THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMMUNIZATION IN THE PREVENTION

OF CHILDHOOD KILLER DISEASES

A CASE STUDY OF KATSINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

BY

ZAINAB AHMED
EVCD/17/082

A PROJECT BEING SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, COLLEGE

OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY KANKIA IRO, KATSINA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

DECEMBER, 2019
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that, this research project is a product of my personal

research and no part of it has been produced or presented for the award of

High National Diploma (HND), National Diploma (ND) or Diploma in this

school or any other institution.

__________________________ _______________
Zainab Ahmed Date:
EVCD/17/082

ii
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project work titled “The Significance of Immunization in the

Prevention of Childhood Killer Diseases A Case Study of Katsina Local

Government Area” has been read and approved as meeting the requirement

for the award of Diploma in Environmental Health.

Project Supervisor:

Name: ________________________________________________

Sign: __________________________________

Date: ____________________________

Head of Department:

Name: _____________________________________________

Sign: _______________________________

Date: ____________________________

iii
 DEDICATION

This project work titled “The Significance of Immunization in the

Prevention of Childhood Killer Diseases” is whole heartedly by dedicated to

my beloved parents and Husband my father Alhaji Muhammad, my mother

Hajia Balaraba Attija and my beloved husband the father of my children for

their prayer and continual moral and financial support throughout my life.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For the gift of life, good health, strength, sound mind, infinite mercy,

knowledge and wisdom we remain eternally grateful to Almighty Allah, who

has made it possible for me to attain my academic pursuit with great success

and containment.

I am highly indebted to my project supervisor in person of Alhaji Lawal

Usman Bindawa (L. U. Bindawa) whose commitment and constructive

criticism made the completion of this work possible. I owe the success of

this project to you sir.

I appreciate the effort of my family, brother Shamsuddeen Ahmed, Alhaji

Sule Kandi, Muhammed N. Jabba, Aliyu Muhammed Lalle, Abubakar

muhammadu, Muhammed Murtala Sale, Suleman Salihu (D.S.N.O),

Abubakar Abdullahi (M&E), Late Suleman Attija and Ibrahim Lawal

Kankia

My sisters Maryam Ahmed, Nafisa Ahmed, Mufeeda Ahmed, Maryam

Muhammed, Asma’u Salisu, Basirat Shitu, Zainab Aliyu, Maimuna Abbas,

Fatima Usman (Nana), Hajia Sakinatu Idris, Zainab Umar, Makumbu Kula

Dudu, Late Zainab Attija, (Auty Uwani), Late Hajia Aisha Indo Muhammed,

v
Aminatu Abubakar, Maimuna Isyaku, Khadija Muhammed Murtala,

Aminatu Shamsuddeen (Ammi).

Also I highly appreciate the effort and prayers of my children Muhammed,

Safinatu and Maimunatu Salihu Muhammed much thanks for their prayers

and continual moral and support throughout my study.

I will like thank those that have assisted me in the execution of this project

work especially family members and well wishers, Farida Yusuf, Hadiza

Salihu, Hauwa’u N. Muhammed, Khadijat Adamu, Sa’adatu Abubakar

Sirika, Habiba Muhammed, Hadiza Usman, Ramatu Sa’idu and Hajia Uwani

Lawal Kankia.

And the rest of the entire family, friends, students and well wishers whose

names haven’t been mentioned.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page i

Declaration ii

Approval Page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area 4

1.3 Statement of the Problem 9

1.4 Significance of the Study 9

1.5 Objectives of the Study 10

1.6 Research Question 11

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 11

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 15

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review 15

vii
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 26

3.2 Population and Universe of the Study 26

3.3 Method for Data Collection 26

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection 27

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 27

3.6 Administration of the Instrument 27

3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis 28

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data Analysis and Data Presentation 29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary and Findings 51

5.2 Recommendations 53

5.3 Conclusion 55

Bibliography 56

Questionnaire Sample 58

viii
 ABSTRACT

This research work “the significance of immunization in the prevention of

childhood killer diseases” a case study of Katsina local government area.

The main objective of the study is to find out the important of immunization

within the area of the study. Main method employed by the researchers in

gathering data for the purpose of carrying out this research work is both the

primary and secondary method for data collection. The primary method is

where the researcher conducts face to face conversation with the

respondents as well as a prepared questionnaire to the respondents. While

for secondary method includes where the researcher scrutinized some write-

up such as textbooks, journals, magazines, websites of internets etc. The

finding of this research work shows that the significance of immunization in

the prevention of childhood killer diseases within the study area due to

health education to the general public.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the Study

Immunization is a simple and effective way to protect your child from

serious diseases. By immunizing your child, not only do you give them the

best to start to a healthy future but you help protect the boarder community

by minimizing the spread of diseases. Unfortunately, some babies are too

young to be vaccinated and others may be ineligible due to allergies, illness

or weakened immunity systems. By having your own children immunized,

you help protect these individuals also.

When you vaccinate a child against a disease to teach the immune system by

mimicking a natural infection. The body cannot tell that the vaccine virus is

weakened, and it engulfs the virus as if were dangerous. It then creates

antibodies to fight the diseases, quickly clearing the virus. What remains is a

series of all cells designed to fight against future infection. Should your

children come into contact with the disease for real, their immune system is

able to respond effectively, preventing the disease developing or greatly

reducing its severity. As medical science advances, it’s possible for people

to be protected from increasing number of diseases. Some diseases which

once injured or killed thousands of children have been eliminated entirely

1
for example, smallpox shots are no longer required as the diseases simply

does not exists any more thanks to vaccination. Other diseases are closed to

be eradicated, with an examples being polio was once considered one of

Australia’s most feared disease, but thank to vaccination the entire Western

Pacific region, included Australia, has been declared polio-free since 2000.

All vaccines have been rigorously tested and reviewed by scientist, doctors

and health care professionals. Vaccine development is a long arduous and

arduous and complex process that often last 10-15years. Only after

continued testing and series of vaccine trials are children offered a vaccine.

All vaccine used in Australia must be approved but the Therapeutic Goods

Administration (TGA).

Immunization protects against a large number of childhood diseases

considered dangerous. These include: whooping cough (Pertusis), measles,

German measles (Rubella), meningococcal C, pneumonial diseases,

chickenpox (Varicella), tetanus, mumps, polio, diphtheria, rotavirus and

hepatitis.

