ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I

MONTH TO I YEAR
(A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU
1995 – 2004)

BY

……

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (IMT) ENUGU
 ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I
MONTH TO I YEAR
(A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU
1995 – 2004)

BY

…..

PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (IMT) ENUGU

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQURIEMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
 ABSTRACT

The rate of death of our children attracts concern from every Nigerian.

It is clear that the only way to wipe out a race is to cut its means of

future reproduction which is the children and this children are believed to be

our future presidents, governors etc and the ensure older generation of a better

tomorrow.

Infant morality have a considerable significance on demography.

The level of death rate in early life has been described as a crucial test of

the health service and special progress of a country.

The young child’s life is wholly dependent on the care of mothers. It is

base on this that the government through the ministry of health fights to ensure

that all the preventable childhood disease that leads to infant deaths the reduced

to most minimal level. This gave way to the introduction of Expanded

programme on immunization (EPI) and ORAL Dehydration Therapy (ORT).

These programmes are aimed at teaching parents on how to make salt, sugar,

water as oral drip to cure diarrhea and to immunize poliomyelitis, small pox,

chicken pox, whooping cough and tuberculosis.

 Ever since the introduction of these programmes, great lots have been

achieved by reducing the number of infants death. This instigated my writing

this project.

With the data I collected from park-lane general hospital, Enugu on the

number of infants death and sex distribution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page

Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table Of Contents

CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims and objectives

1.2 Limitations of the study

1.3 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of data collections/source

3.2 Problems encountered during the study

3.3 Methods of analysis

3.4 Estimation of population ratio

3.5 Demographic data

3.6 Chi-square

3.7 The wilcoxon rank-sum test

3.8 Data on births

3.9 Data on death

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Estimation of population ratio

4.2 Demographic data analysis

4.3 Chi-square analysis

4.4 Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,

CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATION

5.1 findings and conclusion

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Infant mortality is mostly caused by diseases and these diseases are due

to the prevalence of parasite hosts in certain areas. It is believed that year,

thousands of children are born in this country and thousands of these children

die from diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis,

measles and childhood tuberculosis.

This is stated in a pamphlet on Expanded Programme on Immunization

(EPI) published by the Federal Epidemiological unit, Federal Ministry of

Health, Lagos, 1981.

 Children’s development and survival are influenced by a number of

factors which include environmental sanitation, most of all nutrition and

parents lack of awareness some children are malnourished due to the fact that

their parents do not know what constitutes a balanced diet for. They lack the

knowledge of what helps the children to grow normally and build up strong

immunity against such diseases that emanate from under – nourished diet.

Some parents are illiterate and ignorant, that is why in some remote areas of

the country children die out of carelessness and parent ignorance.

Ignorance, in the sense that some parents do not know or observe the

programme introduced by the ministry of Health to ward – off those six killer

diseases which is Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), presently, the

government of Nigeria has carried out a national expanded programme on

immunization (EPI) to control these six childhood diseases throughout the

federation.

Although, Nigeria has been declared small pox free surveillance against

the disease is still being maintained. Government should be commended on

their efforts to create awareness on the side of the parent and their effort to

ward off these diseases, thereby reducing the infant deaths in the country.
 More can be done also by educating the parents o how to maintain good

environmental hygiene ad nutritional standard of their diet so as to rear healthy

children.

Actually, the rate of infant mortality motivated me to carry out a

research on this project topic and also suggest ways which can reduce the rate

of infant mortality.

1.1 AIMS AND OBEJCTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project are as following

1. To determine the ratio of males to females death, among infants less than

1 year.

2. To determine whether infant mortality is greater tan the standard range

for infant, mortality which is (10-55) deaths per every 1000.

3. To determine if mortality is independent of sex of a child.

4. To determine if the mean mortality for male and female infants are the

same.
5. To suggest possible preventive measures to reduce the number of infant

deaths that occur.

1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is limited in scope and coverage area to the park-lane

hospital, Enugu. The age interval considered in this project is from 1 month to

1 year, because from the definition of the term, “infant mortality” the most

ideal age is under 1 month to 1 year.

1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS

i. Demography: This is define as the study of statistics of human

population, it helps in studying how the population growth had behaved in the

past and how it is going to behave in future.

ii. Morbidity Rates: Morbidity in statistics involves illnesses, injures,

hospitalization, and incapacitation applicable definitions of sickness in an area.

