International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) IJCIET
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

PATEEL ALEKHYA1, Mr. S. ARAVINDAN2

1
IVth sem, M-tech, Civil Engineering Department, Bharath University, Chennai-73, India
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bharath University, Chennai-73, India

ABSTRACT

Concrete is the most abundant manmade material in the world. One of the main ingredients in
a normal concrete mixture is Portland cement. However, the production of cement is responsible for
approximately 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. In order to create a more sustainable
world, engineers and scientists must develop and put into use a greener building material. This paper
will discuss the use of geopolymer concrete as well as consider its ethical issues.
Additionally, this paper will explore the areas in which geopolymer concrete outperforms
ordinary concrete. Geopolymer concrete uses fly ash and ggbs, a byproduct created from the burning
of coal and iron. Currently, the majority of fly ash is dumped into landfills, causing environmental
problems. The production of geopolymer concrete allows fly ash to be recycled and eliminated from
landfills. Geopolymer concrete is also more resistant to damage than standard concrete.

Keywords: AAC, Fly Ash, GGBS, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Silicate.

1. INTRODUCTION

It is widely known that the production of Portland cement consumes considerable energy and
at the same time contributes a large volume of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, Portland cement is
still the main binder in concrete construction prompting a search for more environmentally friendly
materials. One possible alternative is the use of alkali-activated binder using industrial byproducts
containing silicate materials.
The most common industrial by-products used as binder materials are fly ash (FA) and
ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). GGBS has been widely used as a cement replacement
material due to its latent hydraulic properties, while fly ash has been used as a pozzolanic material to
enhance the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of cements and concretes. GGBS is a

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

latent hydraulic material which can react directly with water, but requires an alkali activator. In
concrete, this is the Ca(OH)2 released from the hydration of Portland cement.
The term “Geopolymeric” is used to characterize this type of reaction from the previous one,
and accordingly, the name geopolymer has been adopted for this type of binder. The geopolymeric
reaction differentiates geopolymer from other types of alkali activated materials (such as; alkali
activated slag) since the product is a polymer rather than C-S-H gel.

2. NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY

It is evident from the present scenario that ordinary Portland cement is causing much of the
environmental hazards such as-

Increasing green house gases.

Enormous consumption of power for the manufacture of cement

There is a need to find some alternative binding material. Any material which contains silicon
and aluminum in amorphous state can be a source of binding material in AAC. Fly ash and GGBS
which contains this are considered to be a waste product. They are produced abundantly in India and
hence can be utilized.

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the research is to evaluate the performance and suitability of fly ash based
geopolymer and alkali activated slag (AAS) as an alternative to the use of ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) in the production of concrete.

The individual objectives will include;

The study contributes to the development of new environmentally friendly binders in

concrete. Although there are numerous studies that assess the suitability of AAS and fly ash
based geopolymer to replace OPC as a binder in concrete,

To develop the concrete that can be cured at ambient temperature by using industrial by
products such as FA and GGBS.

To obtain optimal values for mix constituents to maximize product performance.

Evaluation of the performance of FA and GGBS based AAS concrete with respect to
workability, strength and durability for a different molarity of alkali soution.

Evaluation of the effect on the microstructure of AAC for change in the molarity.

Only limited research conducted on the utilization of slag as a binder in the production of
alkali activated concrete. As such this study provides information on the fresh properties and strength
development for the different molarity of alkali solution.

4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The experimental work involved development of an alkali activated concrete. As far as

possible, the technology and the equipment currently used to manufacture OPC concrete were used
in this study to make the alkali activated concrete. Flyash (Grade I) and GGBFS from Bellary
Sathavahana Ispat Limited were considered as the source materials. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

silicate were procured commercially from a local vendor. The some property of Alkali activated
concrete are discoursed for the different molarity of alkali solution (NaOH).

5. ALKALI ACTIVATION OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

According to Jiang, alkali activation is the term used to imply that alkalis, alkali earth ions
are used to stimulate the pozzolanic reaction or release the latent cementitious properties of finely
divided inorganic materials. The materials could be minerals as well as industrial by-products
consisting primarily of silicates, aluminosilicate and calcium. A classification of alkali activated
cementitious material based on the composition of hydration products was proposed by Krivenko:

1. The alkaline aluminosilicate systems (R-A-S-H, where R= Na or K were called “geocements”,

emphasizing the similarity of the formation process of these materials to the geological
process of the natural zeolites. A special case of these systems where the formation process is
a polycondensation rather than hydration was named “geopolymer”. .
2. The alkaline –alkaline earth systems (R-C-A-S-H) where the hydration products are low basic
calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H gel with low Ca/Si ratio). These include the alkali activated
slag and alkaline Portland cements.