Each of these diseases cause serious health problems and can sometimes

prove fetal. Thankfully, through high immunization rates in the community

these diseases can be prevented and eventually stopped.

2
The national immunization program schedule recommends certain

vaccination at certain times. It is recommended that you do not delay in

having your child immunized and that you stick as closely to the

recommended guide possible. Show your child have a fever over 38.5 0c on

the day of vaccination, it is suggested you hold off until they are felling

better. If you have any concerns regarding the timing of your child’s

vaccination, consult with your general practitioner.

While vaccines can cause slight discomfort and swelling, immunization is

the safest way to protect against harmful diseases. Any discomfort is far less

traumatic than any of the diseases immunization protects against.

By helping reduce the spread of disease, you lower the risk contact for those

too young to be immunized. The young are the most vulnerable, so

prevention is key keeping safe.

3
1.2 Background of the Study Area

Katsina local government has a history dated back for many years ago, but

for the purpose of this study we shall concentrate on the recent happenings

about Katsina Local Government.

Katsina Local Government is predominantly Hausa/Fulani Muslims area

which is located in the Katsina State, Northern part of Nigeria. It is among

the earliest Local Government created by the federal government of Nigeria

in the 1987 since before the creation of the Katsina state during General

Ibrahim Babangida regime. The climate condition of Katsina Local

Government was tropic continental mass which lead them to experience

rainfall only in five to six months per annum, so the topography of the area

was dessert.

The Katsina Local Government was enriched by Jibia Local Government by

North and Kaita Local Government and Batagarawa Local Government by

the West and South East.

Katsina State city was the headquarters of Katsina Local Government

council in the semi-arid Sahel of the Savannah region of the west and east.

It has been confirmed that Katsina Local Government was among the Hausa

Bakwai and emerged as one of the influential state in the Northern Nigeria.
4
It existence tend to weight the suggestion that Hausa Land was occupied

long before the arrival of foreigners in to the land and people of Katsina may

have been descendent of the original owner of the land. To link the area with

Hausa, however, a Traditional Association Kumayo one son of Bawo with

the founding of Katsina.

Already, in the eighteen century, Katsina became important centre of

Muslims learning to which student from far and near come to study in

Katsina. Colonial masters as path has visited Katsina in 1857, and at least of

it as the prominent city considered as then achiever city of Nagio land as

well as commercial and political centre and other important things.

The Fulani revolt in Hausa land which stated in the first decade of the

nineteenth century brought to as end of the prosperity and presence of

Katsina. The city beyond decline rather quicken in its merchant move out to

which new gain some of the strong prestige from its farmer rival city.

Katsina is among the accident city of the town in the present day Katsina

State, it was found 204years ago by group of warriors under the leadership

of Kumayau who according to legendary, settled at Durbi Takushayi about

32km away from Katsina occupied every significant place into the political

history of Sokoto Caliphate.

5
He started trade in the 15th century, the emir of Katsina is still considered as

one of the most prominent chief in the Northern Nigeria. The ancient city of

Katsina was awarded the status of local government occupied an area of

about 337.069km with project of about 807.694km representing about

16.8% of the state population.

Health Sectors

As at 1985, the Katsina Local Government has a total number of 49 PHC

medical institutions comprising of 14 dispensaries, 28 leprosy clinics, 6

private clinics, a General Hospital and Eye clinics, mental home 2 health

offices.

Today, the number of medical institution in the area increased in addition to

developing private clinics has risen to about 8% of 1984 figures. The Local

Government of the Health Care Delivery in the rural communities.

General Development

The history of a current is a record of remarkable achievement in the area of

economics, socio-political perspective of the areas from the day of trans-

Sahara trade to the period of its de-economic subordination of the Sokoto

Caliphate, and from 1976 to date when it was working stronger as a Local

Government Headquarter as well as the state caliphate.

6
Education Background

Katsina is considered as a centre of learning for the whole northern Nigeria

during the colonial and post independence period. The first teacher’s college

was built in Northern Nigeria politicians were trained and educate in

Katsina, some of them include first Prime Minister Sir. Abubakar Tafawa

Balewa and the First prime premier of northern region, late sir Ahmadu

Bello among others. Katsina Local Government has a total number of 282

primary schools with about 1,455 classrooms and public enrolment of

48,862 pupils.

There are 21 secondary schools with a student of education and one

polytechnic in Katsina Local Government.

Agricultural Development

The area is semi-sandy soil and experienced annual average rainfall of about

5mm the area produces both cash crops and food crops, millet, guinea corn,

beans, cassava, groundnut, for the enhancement of economic effect and

reduce dry season effect of the teeming population of the area. They also

practice irrigation farming as well as rearing livestock.

7
Commerce and Industry

Being the heart of Katsina state, there are a lot of business which help serve

as a source of income to the settlers ranging from restaurants, hotels, cinema

and halls etc. and also communication are not left behind, where roads are

available and constructed fluently. The Katsina General Post Office, MTN,

Zain, Etisalat (9mobile) networks centres provides an avenue for national

and international communication.

Tourism

Though, there is less tourism potential within the Area of Study besides

Katsina Maryam Babangida Children Pack, Gobarau Minaret and Katsina

museum among others tourist are festivals that are conducted annually

which include Hawan Sallah, during Eid-el Fitr and Eid-el Kabir time,

maulud and others people are coming from different part of the world to

attend to theses each year.

Population

It was recorded during 2006 National Population Commission programme

conducted, Katsina Local Government has a total population of 807,694

people represent 15.8% Katsina state total population. These include adult,

men, women and children in the area.

8
1.3 Statement of the Problem

The major responsible factor for childhood killer diseases in Katsina Local

Government is due to lack of proper health education to the General public

within the area of study, and due to the absence of community stakeholders

involvement, lack of adequate and trained immunization providers that

carried out the immunization activities against childhood killer diseases

within the area of investigation and lack of early diagnostic and notification

of childhood killer diseases within the Katsina Local Government.

Also lack of full participation of government in providing of all necessary

needs in preventing and controlling of childhood killer diseases within the

Katsina Local Government.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The most important issue in designing any research project is to serves as an

identifier of a particular problem. Therefore, this project would assist

Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and public at large

can offer suggestions, recommendations and health education toward the

prevention and control of childhood killer diseases within the area of study.

Also this project would assist any management, students or individual who

wish to write or conduct research which is wide in the scope and it may also
9
be use for having an inside on the existence of problems associated with

immunization in prevention of childhood killer diseases within the area of

study.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

1- To find out the important of public enlightenment in the prevention of

childhood killer diseases within the area of the study.