 This term refer to diseases or injury at an appropriate level of

measurement. The general intention is that the terms used should cover the

whole course of one disease or injury in one person as far as the course is

relevant to the particular enquiry concerned.

Morbidity data are collected through specific reports, examples are;

1. Notification of infection diseases

2. Notification of congenital abnormalities and it is also being collected

form special disease register like cancer register, coronary register.

iii. Infant Mortality: Mortality rate is the index of death over the index of

birth for a given period and infant morality is being defined by considering the

term used in their project work as infant under 1 month to 1 year.

According to Puffer R.R. Serrand in his book mortality in childhood

1978, described it as the number of death under one year over the number of

the birth multiplied by 1000.

It can be represented mathematically as:

Number of death under 1 year x 100

Number of life birth

Infant mortality rates vary from country to country

iv. Diseases: This is sickness or disorder caused by infections. There are

lots of diseases that brings about death of children. These diseases include;

i. Tuberculosis

ii. Measles

iii. Whooping cough

iv. Diphtheria

v. Tetanus

vi. Small pox

vii. Poliomyelitis

viii. Kwashiorkor

Tuberclosis

Tuberclosis is a common acute or chronic disease which can cause disability

and death.

It usually affects the respiratory system, bones, joints and nervous

systems.
 Skins and lymphatics the tubercle bacillus may enter the body of

inhalation infection or direct inoculation. Inhalation of bacillus spread in

droplet formed by coughing or sneezing.

Signs and symptoms: fever, weight loss and chest pains.

Preventive measures: the health education of the public and necessary isolation

of the known cases, then administration of BCG vaccination against the

disease.

Measles

This is a communicable childhood disease. The virus is spread largely by

the droplet spray from the nose, throat and mouth of persons in the early stage

of the most readily transmitted communicable diseases.

Signs and symptoms: fever, headache, rashes all over the body,

Preventive measures: includes immunizing the children against the disease,

isolation of the cases of measles from susceptible children until 5 days after

appearance of rash.

Whooping cough
 Whooping cough is an acute bacterial disease it is a very serious disease

and one of the major killers among the children. The disease is transmitted by

droplet spread and by direct or indirect contact with discharge from respiratory

mucos membrances of infected persons.

Signs and symptoms: irritative cough and slight fever.

Preventive measures are:

i. Isolation of known cases

ii. Health education of the public and particularly parents.

iii. Immunization against whooping cough

Diphtheria

This is an infectious disease characterized by the formulation of a

fibrous pseudo – membranes on the mucosa usually that of respiratory tract. It

is transmitted by droplets from the respiratory tract of a carrier or a patient.

The only effective control is by active immunization with diphtheria

toxtoid.

Tetanus
 This is a disease induced by a toxin of the tetanus bacillus growing

anaerobically at the site of an injury.

In new born, transmission may occur by contamination of the umbilical cord,

the risk of tetanus is universal, it is particularly high in developing countries.

Effective and durable protection against tetanus can be obtained only by

active immunization preferably with absorbed to toid which is generally

afforded in infancy or early childhood.

Smallpox

This is a very serious disease which spreads rapidly from person to

person and it kills children, disfigures and gives rise to blindness.

It is caused by germs spread through coughing and sneezing and can be

as well prevented by isolating the infected person and vaccination.

Signs and symptoms: high fever, headache, backache and rashes like pimples

Poliomyelitis

This is a viral disease with seventy ranging from in apparent infection to

non paralyte diseas. The causative agent belongs to the enteromous family.
 Polionmses exist as 3 (three) immunologic strains associated with

epidermics. Besides, man, chimpanzee and monkeys are also susceptible.

Poliovirus are spread primarily by direct contact and by carriers. The

virus is present in the secretion of the throat and the intestinal excretion and it

enhances spread of the infection especially where there is poor sanitation.

Signs and symptoms: 3 (three) clinical forms of poliomyelitis are recognized

abortive, paralytic and non-paralytic forms, they have common sign and

symptoms which are fever, headache, sore-throat and stiff neck.

Preventive measures – active immunization of all susceptible persons against 3

types of polio viruses.

i. Isolation of patient for more than 7 days.

ii. Vaccination for all families and other close contact.

iii. Health education to the public on the importance of sanitation.

