanwhile if there are no correlations
tr.~~ a e / E ~ 1/~/A.
6. Conclusions
Our present studies and earlier experiments ~2) with
the Cherenkov hodoscope spectrometers showed that
with these detectors one can achieve high accuracy in
simultaneously measuring the coordinates (~< 1.5 mm)
and energy of photons at cell dimensions < 35 mm. An
important feature of such a spectrometer, which con-
sists of a very large number of cells (e.g. 4000 in the
G A M S spectrometer) is its capability to detect
simultaneously a great number (tens) of high energy
photons. This makes the spectrometer an effective
detector of particles decaying into n ° mesons and
photons (~/, X °, o~, f, h, etc.), with high mass resolution
( A M / M , , ~ 2 % at E = 200 GeV).
We would like to thank A. Scribano for the help
given during these studies.
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