2- To ascertain the relevance/significance of immunization towards the

prevention and control of childhood killer diseases in the area of study.

3- To find out the role of government and non-governmental organizations

(NGOs) toward effective delivery of immunization and other preventive

mechanisms against childhood killer diseases in the area of study.

4- To offer suggestions and recommendations toward the prevention and

control of childhood killer diseases in the area of study.

5- To health educate the general public on the needs to ensure high personal

hygiene so as to prevent and control the childhood killer diseases in the

area under investigation.

10
1.6 Research Questions

1- Does public enlightenment in the prevention of childhood killer diseases

within the area of study can prevent childhood killer diseases?

2- Does immunization toward the prevention and control of childhood killer

diseases within the area of the study?

3- Does government and non-governmental organizations can play an

important role in the prevention and control of childhood killer diseases

within the area of the study?

4- Does health education to general public can prevent and control the

childhood killer diseases within the area of investigation?

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This project research is focused on the significance of immunization in

prevention of childhood killer diseases within Katsina Local Government as

well as important of public enlightenment in the prevention of childhood

killer diseases. In the first place, research supposed to cover a large are

beyond Katsina Local Government. But, due to financial constraints which

affects transportation from one place to another to acquire all the necessary

data for the successful implementation of the project. The research has to be

limited to Katsina Local Government which serves as the case study.

11
Secondly, it is the availability of time which makes it impossible for the

researcher to expand his study beyond Katsina Local Government Area.

However, despite the above stated problem and other, the researcher was

successfully derived in the process concerning the topic of discussion was

clearly put into writing and coming up with this project.

12
1.8 Definition of Terms

 Significance: The extent to which something matters is importance.

 Immunization: It has been described as a weapon of mass salvation

refers to the total protection of individuals and countries through the

introduction vaccines to a susceptible person against all vaccine

preventable diseases (VPDs)

 Prevention: Act of prevention, hindering, obstruction of action, access or

approach.

 Childhood: The time during which one is a child from between infancy

and puberty.

 Killer: That which kills

 Diseases: An abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes

discomfort or dysfunction; distinct from injury in so far as the latter is

usually instanteously acquired. It may be due to some pathogens e.g.

viruses, bacteria, fungi, rikettsia etc.

 Vaccine: Are life killed or weakened attenuated substances that aid the

stimulation of antibodies when introduced into the body.

 Immunity: Is the activity of the immune system to defend the body

system from the attack of diseases causing organisms.

13
 Immune System: Is a group of cell working to gather in order to depend

the body disease causing organism.

 Antigens: Are substances which when introduce into the body can

stimulate the production of antibodies.

 Routine Immunization: This refers to the complete immunization given

to all eligible children 0-11months and women of child bearing age, in

order to get them fully protected against vaccines preventable diseases.

 Infection: Refers to the injurious contamination of the body or part of the

body by pathogenic agent such as fungi, bacteria, protozoa, rickettsia or

viruses.

 VPDs: Vaccine Preventable Diseases

14
 CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

This chapter deals with the observation and news of authors especially

expert in the field of study i.e. Author of specific textbooks on the topic

under discussion. Also this chapter deals with the review of relevant write-

up ranging from journals, websites and other publication as well as sayings

of other experts on the topic under discussion.

This project work focuses on the significances of immunization in the

prevention of childhood killer diseases in Katsina state. Therefore, all views

of experts in relation to the topic under discussion are going to be written in

this chapter. Likewise, judgements, explanation, conclusion and

recommendations are going to be made at the end of this chapter based on

the experts’ views.

Immunization has been described as a weapon of mass salvation refers to the

total protection of individuals and continues through the introduction of

vaccines to a susceptible person against all vaccine preventable diseases.

15
Human beings have benefited from vaccines for more than two countries.

Yet the pathway to effective vaccines has been neither near or direct. This

research explores the history of vaccine and immunization.

Edward Jenner’s creation of first vaccine for smallpox in the 1790s; we then

demonstrate that many of the issues silent Jenner’s era such as the need for

secure funding mechanisms, stream lined manufacturing and safety concern,

and deep seated public fears of inoculating agents have frequently

reappeared and have often dominated vaccine policies. We suggest that his

tropical awareness can help inform viable long term solutions contemporary

problems with vaccine research, production supply.

For more than fifty years, similar efforts both immunization campaigns and

vaccine trials have been supported by global health organization and major

philanthropist such as the Rockefeller foundation and the bill and Melinda

gates foundation.

According to Warner Lambert (now Pfizer) stop making fluogen vaccine for

influenza because of regulatory obstacles and financial loss. It sold its flugen

factory to King Pharmaceuticals, which soon threw in the towel after

demining that bringing its new plant into federal compliance was too costly,

clearly this pattern greatly contributes to fall 2004 flu vaccine shortage in the

16
United States. The situation is similar for the ten basic childhood vaccines.

The majority of which include measles-mumps, rubella (MMR) and

chickenpox vaccines are manufactured by just one company.

According S. M. Lambert and H. Markel, immunization is a simple and

effective away to protect your child from serious diseases. By immunizing

your child, not only do you give them the best start to a health future but you

help to help protect the boarder community by minimizing the spread of

diseases. Unfortunately, some babies are too young to be vaccinated and

others may be ineligible due to allergies, illness pr weakened immune

system by having your own child immunized, you help protect these

individuals also.

When you vaccinate a child against a disease, you teach the immune systems

by mimicking a natural infection. The body cannot tell that the vaccine virus

is weakened, and it engulfs the virus as if it were dangerous. It creates

antibodies to fight against future infection.

The gasping breath and distinctive sound of whooping cough; the iron lungs

and braces designed for children paralyzed by polio; and the devastating

birth defects caused by rubella. To most Americans these infectious scourges

simultaneously inspire dread and represent obscure maladies of years past.

17
Yet a little more than a century ago, the U.S infant mortality rate was a

staggering 20 percent and the childhood mortality rate before age five was

another disconcerting 20 percent. Not surprisingly, in an epoch before the

existence of preventive methods and effective therapies, infectious diseases

such as measles, diphtheria, smallpox and pertussis topped the list of

childhood killers. Fortunately, many of these have been contained,

especially industrialized nation because of the development and widespread

distribution of the safe effective and affordable vaccines.