Kwashiorkor

This is malnutrition and it is common in children who are not well fed

with the appropriate nutrient required for good health.

Signs and symptoms: weakness, growth retardation, anaemia, may have

swollen feet, fever and protruded stomach. It could be prevented by giving the

children adequate meals that have the required good nutritional values.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The rate of infant mortality personifies a country’s population. The level

of death rates in early life has been discussed and described as crucial test of

the health service and social progress in a country. Our attention has been

drawn to the starting and awesome statistics showing that in every passing

year, out of 1000 children born in a country today, between 100 to 500 die in

their first year of life. While 20 to 40 are physically maimed from diseased;

this is according to Apex Harrison in his book “children and health 1996”. It is

not a paradox that this happens right in the midst of all the modern resources

available to mankind.

Maxcohert, in his book tittled “children and health”, 1998 said that poor

nutrition underlines many infant and child death, a malnourished child is likely

to die from disease like neo-natal tetanus, diarrhea disease.

In addition to immunization, growth monitoring and oral dehydration

(ORT) is an effective way to reduce infant death. The death of children has

been attributed to many factors among which are the absence of required
condition of health services, poor sanitation, poor nutrition and poor child

spacing

According to WIKIPEDIA, the encyclopedia, the major cause of infant

mortality are congenital malfuormation, infections and malnutrition.

The former health minister professor Olukoye Ransome Kuti on a

magazine of federal ministry of health titled “YOUR HEALTH” 1973, said

that health is a fundamental human right for every one and integral part to

national development.

Amos C. Tibetih in his book “family planning and infant planning can

help to reduce infant and child mortality by spacing births. Babies born at least

two year after their mother’s last birth are much less likely to die during the

first year of life than babies born after shorter intervals.

SERRANO. C. V. in his book “children and breast feeding “ 1968, noted

that human milk inhibits intestinal infections by the poliomyelitis virus.

In the study of the sabin vaccine, poliomyelitis virus was found in the feaces of

45 percent of breast fed ones. This observed differences was due to the effect

of neutralizing antibodies in human milk.

 PUFFER. R. R. in his palmphlet titled “three important determinants of

infant mortality, maternal age, birth order and birth weight, 1978. despite a

wide disparity in overall death rates ranging from 88 of death per 1000 have

births in the E L sarador, profect to 17.5 in US project and similarlity wide

range of total live birth in different areas. Infant mortality by maternal age

group showed a considerable consistency.

According to the profile analysis of Nigeria, Nigeria’s infant mortality

was said to be 73.34 death per 1000 in 2001.

In all project area, there are pattern of high mortality rate among children

born of mothers under 20 years of age and high again among children born of

mothers from 35 years and above.

From data on immaturity at birth and nutritional deficiency as

underlying causes of death. Not only were the death rate higher for children

born to young mothers, but they remained high whatever the maternal age. It

would appear that poor nutritional state of many mothers coupled with an

adverse environment, predisposes their children to nutritional deficiency in the

post-neonatal period.
 The correlation between the infant mortality and birth order is clear,

there is a consistent pattern of increasing mortality rates with each subsequent

product of pregnancy.

The death rate among infant of the fifth or higher birth orders is more

than that of the first product of pregnancy. In relation to maternal age, birth

weight, and birth order, the extent to which infant mortality data shows

immaturity as an underlying factor of death. Similarly, infant death rates from

nutritional deficiency shows the effect of death and deficiency birth weight.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONS/SOURCES

This research is meant to study the rate of infant mortality from 1 month

to 1 year in Park-lane General Hospital Enugu for the period 1995 – 2004.
 Secondary data used were obtained from the statistics/records

department of Park-lane General Hospital Enugu.

Unprocessed data on the sex, number of births and deaths of babies aged

1month to 1year, were collected from the daily register compiled by the

officers of the records department in Park-lane General Hospital Enugu.

3.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDY

During the course of the study, there were set backs. In the first place the

work consumed time and money because of repeated calls to the source of the

research data. The time used for the collection of data clashed with lecture

periods. So I had to forgo one for the other.

In addition, the irregularity of the officer in charge to provide for me the

needed data delayed the data collection.

3.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The statistical techniques used in the analysis of the data includes:

1. Estimation of population ratio

2. chi-square analysis
 3. wilcoxon rank – sum test.