6. HISTORY OF ALKALI ACTIVATION OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

The works conducted by Feret and Purdon were considered as the earliest studies on activated
slag. Although not until 1959 when Glukhovsky, published “soil silicates” was a theoretical basis of
alkaline cement established. However there was a substantial difference between the “soil silicates”
and previous works, as the alkali in soil silicates acts as a structure forming element compared to the
use of alkali as an accelerator for the reactivity of slag either in the blended slag-Portland cement
system or in 100% slag cement system Krivenko, further categorized the alkaline cements into two
groups, depending on the starting materials.
The first group is the alkaline binding system Me2O-Me2O3-SiO2-H2O and the second group
is the alkaline-alkali earth system Me2O-MeO-Me2O3-SiO2-H2O. In 1979, Davidovits developed a
new type of binder similar to the alkaline binding system, using sintering products of kaolinite and
limestone or dolomite as the aluminosilicate constituents. Davidovits adopted the term
“Geopolymer” to emphasize the association of this binder with the earth mineral found in natural
stone and to differentiate it from other alkali activated binding systems.

7. MIX PROPORTIONING OF GPC

Palomo et al studied the Geopolymerisation of low-calcium ASTM Class F Flyash (molar

Si/Al=1.81) using four different solutions with the solution-to-fly ash ratio by mass of 0.25 to 0.30.
The molar SiO2/K2O or SiO2/Na2O of the solutions was in the range of 0.63 to 1.23.The best
compressive strength obtained was more than 60MPa for mixtures that used a combination of sodium
hydroxide and sodium silicate solution, after curing the specimens for 24 hours at 65oC.
Hardjito et al, conducted extensive studies on Low calcium Flyash based Geopolymer
concrete at the Curtin University Australia. The research work included the studies on the effect of
Concentration of NaOH solution, ratio of Sodium silicate (NaOH) to Sodium Hydroxide (Na2SiO3)
solution, Curing temperature and duration of elevated temperature curing on compressive strength of
concrete of Geopolymer Concrete. They have reported that the optimal ratio of Silicate to sodium
Hydroxide solution is 2.5. Depending on the concentration of the Hydroxide solution, the
compressive strength varied between 8MPa to 77MPa.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

Zhang Yunshen and Sun Wei. have conducted studies on Fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete. Studies were carried out to obtain the optimum Fly ash content in Geopolymer concrete
that gives high mechanical and compressive strength. The results reported show that Geopolymer
concrete with 30% fly ash prepared at 800C for 8 hours exhibited high mechanical strength. The
compressive strength was 32.2MPa and the flexural strength was 7.15MPa.

8. MATERIALS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF AAC

8.1 Fly Ash

According to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 116R, FA is defined as the
finely divided residue that results from the combination of ground or powdered coal and that is
transported by the flue gases from the combustion zone to the particle removal system (ACI
Committee 232 2004). FA is removed from the combustion gases by the dust collection system,
either mechanically or by using electrostatic precipitators, before they are discharged to the
atmosphere. FA particles are typically spherical, finer than Portland cement and lime, ranging from
less than 1µm to not more than 150µm.
FA plays the role of an artificial pozzolona, where its silicon dioxide content reacts with the
calcium hydroxide from the cement hydration process to form the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)
gel. The spherical shape of FA often helps to improve the workability of the fresh concrete, while its
small particle size also plays as filler of voids in the concrete, hence to produce dense and durable
concrete.
In the present experimental study, low calcium, grade 1 as per IS 3812:2003, obtained from
Bellary, Karnataka, Sathavahana Ispat Limited was used as the base material. The physical and
chemical compositions of FA are given in the Table 4.1 and 4.2

Table: 4.1 Physical properties of flyash

SL.NO. PARTICULARS PROPERTIES
1. Residue on 45µ sieve 24.4%
2. Specific gravity 2.15
3. Fineness 521.72m2/kg

Table: 4.2 chemical composition of flyash

REQUIRMENT
SL.NO. PARTICULALARS PROPERTIES AS PER IS3812
- 2003
1. Volatile matter 2.32%
2. Ash 89.23%
3. Fixed carbon 8.45%
4. SiO2 48.87% 35% (min)

81.27%
5. Al2O3 27.61% 70% (min)
6. Fe2O3 4.79%
7. CaO 4.08%
8. MgO 1.04% 3.0% (max)
9. S 0.41% 5.0% (max)

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

8.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a byproduct of the steel industry. Blast
furnace slag is defined as “the non-metallic product consisting essentially of calcium silicates and
other bases that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. In the
production of iron, blast furnaces are loaded with iron ore, fluxing agents, and coke. When the iron
ore, which is made up of iron oxides, silica, and alumina, comes together with the fluxing agents,
molten slag and iron are produced. The molten slag then goes through a particular process depending
on what type of slag it will become. Air-cooled slag has a rough finish and larger surface area when
compared to aggregates of that volume which allows it to bind well with Portland cements as well as
asphalt mixtures. GGBS is produced when molten slag is quenched rapidly using water jets, which
produces a granular glassy aggregate.
In the present experimental study, The GGBS obtained from Bellary, Karnataka, Sathavahana
Ispat Limited, used as the binder material. The physical and chemical compositions of GGBS are
given in the Table 4.4 and 4.5