According to world health organization (WHO) and related organization

such as the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) vaccine programmes

went global in 1974 for example, the WHO lunched the expanded

programme on immunization (EPI) with the global of dramatically

increasing vaccination rate among children in developing countries. For

more than three decades the EPI has functioned through three WHOs

regional offices to meet target immunization rates for almost every disease

with the corresponding immunologic agent. Perhaps the WHO’s most

spectacular achievement was the smallpox campaign of the 1960s and

1970s. directed by Donald Henderson, thus massive effort culminated in the

last naturally occurring case of smallpox in Somalia 1977. Today is example

of success serves as beacon of encouragement for International Health

18
workers involved in ongoing and challenging immunization campaigns

against polio, measles, and other diseases.

According to U.S centre for diseases control and prevention, ten great public

health achievements in the twentieth century, 1900-1999, childhood

vaccines or immunization can seems overwhelming when you are a new

parents. Vaccine schedule recommended by agencies and organizations,

such as the CDC, the American Academy of pediatrics and the American

Academy of family physicians cover about 14 different diseases, such as

polio, tetanus and diphtheria, but also keep other children safe by

eliminating or greatly decreasing dangerous diseases that used to spread

from child to child.

A vaccine is a dead or weakened version or part of the germ that causes the

disease in question. When children are exposed to a disease in vaccine form,

their immune system, which is the body of germs – fighting machine is able

to build up antibodies that protect them from contracting the disease if and

when they are exposed to actual disease.

Over the years, vaccines have generated controversy over safety, but not

convincing evidence of harm has been found. And although children have a

19
reaction to any vaccine, the important thing to know is that the benefits of

vaccinations for outweigh the possible side effects.

Bill and Melinda gates foundation (25 October, 2004), aims to investigate

epidemiological characteristics of the measles epidemic (Risk factors and

reasons for its emergence) in order to establish better control and prevention

of future epidemics as well as to determine an influence or pool collective

immunization of children against measles on appearance of epidemic

disease. Method an open retrospective epidemiological study of measles

infection was conducted during the epidemic in Zenica – Doboj Canton

(20c) in the period 2014 – 2015. Diseases reports, disease reporting forms of

measles and rubella cases and the bulleting of the institute for a healthy and

food safety Zenica were used for data collection. Result a total of 325

patients with the diagnosis of measles were registered, 262 (80.61%) in 2014

and 63 (19.39%) in 2015 resulting in overall incidence of 81.25/100.00. The

majority of patients were aged 0 – 6 (P< 0.05) of the total number of

patients, only 13 (4.73%) were orderly vaccinated (P< 0.05) in the period of

2009 – 2015 in 2DC 2.444. (83.34%) children (P< 0.05) were vaccinated

with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Conclusion results of the

study show that the low level of vaccination of children continues to a risk

20
of the emergence of epidemics of measles and other infectious disease there

is a need for a better vaccination campaign.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) report of a meeting or

research related to measles control and elimination, Geneva. Immunization

is aimed at the prevention of infectious diseases; the national programme on

immunization (NPI) suffers recurrent setbacks due to many factors including

ethnicity and religious beliefs. Nigeria is made up of 36 states with its

federal capital Abuja. The country is divided into six geo-political zones;

North Central, North West, North East, South East, South West and South

South. The population is unevenly distributed across the country. The

average population density in 2006 was estimated at 150 people per square

kilometers with logos, Anambra, Imo, Abia and Akwa Ibom being the most

densely populated stats. Most of the densely populated states are found in

north east. Kano with the average density of 442 persons per square

kilometer is the most densely populated state in the northern part of the

country. This study presents a review on the current immunization

programme and many challenges affecting its success in the eradication of

the childhood diseases in Nigeria.

Liu et-al (2012) update total numbers of death in children aged 0 – 27 days

and 1 – 59months were applied to the corresponding country – specific

21
distribution of death cause. They applied the multinomial logistic regression

model to vital registration data for low mortality countries without adequate

registration. The result of their study indicate that between 2000 and 2010,

the global burden of deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased by 2

millions, of which pneumonia, measles and diarrhea contributed the most to

the overall reduction. However, only tetanus, measles and pneumonia (in

Africa) decreased at an annual rate sufficient to attain the Millennium

Development Goal.

Scott et-al (2008) note that historically, pneumonia was the main cause of

under-five mortality in developed countries and in the United States in 1990,

it is estimated that pneumonia killed 47 of every 1,000 children before the

age of 5years. In Nigeria, Esangbedo (2010) explained that pneumonia kills

nearly 1.6 million children under five annually worldwide.

An estimated 98 percent of children who die of pneumonia live in

developing countries and according to 2008 estimated about 177,000

children under the age of five died of pneumonia in Nigeria. This means that

within an hour, 20 children across Nigeria will die from pneumonia. This is

the highest in Africa and second highest overall in the world.

22
According to the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health, a child is considered

fully vaccinated if he or she has received a BCG vaccination against

tuberculosis; three doses of DPT to prevent diphtheria, pertussis (whooping

cough) and tetanus; at least three doses polio vaccine and one dose of

measles vaccine. All these vaccinations should be received during the first

year of life. Over the course of five visits, including the doses delivered at

birth. According to this schedule, children aged 12 – 23months would have

completed their immunization and be fully immunized. To keep track if the

delivery of these immunizations, Nigeria also provides parents or guardians

with a health card on which each dose is recorded.

In their study Henry et-al showed only immunizations completed for

children aged 12 – 23 months, the usual age group for reporting

immunizations rates their results revealed that one fourth of all children aged

12 – 2 months had received the three recommended doses of polio but many

missed the corresponding third dose of DPT3, which was received by only

5.1% of one year old. Only 2% of children Katsina received all

recommended doses (P = 0.05) according to D. Grading, immunization

against childhood diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and

measles is one of the most important means of preventing childhood

morbidity and mortality. Achieving and maintaining high levels of

23
immunization coverage must therefore be a priority for all health systems in

order to monitor progress in achieving these objectives, immunization

coverage data can serve as an indicator of a health systems capacity to

deliver essential services to the most vulnerable segment of a population.

Immunization and vaccination are two of the most important public health

interventions and constitute a cost of effective strategy to reduce both the

morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. Over one

million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide.

Despite this fact vaccine preventable diseases remain the most common

cause of childhood mortality with an estimated three millions deaths each

year. In recent times, vaccination has had a major impact on measles death

from 2000 to 2005 more than 360 million children globally received measles

vaccine through supplementary immunization activities. Moreover,

improvements have been made in routine immunization over this period.