3.4 ESTIMATION OF POPULATION RATIO

A survey of this nature seeks information on the ratio of two(2) variables

such as the ratio of males to females in respect of deaths among infants aged 1

month but less than 1 year.

If two variables x and y are measured on every unit of population, the

population ratio of y to x is denoted as:

R = Σyi

Σxi

Which implies sample total y

Sample total x

The approximate variance for population ratio R estimated by R is

V (R) ≈ (1 – F) Σ (yi – Rxi)2

n x2 N–1

where f = n/N

thus, the 95% confidence limit on the error of the estimate is

R ± 1 – 96
3.5 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Human population data are acquired periodically from records of birth

and death. To estimate the rate of infant mortality the general formula is given

as:

Number of deaths of infants x 100

Number of life births.

Note: the standard range for infant mortality is between 10 – 55 death per 1000

persons.

3.6 CHI - SQUARE

The use of chi-square distribution in testing the null hypothesis that two

variables of classification (mortality and sex) are independent. That is

frequencies of occurrence of one variable is the same no matter the frequencies

of occurrence of the other variable.

The test for the total number of death for each year is given as:
Null hypothesis (Ho): Mortality is independent of sex of a child against

alternative (Hi): mortality is not independent of sex of a child at 5% level of

significance.

The test statistic is given as

T = Σ (oij – Σij)2

Eij

Where Eij = ni x n-j

Degree of freedom is (r-1) (c-1)

Decision rule: Reject the null hypothesis if calculated X2 is greater than

tabulated critical x2 , (r-1) (c-1)

3.7 THE WILCOXON RANK – SUM TEST

This is a test based on rank sums. It is used (as an alternative to the t –

test) to test the null hypothesis that two independent random sample come from

identical distributions.

Ie H0: θ1 = θ2 vs H1: θ1 ≠ θ2 where θ1 and θ2 are the medians or means of the

distributions.
PROCEDURE

i. Combine the two random sample into a single array of size n 1 + n2

and underline those observations belonging to the smaller sample of

size n, to distinguish them from members of the larger sample.

ii. Rank this combined sample from 1 to n 1 + n2 with the smallest value

taking rank 1

iii. Sum the ranks of the smaller (of size n1) and denote the sum by T1.

iv. Compute the statistics T2, where T2 = n1 (n1 + n2 + 1) – T1.

v. Let T = the smaller of T1 and T2.

Test statistic

The test statistic is T: the smaller of T1 and T2.

DECISION RULE

Reject H0: θ1 = θ2 in favour of H1 = θ1 ≠ θ2 at  level of T = T , whwere T is a

critical value from the statistical table for rank sum test that corresponds to

specified n1, n2 and - values.

DATA ON THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS AT PARK-LANE GENERAL

HOSPITAL ENUGU FROM 1995 – 2004

TABLE 3.1

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1995

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 17 5 22

February 15 5 20

March 15 20 35

April 30 11 41

May 12 13 25

June 8 15 23

July 31 10 41

August 12 38 50

September 6 5 11

October 3 8 11

November 5 9 14

December 15 35 50

Total 169 174 343

Source: Records department Partklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.2

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1996

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 30 29 59

February 5 3 8

March 22 14 36

April 40 24 64

May 27 16 43

June 23 18 41

July 11 10 21

August 16 21 37

September 14 12 26

October 27 24 51

November 22 18 40

December 11 5 16
Total 248 194 442

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.3

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1997

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 16 13 29

February 25 36 61

March 30 12 42

April 11 18 29

May 23 25 48
June 20 22 42

July 15 17 32

August 17 12 29

September 21 23 44

October 19 20 39

November 25 27 52

December 16 24 40

Total 238 249 487

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.4

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1998

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 45 10 55

February 16 20 36
March 32 10 42

April 8 25 33

May 7 15 22

June 13 12 25

July 16 11 27

August 31 39 70

September 20 25 45

October 11 26 37

November 15 8 23

December 22 30 52

Total 236 231 467

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.5

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1999

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 30 5 35
February 18 19 37

March 21 29 50

April 34 21 55

May 19 21 40

June 15 4 19

July 15 16 31

August 30 25 55

September 10 9 19

October 10 13 23

November 18 41 59

December 21 22 43

Total 241 225 466

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.6

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2000

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 12 23 35

February 10 12 22

March 35 26 61

April 24 9 33

May 43 22 65

June 27 7 34

July 18 19 37

August 36 12 48

September 13 12 25

October 16 8 24

November 35 14 49

December 23 14 27

Total 292 178 470

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.7
BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2001