Table: 4.3 Physical properties of GGBS

SL.NO. PARTICULARS PROPERTIES
1. Wet sieve analysis % retained 45µ sieve 2.9 %
2. Specific gravity 2.62
3. Fineness 252.83 m2/kg

Table: 4.4 chemical composition of GGBS

REQUIREMENT
CHEMICAL
SL.NO. RESULTS AS PER
COMPONENTS
SP 23-1982
1. CaO 34.95 30 - 40
2. SiO2 37.26 27 - 32
3. Basicity 0.89 -
4. MgO 5.68 0 - 17
5. Al2O3 19.4 17 - 31
6. S 0.85 -
7. FeO 0.48 0-1
8. MnO 0.57 -

8.3 Aggregates
In the present experimental study river sand and crushed granite aggregated 12.5 mm down
size were used as fine aggregate and coarse aggregates respectively. Aggregate were in the saturated
surface dry condition. The characteristics of aggregates are presented in the Table 4.5 to Table 4.6.

8.4 Alkaline Liquid

A combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution can be
used as the alkaline liquid. It is recommended that the alkaline liquid is prepared by mixing both the
solutions together at least 24 hours prior to use.

8.4.1 Sodium Silicate

The sodium silicate solution is commercially available in different grades. The sodium
silicate solution A53 with SiO2-to-Na2O ratio by mass of approximately 2, i.e., SiO2 = 29.4%, Na2O
= 14.7%, and water = 34.44% by mass, is recommended.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

8.4.2 Sodium Hydroxide

The sodium hydroxide with 97-98% purity, in flake or pellet form, is commercially available.
The solids must be dissolved in water to make a solution with the required concentration. The
concentration of sodium hydroxide solution can vary in the range between 8 Molar and 16 Molar.
The mass of NaOH solids in a solution varies depending on the concentration of the solution. For
instance, NaOH solution with a concentration of 8 Molar consists of 8x40 = 320 grams of NaOH
solids per liter of the solution, where 40 is the molecular weight of NaOH. The mass of NaOH solids
was measured as 320 grams per kg of NaOH solution with a concentration of 8 Molar. Similarly, the
mass of NaOH solids per kg of the solution for other concentrations was measured as 16 Molar: 640
grams, (Hardjito and Rangan, 2005). Note that the mass of water is the major component in both the
alkaline solutions. In order to improve the workability, a high range water reducer super plasticizer
and extra water may be added to the mixture.

8.5 Water
Distilled water was used in experimental study, in order to avoid any mineral interference in
polymerization reaction. And water was used only for the preparation of sodium hydroxide solution.

9. PRILIMINARY INVESTIGATION

Initially, numbers of trial mixtures of AAC were prepared, and test specimens in the form of
150 mm cubes or 100x200 mm cylinders were made. The 60 liter capacity pan mixer with rotating
drum available in the concrete laboratory for making OPC concrete was used to manufacture the
AAC.

The main objectives of the preliminary laboratory work were:

To familiarize with the making of AAC;

To understand the effect of the sequence of adding the alkaline liquid to the solids
constituents in the mixture;

To observe the behavior of the fresh AAC,

To develop process of mixing.

To understand basic mixture proportion of AAC.

Explore the possibility of developing a concrete which cured at ambient temperature without
cement, addition of slag or slag alone used.

REFERENECES

BOOKS

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Geopolymer Concrete, (Research Report GC 1). Perth: Faculty of Engineering Curtin
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3. Wallah, S. E., & Rangan, B. V. (2006). Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete:
Long-Term Properties (Research Report GC 2), Perth: Faculty of Engineering Curtin
University of Technology

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 01-09 © IAEME

PAPER PRESENTATIONS

1. Glukhovsky, V. D., Rotovskaya, G. S., & Rumyna, G. V. (1980), High Strength Slag-Alkali
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THESIS

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42. CODES OF REFERENCE

IS: 456-2000, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete.

SP: 23-1982, Hand Book on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Standards).

IS: 10262-1982, Indian Standards, Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix-Design.

IS: 516-1959, Indian Standards, Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete.

IS: 383 – 1970, Tests on Aggregates.

IS:5816-1999, Indian Standards, Split Tensile Test.

IS:1331(PART-I), Indian Standards, UPV Test.

IS:14858-2000, Indian Standards, Compressive Test.

IS:1199-1959, Indian Standards, Slump Test.