These accelerated activities have resulted in a significance reduction in

estimated global measles mortality decreased by 60% between 1999 and

2005. The largest gain occurred in Africa where measles cases and death

decreased nearly 75%.

24
Thus, there is a lot of pressure on health facilities in different countries in

controlling of disease through vaccination. Indeed, measles is targeted by the

WHO its expanded programme of immunization (EPI).

According to the national programme on immunization, routine

immunization of children in Nigeria is carried out using the following

vaccines:

- BCCI (Bacilli Calmette Giverin) at birth or as soon as possible after

birth.

- OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) at birth or as soon as possible after birth.

- DPT (Diphtheria, Pertursis, Tetanus) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks.

- Hepatitis B at birth, 6 and 14 weeks.

- Measles – at 9 months of age.

- Yellow fever at 9 months and 15 months of age.

- Vitamin A at 9 months and 15 months of ages.

25
 CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1 Research Design

This project was carried out in order to find out the process of preventing

childhood killer diseases in the Katsina Local Government as well as

problems associated with childhood killer diseases and also to find out ways

of health educating people toward the prevention and control of childhood

killer diseases within the area under investigation.

3.2 Population and Universe of the Study

The target population of the area is about eight hundred, seven thousand and

six hundred and ninety four representing 15.8% of total population. This

includes adults, men, women and children in the area under investigation.

(Katsina Local Government)

3.3 Method for Data Collection

The method applied in collection of data for the purpose of this research

project is through administration of questionnaire in which the questions in

relation to the topic were designed for the respondents to choose from the

alternative answers of their choice.

26
3.4 Instrument for Data Analysis

The instrument used in which the relevant data collected on this project

work was questionnaire in which questions related to the topic of the project

were asked so that the respondents can choose from the appropriate answers.

Likewise, Van textbooks, journals, were also used as emphasize the project

work.

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

For the instrument to be valid and reliability, the questionnaire design and

preparation was through screen by the project supervisor who is authorizing

to the distribution of the questionnaire appropriately. At the same time, one

hundred questionnaires prepared and distributed to the respondents and the

entire one hundred questionnaires were filled correctly and returned to me in

order.

3.6 Administration of the Instrument

The manner through the instrument was administered to the appropriate

people is through direct hand to hand message so as to ensure that the

message was nit administered as a result of all hundred questionnaire were

returned to me in order.

27
3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis

The techniques applied in analyzing the data obtained are statistical analysis

as to prove hypothesis or basic assumption.

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn

The formula was derived from contingency table which is shown below

GENDER RESPONSES TOTAL

YES NO
MALE A B K
FEMALE C D L
TOTAL M N M

28
 CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis

4.1 Data Analysis, Finding and Result Discussion

Below is the result of data collected from the questionnaire designed, one

hundred printed, ten questionnaires were used as pretest, one hundred

questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and all the hundred

questionnaires printed were filled correctly and returned to me in order.

Therefore, the analysis is based on one hundred questionnaires.

Sex No. of Responses Percentage

Male 60 60%
Female 40 40%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.1

The above table discussed the sex distribution of one hundred respondents,

were 60 respondents are masses and they represent 60% of the total

respondents and the remaining 40 respondents are females and represent

40% of the total respondents.

29
 Age No. of Responses Percentage
20 – 25 16 16%
26 – 31 20 20%
32 – 37 18 18%
38 – 42 24 24%
43 and above 22 22%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.2

From the above table, it discussed the age distribution of the respondents

those at 20-25years there are 16 respondents representing 16% of the total

responses, and 20 respondents representing 20% of the total responses are

those at age of 26-31years those at the age between 32-37years there are 18

respondents representing 18% of the total respondents, 24 respondents

represents 24% of the total respondents are those between the age of 38-

42years of age, while those at the age of 43 and above there are 22

respondents representing 22% of the total respondents. This shows that

majority of the respondents are old and adult.

Marital Status No. of Responses Percentage

Single 41 41%
Married 59 59%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.3

30
The above table discussed the marital status of the respondents which shows

that the 41 respondents are singled representing 41% of the total respondents

while 59% of the total respondents are married that represents 51% of the

total respondents. This clearly shows that the majority of the respondents are

married.

Educational Background No. of Responses Percentage

Formal 89 89%
Informal 11 11%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.4

The above table discussed the educational background of the respondents, 89

respondents that represents 89% of the total respondents have formal

education and the remaining 11 respondents represents 11% of the total

respondents have informal education this shows that majority of the

respondents have formal education in various field of learning.

Religion No. of Responses Percentage

Islam 100 100%
Christianity - -
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.5

31
This table discussed the religion of the respondents 100 respondents

representing 100% of total respondents are Muslims and this clearly shows

that all the respondents are Muslims.

Do you know anything about significance of immunization?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 93 93%
No 7 7%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.6

The above table clearly discussed the views of the respondents if they know

anything about the significance of immunization in the prevention of

childhood killer diseases, where 93 respondents representing 93% of the

total respondents says yes in which 7 respondents representing 7% of the

total respondents say they don’t know anything about the significance of

immunization in prevention of childhood killer diseases. This shows that

majority of the respondents know something about significance of

immunization in prevention of childhood killer diseases.

32
If yes, which among the following?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Personal experience 90 90%
Public sensitization 7 7%
Other specify 3 3%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.7
The above table discussed the views of the respondents those who said yes,

so through what, in which 90 respondents representing 90% of the total

respondents is through personal experience where 7 respondents

representing 7% of the total respondents is through public sensitization and

the remaining 3 respondents representing 3% of the total respondents is

through other ways. This clearly shows that the majority of the respondents

are the through personal experience.

In your own understanding which among the following factor

contribute to childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Ignorance and poverty 70 70%
Attitude and behaviour 25 25%
Poor developed health system 5 5%
Other specify - -
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.8

33
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on “in your own

understanding which among the factors contribute to childhood killer

diseases, in which 70 respondents representing 70% of the total respondents

they said ignorance and poverty, 25 respondents representing 25% of the

respondents they said attitude and behaviour of people, while the remaining

5 respondents representing 5% of the total respondents they said poor

developed health system this clearly shows that the majority of the

respondents show is ignorance and poverty.