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 32 11 43

February 32 15 47

March 12 36 48

April 20 11 31

May 11 8 19

June 22 15 37

July 8 9 17

August 44 33 77

September 15 5 20

October 12 16 28

November 13 20 33

December 45 50 95

Total 266 229 495

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.8

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2002

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 27 19 46

February 24 14 38

March 23 29 52

April 20 17 37

May 26 26 52

June 15 18 33

July 13 10 23

August 75 9 84

September 12 18 30

October 20 8 28

November 15 30 45

December 25 22 47

Total 295 220 515

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.9

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2003

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 17 17 34

February 24 26 50

March 23 27 50

April 23 31 54

May 20 30 50

June 36 19 55

July 32 31 63

August 26 20 46

September 24 20 44

October 17 20 37
November 30 25 55

December 30 25 55

Total 302 291 593

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.10

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2004

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 21 25 46

February 27 14 41

March 19 20 39

April 22 22 44

May 29 36 65

June 32 28 60

July 35 38 73

August 37 36 73

September 4 3 7
October 25 35 60

November 45 27 72

December 41 44 85

Total 337 328 665

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

DATA ON THE NUMBER OF DEATHS OF INFANTS FROM BIRTH

TO 1 YEAR AT PARKLANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU FROM

1995 - 2004

TABLE 3.11

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1995

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 0 0

February 1 0 1

March 0 0 0

April 2 2 4
May 1 0 1

June 1 0 1

July 0 1 1

August 1 1 2

September 0 1 1

October 1 1 2

November 0 0 0

December 1 1 2

Total 8 7 15

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.12

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1996

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 2 2

February 1 1 2

March 0 1 1
April 0 0 0

May 1 0 1

June 0 0 0

July 2 0 2

August 2 2 4

September 0 2 2

October 1 1 2

November 1 0 1

December 0 1 1

Total 8 10 18

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.13

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1997

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 1 1

February 0 0 0
March 1 0 1

April 2 0 2

May 0 0 0

June 1 1 2

July 1 1 2

August 1 1 2

September 1 1 2

October 1 1 2

November 0 0 0

December 0 0 0

Total 8 6 14

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.14

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1998

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 1 1 2

February 0 0 0

March 1 1 2

April 0 0 0

May 0 0 0

June 1 1 2

July 0 0 0

August 0 0 0

September 1 0 1

October 0 1 1

November 0 0 0

December 0 1 1

Total 4 5 9
Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.15

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 1999

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 0 0

February 1 1 2

March 0 0 0

April 1 1 2

May 0 0 0

June 1 1 2

July 0 0 0

August 0 0 0

September 0 0 0

October 1 1 2

November 0 0 0

December 1 1 2

Total 5 5 10
Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.16

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2000

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 2 0 2

February 0 1 1

March 0 0 0

April 0 0 0

May 1 1 2

June 1 1 2

July 0 0 0

August 0 0 0

September 1 1 2

October 2 0 2

November 0 0 0

December 1 1 2
Total 8 5 13

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.17

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2001

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 0 0

February 0 0 0

March 0 0 0

April 1 0 1

May 1 1 2

June 0 0 0

July 1 0 1

August 0 1 1

September 1 0 1

October 1 0 1

November 0 0 0
December 1 0 1

Total 6 2 8

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.18

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2002

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 0 0

February 0 1 1

March 1 1 2

April 0 0 0

May 0 0 0

June 1 1 2

July 1 1 2

August 0 0 0

September 0 1 1
October 0 0 0

November 0 0 0

December 1 0 1

Total 4 5 9

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.19

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2003

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 1 1

February 0 0 0

March 0 0 0

April 0 0 0

May 1 0 1

June 0 0 0

July 0 0 0

August 0 1 1
September 0 0 0

October 0 0 0

November 0 0 0

December 1 1 2

Total 2 3 5

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.20

BIRTHS IN THE YEAR 2004

MONTH MALE FEMALE TOTAL

January 0 0 0

February 0 0 0

March 1 1 2

April 0 0 0

May 1 1 2

June 0 0 0
July 0 0 0

August 1 0 1

September 0 0 0

October 1 0 1

November 0 0 0

December 0 1 1

Total 4 3 7

Source: Records Department Parklane General Hospital Enugu.