Do you know immunization can prevent childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 97 97%
No 3 3%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.9

The above table clearly discussed the views of the respondents if they know

that immunization can prevent childhood killer diseases in which 97

respondents representing 97% of the total respondents say yes while the

remaining 3 respondents representing 3% of the total respondents say no.

this clearly shows that the majority of the respondents know that

immunization can prevent childhood killer diseases.

34
Have you ever encountered the significance of immunization in

prevention of childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 97 97%
No 3 3%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.10
The above table clearly discussed the views of the respondents “have you

ever encountered the significance of immunization in prevention of

childhood killer diseases” in which 97 respondents representing 97% of the

total respondents say yes while the remaining 3 respondents representing 3%

of the total respondents say no. this clearly explained that the majority of the

respondents have encountered the significance of immunization in

prevention of childhood killer diseases.

If yes, which among the following?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Decrease in child mortality rate 90 90%
Eradicate the spread of diseases 4 4%
Healthy living in the community 3 3%
No 3 3%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.11
35
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on “if yes which

among the following”, in which 90 respondents representing 90% of the

total respondents is through decrease in child mortality rate, 4 respondents

representing 4% of the total respondents is through eradicating the spread of

diseases, 3 respondents representing 3% of the total respondents is through

healthy living in the community, while the remaining 3 respondents

representing 3% of the total respondents say no, this clearly shows that the

majority of the respondents is through decrease in child mortality rate.

Have you ever encountered the childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 98 98%
No 2 2%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.12

The above table discussed the views of the respondents “if they have ever

encountered the childhood killer diseases” in which 98 respondents

representing 98% of the total respondents say yes while the remaining 2

respondents representing 2% of the total respondents say no. This clearly

shows that the majority of the respondents have encountered the childhood

killer diseases.

36
If yes, which among the following do you encountered?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Measles 90 90%
Poliomyelitis 3 3%
Smallpox 3 3%
Other specify 4 4%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.13

The above table discussed the views of the respondents on “if yes, which

among the following do you encountered”, in which 90 respondents

representing 90% of the total respondents says through measles, 3

respondents representing 3% of the total respondents through poliomyelitis,

3 respondents representing 3% of the total respondents is through smallpox,

while the remaining 4 respondents representing 4% of the total respondents

is through other childhood killer diseases. This clearly shows that the

majority of the respondents encountered measles.

37
Do you believe that health education towards prevention and control of

childhood killer diseases plays an important role?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 98 98%
No 2 2%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.14

The above table discussed the views of the respondents “do you believe that

health education towards prevention and control of childhood killer diseases

plays an important role” in which 98 respondents representing 98% of the

total respondents say yes while the remaining 2 respondents representing 2%

of the total respondents say no. This clearly shows that the majority of the

respondents say yes.

If yes, how do you encounter it?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Personal experience 75 75%
Absence of infant
25 25%
mortality rate
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.15

38
The above table discussed the views of the respondents “how do you

encountered it” 75 respondents representing 75% of the total respondents

says through personal experiences while the remaining 25 respondents

representing 25% of the total respondents say through absence of infant

mortality rate. This clearly shows that the majority of the total respondents

encountered that the health education toward prevention of childhood killer

diseases play an important role.

Does government and non-governmental organizations play a vital role

in preventing the childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 93 93%
No 7 7%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.16

The above table discussed the views of the respondents “does government

and non-governmental organizations play a vital role in preventing of

childhood killer diseases” where 93 respondents representing 93% of the

total respondents say yes, while the remaining 7 respondents representing

7% of the total respondents say no. This clearly shows that the majority of

the respondents say yes.

39
Does public enlightenment in prevention of childhood killer diseases

within the area o study can prevent childhood killer diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 97 97%
No 3 3%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.17

The above table clearly discussed the views of the respondents “does public

enlightenment in prevention of childhood killer diseases with the area of

study can prevent childhood killer diseases? in which 97 respondents

representing 97% of the total respondents say yes while the remaining 3

respondents representing 3% of the total respondents say no. this clearly

explained that the majority of the respondents said no.

Does immunization toward prevention and control of childhood killer

diseases?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 90 90%
No 10 10%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.18

40
The above table discussed the views of the respondents “does immunization

toward prevention and control of childhood killer diseases” in which 90

respondents representing 90% of the total respondents say yes while the

remaining 10 respondents representing 10% of the total respondents say no.

this clearly explained that the majority of the total respondents have agreed

that immunization toward the prevention and control of childhood killer

diseases.

Does government and non-governmental organizations can play an

important role in the preventing and control of childhood killer diseases

within the area of the study?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 85 85%
No 15 15%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.19

The above table 4.1.19 clearly discussed about the views of the respondents

in regarding to the “does government and non-governmental organizations

can play an important role in the preventing and control of childhood killer

diseases within the area of the study” in which 85 respondents representing

41
85% of the total respondents say yes while the remaining 15 respondents

representing 15% of the total respondents say no.

This clearly proved that the majority of the respondents said yes.

Does health education to general public can prevent and control

childhood killer diseases within the area of investigation?

Answer No. of Responses Percentage

Yes 63 63%
No 37 37%
Total 100 100%

Table 4.1.20

The above table discussed the views of the respondents in regarding to

“health education to general public can prevent and control childhood killer

diseases within the area of investigation” in which 63 respondents

representing 63% of the total respondents say yes while the remaining 37

respondents representing 37% of the total respondents say no.

This clearly proved that the majority of the total respondents have agreed

with health education to general public can prevent and control childhood

killer diseases within the area of investigation.

42
 LIST OF TABLES

Appendix BI

1st Step: formulate hypothesis

Ho: public enlightenment in the prevention of childhood killer diseases.

Ha: The above statement is not true

i.e. Ho: p ≠ 0 Vs Ha: p – 0

2nd Step: Select the level of significance

i.e. alpha (α) and degree of freedom (df)

α = 0.0513.841

df = (r – 1) (c – 1)

= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)

=1x1

=1

3rd Step: State of statistics

Let the test statistic be

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn

4th Step: Decision Rule

Reject null hypothesis (Ho) if X2 calculated > X2 tab which is 0.05 at degree
of freedom (df) = 3.841

Accept null hypothesis (Ha) if X2 calculated < X2 tab 0.05 at degree of

freedom (df1) = 3.841
43
5th Step: Compute the statistics from the formula 4:2:1

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
klmn
( 39−2 )− ( 3× 59 ) 2 ×100
X2 = 42 ×58 ×95 ×5

( 78 )−( 168 ) 2× 100

X2 = 42 ×58 ×95 × 5

(−90 ) 2 ×100
X2 =
42 ×58 ×95 ×5

8100× 100
X2 = 1157100

810000
X2 = 1157100

X2 = 0.70

6th Step: Apply Decision Rule

Since, X2 = 0.09 < X2 = 0.05 = 3.841, we therefore concluded and accepted

null hypothesis (Ho) public enlightenment in the prevention of the childhood
killer diseases.

7th Step: Draw a table critical value of chi-square distribution

44
 P < 0.05 X2 0.05 = 3.841

Appendix BII

1st Step: formulate hypothesis

Ho: Immunization toward the prevention and control of childhood killer

diseases.

Ha: The above statement is not true

i.e. Ho: p ≠ 0 Vs Ha: p – 0

2nd Step: Select the level of significance

i.e. alpha (α) and degree of freedom (df)

α = 0.0513.841

df = (r – 1) (c – 1)

= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)

=1x1

=1

3rd Step: State of statistics

Let the test statistic be

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
klmn

4th Step: Decision Rule

Reject null hypothesis (Ho) if X2 calculated > X2 tab which is 0.05 at degree
of freedom (df) = 3.841

45
Accept null hypothesis (Ha) if X2 calculated < X2 tab 0.05 at degree of
freedom (df1) = 3.841

5th Step: Compute the statistics from the formula 4:2:2

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
klmn
( 40 ×1 )− ( 2×57 ) 2 ×100
X2 = 42 ×58 × 97 ×3

( 40 ) −( 114 ) 2× 100
X2 =
42×58 × 97 ×3

(−72 ) 2 ×100
X2 =
42 ×58 ×97 × 3

5476× 100
X2 = 708876

547600
X2 = 708876

X2 = 0.77

6th Step: Apply Decision Rule

Since, X2 = 0.77 < X2 = 0.05 = 3.841, we therefore concluded and accepted

null hypothesis (Ho) that cost, immunization toward the prevention and
control of childhood killer diseases.

7th Step: Draw a table critical value of chi-square distribution

46
 P < 0.05 X2 0.05 = 3.841

Appendix BIII

1st Step: formulate hypothesis

Ho: government and non-governmental organizations can play an important

role in the prevention and control of childhood killer diseases.

Ha: The above statement is not true

i.e. Ho: p ≠ 0 Vs Ha: p – 0

2nd Step: Select the level of significance

i.e. alpha (α) and degree of freedom (df)

α = 0.0513.841

df = (r – 1) (c – 1)

= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)

=1x1

=1

3rd Step: State of statistics

Let the test statistic be

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn

4th Step: Decision Rule

47
Reject null hypothesis (Ho) if X2 calculated > X2 tab which is 0.05 at degree
of freedom (df) = 3.841

Accept null hypothesis (Ha) if X2 calculated < X2 tab 0.05 at degree of

freedom (df1) = 3.841

5th Step: Compute the statistics from the formula 4:2:3

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn
( 36 ×4 )−( 6 × 54 ) 2× 100
X2 =
42 ×58 ×90 × 10

( 144 )− (324 ) 2× 100

X2 =
42×58 × 90 ×10

(−180 ) 2 ×100
X2 = 42 ×58 ×90 ×10

32400× 100
X2 = 2192400

3240000
X2 = 2192400

X2 = 1.47

6th Step: Apply Decision Rule

Since, X2 = 1.47 < X2 = 0.05 = 3.841, we therefore concluded and accepted

null hypothesis (Ho) that government and non-governmental organization
can play an important role in the prevention and control of childhood killer
diseases.

7th Step: Draw a table critical value of chi-square distribution

48
 P < 0.05 X2 0.05 = 3.841

Appendix BII

1st Step: formulate hypothesis

Ho: health education to general public can prevent and control childhood
killer diseases

Ha: The above statement is not true

i.e. Ho: p ≠ 0 Vs Ha: p – 0

2nd Step: Select the level of significance

i.e. alpha (α) and degree of freedom (df)

α = 0.0513.841

df = (r – 1) (c – 1)

= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)

=1x1

=1

3rd Step: State of statistics

Let the test statistic be

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn

49
4th Step: Decision Rule

Reject null hypothesis (Ho) if X2 calculated > X2 tab which is 0.05 at degree
of freedom (df) = 3.841

Accept null hypothesis (Ha) if X2 calculated < X2 tab 0.05 at degree of

freedom (df1) = 3.841

5th Step: Compute the statistics from the formula 4:2:4

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 = klmn
( 36 ×4 )−( 6 × 54 ) 2× 100
X2 =
42 ×58 ×90 × 10

( 144 )− (324 ) 2× 100

X2 =
42×58 × 90 ×10

(−180 ) 2 ×100
X2 =
42 ×58 ×90 ×10

32400× 100
X2 = 2192400

3240000
X2 = 2192400

X2 = 1.47

6th Step: Apply Decision Rule

Since, X2 = 0.77 < X2 = 1.47 = 3.841, we therefore concluded and accepted

null hypothesis (Ho) that health education to general public can prevent and
control childhood killer diseases.

7th Step: Draw a table critical value of chi-square distribution

50
 P < 0.05 X2 0.05 = 3.841

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1 Summary and Findings

This project titled “The Significance of Immunization in Prevention of

Childhood Killer Diseases” has been designed into five chapters.

Chapter One: In this chapter a little background to the study has been

described, statement of problems, statement of hypothesis/research

questions, objective of study and some basic key concepts has also been

described.

Chapter Two: In this chapter review of relevant little nature has been made

based on the topic under study. In this chapter, saying of various authors on

the importance of immunization in the prevention of childhood killer

diseases in relation to topic under discussion has been described and many

other relevant information.

51
 Chapter Three: In this chapter research design, population of the study

area, sample and sampling techniques, the method of data collection,

instrument used in administration of the data has been stated, likewise

validity and reliability of the instrument used in data collection has also

stated.

Chapter Four: Here in this chapter, data presentation and analysis

consisting presentation of data, analysis and discussion of findings and as

well test hypothesis had been stated.

Chapter Five: Finally which consist of summary, conclusion and

recommendations likewise list of abbreviations, bibliography, list of

tables/figures and appendix.