TABLE 3.21

DATA ON THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS

Year Total nr Total nr of Total Total nr of Total nr of Total

of births births for deaths for deaths for

for male female male female

1995 169 174 343 8 7 15

1996 248 194 442 8 10 18

1997 238 249 487 8 6 14

1998 236 231 467 4 5 9

1999 241 225 466 5 5 10

2000 292 178 470 8 5 13

2001 266 229 495 6 2 8

2002 295 220 515 4 5 9

2003 302 291 593 2 3 5

2004 337 328 665 4 3 7

Total 2624 2319 4943 57 51 108

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 ESTIMATION OF POPULATION RATIO

 In determining the ratio of males to females deaths among infant from 1

month to 1 year; the ratio is given as

R = Σyi

Σxi

R = 57

51

= 1.1176

TABLE 4.1

Year Y X Rxi Y-Rxi Y-Rxi Yi-Rri 2

N–1 N-1

1995 8 7 7.8232 0.1768 0.00052 0.0000002704

1996 8 10 11.176 -3.176 -0.00720 0.00005184

1997 8 6 6.7056 1.2944 0.00267 0.0000071289

1998 4 5 5.588 -1.588 -0.00341 0.0000116281

1999 5 5 5.588 -0.588 -0.00126 0.0000015876

2000 8 5 5.588 2.412 0.00514 0.0000264196

2001 6 2 2.2352 3.7648 0.00762 0.0000580644

2002 4 5 5.588 -1.588 -0.00309 0.0000095481

2003 2 3 3.3528 -1.3528 -0.00229 0.0000052441

2004 4 3 3.3528 0.6472 0.00097 0.0000009409

0.0001726721

Estimating the variance

V(R) = 1 – F Σ(yi – Rxi)2

Nx2 N–1

But f = n = Total number of deaths

N =Total number of births

= 108/4943

= 0.0218

x = Σx/10

= 51/10

= 5.1

V(R) = (1 – 0.0218) / 108 (5.1)2 x 0.0001726721

= 0.0001689078482 / 2809.08

V (R) = 6.01 x 10-8

Constructing the 95% confidence

R ± 1.96

1.1176 ± (1.96 x

1.1176 ± 0.00048

= (1.11712, 1.11808)

≈ (1.117, 1.118)

TABLE 4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

4.2 DATA ON THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS

Year M F Total Male Female Total

1995 169 174 343 8 7 15

1996 248 194 442 8 10 18

1997 238 249 487 8 6 14

1998 236 231 467 4 5 9

1999 241 225 466 5 5 10

2000 292 178 470 8 5 13

2001 266 229 495 6 2 8

2002 295 220 515 4 5 9

2003 302 291 593 2 3 5

2004 337 328 665 4 3 7

Total 2624 2319 4943 57 51 108

In determining whether the infant mortality is greater than the range ie

(10 – 55) deaths per every one thousand.

Infant mortality = No of infant death X c

No of life births

Where c is 1000

From the table constructed from the data, it shows the number of deaths

and births

Hence, infant mortality =108 / 4993 X 1000

= 21.8

≈ 22 deaths per 1000 life births.

This indicate that for the 10 years, the total infant mortality rate was 22

deaths per every 1000 life births, since the infant mortality rate is 22. It is

within the standard range.

TABLE 4.3 SEX OF INFANT

Mortality Male Female Total

1995 8 (7.92) 7 (7.08) 15

1996 8 (9.5) 10 (8.5) 18

1997 8 (7.39) 6 (6.61) 14

1998 4 (4.75) 5 (4.25) 9

1999 5 (5.28) 5 (4.72) 10

2000 8 (6.86) 5 (6.14) 13

2001 6 (4.22) 2 (3.78) 8

2002 4 (4.75) 5 (4.25) 9

2003 2 (2.64) 3 (2.36) 5

2004 4 (3.69) 3 (3.31) 7

Total 57 51 108

Ho: mortality is independent of sex of a child

Vs Hi: mortality is not independent of sex of a child

At 5% level of significance

X2 = Σ (01) – Eij)2

Eij

Where Eij = ni x n.j / n with (r – 1) (c - 1) degree of freedom

DECISION RULE: Reject Ho if calculated X2 ≥ X2 tabulated critical value X2

1 - , (r – 1) (c – 1), otherwise accept.

Calculated X2 = Σ (Oij – Eij)2 / Eij = 3.5882

Degree of freedom = (r – 1) (c – 1) = (10 – 1) (2 – 1) = 9

X2 0.05, 9 = 16.92

CONCLUSION:- Since calculated X2 < tabulated critical value X2 0.05, 9, that

is 3.5882 < 16 – 92, we accept Ho and conclude that mortality is independent

of sex of a child.
4.3 WILCOXON RANK – SUMTEST ANALYSIS

Ho: θ1 = θ2 The mean mortality for male and female infants are the same.

Hi: θ1 ≠ θ2 The mean mortality for male and female infants are not the same.

 = 5%

n1 = 10, n2 = 10

Combining the two samples into a single array and assigning ranks to the

values are:

Xi Ri

(2) 1.5

2 1.5

3 3.5

3 3.5

(4) 5.5

(4) 5.5

(4) 5.5

(5) 8.5

5 8.5
5 8.5

5 8.5

5 8.5

(6) 13.5

6 13.5

7 15

(8) 16.5

(8) 16.5

(8) 16.5

(8) 16.5

10 20

T1 = 1.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 8.5 + 13.5 + 16.5 + 16.5 + 16.5 + 16.5

= 106.0

T2 = n1 (n1 + n2 + 1) – T1

= 10 (10 + 10 + 1) – 106

= 210 – 106
= 104

Test statistic T = smaller of (T1, T2) = 104

Critical value T = 78

CONCLUSION:- Since T > T that is 104 > 78, we accept Ho and conclude

that the mean mortality of males and females are the same at 5% level of

significance.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

From the research conducted to determine the ratio of male to female

infant death, it was discovered from the computation that the ratio of male

infant death to female infant death is 1:1.

In analyzing the demographic data to determine if the infant mortality is

within the acceptable standard range which is (10.5) years per 1000 life births

shows for the ten (10) years the total infant mortality was 22 infants deaths per

1000 live births. This mortality rate is acceptable as it falls within the standard

range.
 The analysis conducted with chi-square to determine if mortality is

independent of sex of a child shows mortality is independent of sex of a child.

Finally, the Wilcox Rank-sum test was used to determine if the mean

mortality for male and female infants are the same. The result showed that the

mean mortality for male and female infants over the year are the same.

5.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion having a decrease in infant mortality over the last ten years

in Parklane General Hospital Enugu, more efforts should be made to reduce the

infant mortality rate to the most minimal level.

The most contributory factor to the high infant mortality which are

germs and diseases is high because of our unclean state of our health care

environment. The fact to be bore in mind is that the rate of infant mortality a

basis for the evaluation of country’s health care level and the level of social

welfare.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
 For any move towards the reduction of infant mortality rate and

achieving desired goals the government must be fully involved. Based on the

finding and conclusion, the following recommendations can be made:

1. Government should employ more efforts in the campaign for the

expanded programme on immunization through radio, television and

other new media so as to eliminate the deaths of children from the six

killer diseases.

2. The government should maintain an institute of health education

which will help enlighten the un-enlightened baby making parents

among us on the better ways of child care.

3. The government should build more hospitals and health care centres

in all rural and urban areas.

4. The refuse disposal and sanitation programmes of the government

should be reviewed so as to achieve a better result.

5. Mothers should breast feed their babies as breast milk has been

proved to increase a child’s immunity to disease.

6. Furthermore, studies with wider scope in years and areas covered

should be carried out to further ascertain the level of mortality for

infants.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amos C. Tibeth Family planning and infant mortality. Prentice hall New

Jersey, 1975.

Brevet T. H Disease and social class in the social responsibility of

scientist; collter, Macmillan London 1971.

Dereck L. Jones People population faber and faber; London 1975

Federal Ministry of Health Your Health 1973

Maxcohert Children and Health London 1988

Pius U. Ugwu Digestive principles and Techniques of statistics

Puffer R. R. Serrano Mortality in childhood New Delhi 1975

Schaffer O. Cancer of the breast and lactation Canadian Medical

Association Journal 100, 625.