During this study, the following are some of the researcher’s findings:

i. People of the study area had knowledge on significance of immunization

through personal experience.

ii. Significance of immunization can prevent childhood killer diseases.

iii. Negative health attitude and behavior, ignorance and poverty, lack of law

enactment from government, lack of community sensitization/health

education, poor developed health system and wickedness in political will,

these are the major causes for childhood killer diseases.

52
iv. Suggestion and recommendation toward the prevention and control of

childhood killer diseases can eradicate childhood killer diseases.

v. Health education to the general public on the needs to ensure high

personal hygiene so as to prevent and control the childhood killer

diseases in the area under investigation.

5.2 Recommendations

For the purpose of immunization in order to prevent and control childhood

killer diseases in Katsina state, the following recommendations were made

to the government, non-governmental and public at large within the area of

study.

Recommendation to Government

- The government should provide qualitative technical skills among

immunization service providers that prevent serious advance effect

following immunizations.

- The government should conducts and designs a facility where

immunization activities could take place in order to prevent childhood

killer diseases.

53
- The government should design specific centres for the purpose of

conducting outreach strategy (immunization) due to distances from some

places.

- The government should construct a standard cold room together with

effective working tools e.g. generators, refrigerators, vaccine carrier etc.

- The government should employ educated workers in order to take the

change of the immunization.

Recommendation to Non-Governmental Organizations

- Non-governmental organizations should provide supportive supervision.

- Non-governmental organization should provide effective monitoring

immunization science.

- Good coordination and collaboration among stakeholders and other

partners.

- Non-governmental organizations should provide adequate logistic and

finance provision.

- Non-governmental organization should provide good data quality

reporting and documentation.

Recommendation to General Public

54
- Should cooperate and work together with the service providers in order to

achieve a common goal.

- Maintain agenda

- Early notification

- Isolation of infected person in order to limit the spread of childhood killer

diseases within the area of the study.

5.3 Conclusion

Conclusively, unless and until the immunization toward childhood killer

diseases was given serious attention, it deserve both the government, non-

governmental organizations and general public at large support to continue

in giving their contribution to the area of investigation in terms of

immunization.

55
Bibliography

R. A. Meckel, “Levels and Trends of Death and Diseases in Childhood,

1620 to the Present” In Children and Youth in Sickness and Health: a
Handbook Guide, ed. J. Golden, R. A. Meckel and H. M. Prescott
(Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2004), 3 – 24. Google Scholar

U. S. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ten Great Public Health
Achievement in the Twentieth Century, 1900 – 1999,
www.cdc.gov/od/media/teigpa.htm (8 february,2005) Google Scholar.

H. Markel, “Taking Shots: The Modern Miracle of Vaccines” Medscape, 23

June, 2004, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481059 (14 march,
2005) fee sign in required). Google Scholar.

P. Saunders, Edward Jenner: The Cheltenham Years, 1795 – 1823 (Hanover:

56
 University Press of New England 1982); and E. A. Fenn, Pox
America: The Greet Smallpox Epidemic of 1775 – 82 (New York:
Hill and Wang, 2001)

S. M. Lambert and H. Marvel, Making History: Thomas Francis Jr., M. D.,

and the 1954 Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine Field Trial, “Archives of
Pediatrics and Adolescents Medicine 154, No, 5 (2000) 512 – 517.
Cross Ref, Medline, Google Scholars.

J. G. Rigau-Parez, “The Introduction of Smallpox Vaccine in 1803 and the

Adoption of Immunization as a Government Function Inpuerto Rico,”
Hispanic American Historical Review 69, No.3 (1989):393 – 423.

R. H. Henderson, Vaccination, Success and Challenges “In Vaccination and

World Health, ed. Ft Cuts and P. G Smith (Chichester, U.K. John
Wiley and Sons, 1995), 3 – 16.

World Health Organization “Global Polio Eradication Initiative,” 2004,

www.Polioeradication.org (8 February, 2005)

D. Grandy, “Before Shortage of Flu Vaccine, Many Warnings” New York

Times, 17 October, 2004.

R. Giffin, K. Stratton and R. Chalk “Childhood Vaccine Finance and Safety

Issues,” Health Affairs 23, No. 5 (2004): 98 – 11. Go to the article.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “Global Health

www.gatefoundation.org Global Health (25th October, 2004)

57
 QUESTIONNAIRE SAMPLE

Katsina State College of Health

Sciences School of Health
Technology
Department of Environmental
health, Kankia,
Katsina State
Dear respondent,

I am a student of environmental health sciences department in the above

mentioned institution currently pursuing a professional diploma in
environmental health technician, undergoing a research study title “The
Significance of Immunization in Prevention of Childhood Killer Disease”. A
Case Study of Katsina State Area.

SECTION A
1. Age: 20-25 ( ) , 26-31 ( ), 32-37 ( ), 38-42 ( ), 45 and above ( )

58
2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )
3. Marital Status: Married ( ) Single ( )
4. Religion: Islam ( ) Christian ( )
5. Educational Status: Formal ( ) Informal ( )

SECTION B
6. Do you know anything about immunization in prevention of childhood
killer diseases?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
7. If yes, which among the following?

a. Personal experience ( ) c. Other specify………………………..

b. Public sensitization ( )
8. In your own understanding which among the following factor contribute

to childhood killer diseases?

a. Ignorance and poverty ( ) b. Poor developed health system ( )

b. Attitude and behavior ( ) d. Other specify…………………….

9. Do you know immunization can prevent childhood killer diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
10.Have you ever encountered the significance of immunization in

prevention of childhood killer diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
11.If yes, which among the following?

a. Decrease in child mortality rate ( )

b. Eradicate the spread of diseases ( )

59
 c. Healthy living in the community ( )
12.Have you ever encountered the childhood killer diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
13.If yes, which among the following do you encountered?

a. Measles ( ) c. Smallpox ( )
b. Poliomyelitis ( ) d. Other specify……….……………
14.Do you believe that health education towards prevention and control of

childhood killer diseases plays an important role?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
15.If yes, how do you encounter it?

a. Personal experience ( ) b. Absences of infant mortality ( )

16.Does government and non-governmental organizations play a vital role in

preventing the childhood killer diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
17.Does public enlightenment in prevention of childhood killer diseases

within the area o study can prevent childhood killer diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
18.Does immunization toward prevention and control of childhood killer

diseases?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

60
19.Does government and non-governmental organizations can play an

important role in the preventing and control of childhood killer diseases

within the area of the study?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
20.Does health education to general public can prevent and control

childhood killer diseases within the area of investigation?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

61