CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will discuss on the background of the study, statement of the problem

delimitation of the study, purpose, objectives, significance of the study and research

question/hypothesis.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The word poliomyelitis comes from two Greek words “Polio” means “grey” and

“myeliti” meaning “marrow”. According to world health organization (WHO) defined

poliomyelitis as an infectious viral disease that largely affects children under five (5)

years of age. The virus is transmitted by person to person spread mainly through the

faecal-oral route or less frequently by a common vehicle (e.g contaminated food or water)

and multiples in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause

paralysis.

Wikipedia define poliomyelitis as an infectious diseases caused by the polio virus. In

above 0.5 percent of cases, it moves from the gut to affect the central nervous system and

there is muscle weakness resulting in a flaccid paralysis.

UNICEF also defines poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral diseases that was

once the leading cause of paralysis among children world wide. Polio affected areas are

some of the most marginalized world, who often lack access to essential services such as

water and health care.

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According to (compass) “African is the brick of the biggest polio epidemic in years, with

the creeping diseases hitting Nigeria hard and re-emerging in Sudan’s war ravaged Darfur

region.

Nigeria accounts for 77% of polio virus across the country. Kano state in northern

Nigeria is at the epic center of the world’s par-test growing polio outbreak in recent

memory to please this in fighting vivid contract the Nigeria cases reported in a total of

countries in 2003 and without immediate control could potentially lead to a world wide

pandemic involving scores of million people (CSA-CEFA-2005).

Nigeria attained World polio free status after meeting all the criteria for certification,

which includes three years of non- detection of any wild polio virus case in the country.

Before the certification Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan were the only world polio

endemic countries globally 2020.

Nigeria has not reported a case of wild poliovirus since 24th July, 2014 and all laboratory

data has confirmed that a full 12 month has passed without any new cases.

An assessment of non-governmental organization (NGO’s) role on the eradication of

poliomyelitis. A case study at Kumbotso L.G.A, Kano.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Polio eradication over the years in Kano has been going through some set back, these set

back have mainly associated with the major issues of non compliance, poor supervision,

2
child absent and sources of mis-information regarding polio within the local government

area.

In this research study, measure and role of the participation of compass towards

eradication of the polio virus in Kumbotso local government area Kano state. While

trying to diagnose the role and participation of compass towards polio eradication, the

following issues will be raised and examined:

1) Issue of children assessment C/A

2) Issue of non-compliance N/C

3) Poor Supervision

4) Source of Mis-information regarding polio within the Kumbotso local

government area of Kano state.

1.3 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is limited to Kumbotso local government area of Kano state.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Purpose of the study is to assess the role of non-governmental organizations in the

eradication of poliomyelitis.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the contribution of NGO’s in polio eradication.

2. To investigate the period when polio eradication initiative started.

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 3. To find out whether polio can be eradicated.

4. To discover problems facing NGO’s in eradication of polio.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance is government and non-government organization e.g UNICEF, WHO,

School of nurse, Health organization, Health geology, library and other health institution

because they are using in day activities.

1.7 RESEARCH QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS

1. What are the contributions of non-governmental organization in polio eradication?

2. When did the polio eradication initiative started?

3. How can polio be eradicated in Kumbotso local government area?

4. What are the problem facing NGO’s in the eradication of polio?

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the following topics concepts of poliomyelitis eradication and

non-governmental organization participation in poliomyelitis eradication.

2.1 Concept of Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative

Launched in 1988 the forty first world health assembly adopted a resolution for the world

wide eradication of polio. It marked the launch of the global polio eradication initiative

(G.P.E), spearheaded by national government, WHO, Rotary International, the US

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), UNICEF and supported by key

partners including the bill and Melinda gates foundation. This followed pox in 1980,

progress during 1980’s towards elimination of the polio virus in the American and rotary

international commitment to raise funds to protect all children from the disease (WHA,

1988)

Polio which can cause lifelong paralysis can be prevented with a vaccine that costs only

50. In the 1980, Polio paralyzed at least 1,000 children every day all over the world, but

today after international efforts to immunize every child everywhere, 5 million people are

walking who would otherwise be paralyzed and the world is almost polio-free. The

success is the result of an improved vaccine and the inter efforts over the past several

years by the global polio eradication partnership that include rotary international, the UN

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foundation, the bill and Melinda gates foundation, UNICEF, The U.S Center for Disease

Control and Prevention and WHOP, since 1988 the number of polio cases has dropped by

a percent at 2009 Clinton global initiative, UN Foundation chairman Ted Turner and

President Timothy E. Wirth announced representative of Saudi Arabia to polio e-

reduction. This contribution will go towards vaccinations education and awareness for

elimination of polio worldwide. In addition to the important financial commitment, Saudi

Arabia the keeper to the two hole mosques is also requiring every program entering the

kingdom for the hajj, the annual pilgrim to Mecca to revive a polio vaccination. This is to

dispel misconceptions about the safety of vaccines and underscore that polio appropriates

but essential (Obionis 1996).

2.2 Strategic of Poliomyelitis Eradication

Polio is a crippling paralytic and potentially fatal disease spread from person through

poor hygiene and sanitation. Universal immunization against the 3 types of polio with

existing safe and effective oral vaccines has been the major strategy for eradication of the

polio virus globally (box). Box 1, four pillars of the global polio eradication initiative

strategy.

1. Routine Immunization: A major cornerstone that inherit polio eradication

strategy is ensuring that at least 80% of children receive all the recommended

routine childhood immunizations, including at least 3 doses of oral polio vaccines

for their first birth day. This would reduce the number of children susceptible to

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 polio virus, which in return reduce the number of hosts available for the survival

of the virus and the potential for outbreaks.

2. Supplemental Immunization: supplemental immunization activates mass polio

immunization campaigns that complement routine immunization programs are

intended to interrupt transmission by immunizing every child under the age of 5

with oral polio vaccine annually, regardless of the number of times they have been

immunized, previously these campaigns help protect children who are not

immunized or only on partially protected and boost the immunity of those who are

immunized thereby reducing eliminating the pool of potential hosts.

These campaigns include national immunization days, which are conducted

countrywide 2-3 times per year, 1 month apart and sub-national supplemental

immunization activities campaigns. Although these mass campaigns require

careful planning and execution they are possible because members of the

community can be trained easily and quickly to administer the oral polio vaccines

safely.

3. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance: as many as 90% of people infected

with the polio virus experience very mild or no symptoms.

A single symptomatic case can therefore represent a significant community wide

outbreak. Robust surveillance to detect and investigate every case of polio like

AFP is essential to polio eradication.

During 2010 to 2017, a total of 7,314 AFP cases were reported in Kano state. The

AFP detection rate increased from 483 cases in 2010 to 1,409 cases in 2017. The

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 stool adequacy rate target of 80% was achieved in all the years. In 2010, the stool

adequacy rate was 94% and increased to 97% in 2017. The non-polio AFP rate

(NPAFP) increased from nine in 2010 to 26 in 2017 among children younger than

15 years. The prevalence of non-polio enteroviruses (NPENT) isolation also

increased from 166 in 2010 to 398 in 2017. Also, the number of polio compatible

cases increased from 3 in 2010 to 7 in 2016.

4. Target mop-up campaigns: low routine immunization coverage, very elapse or

mobile populations, inadequate sanitation and poor access to health services

exacerbate community’s vulnerability to polio in focal areas where polio cases

have been confirmed within the previous 3 years and circulating virus is confirmed

or suspected, mop-up campaigns in which vaccinators go house to house

immunization every child under five (5) help to stop transmission (MPHFW 1998

– 2006).

2.3 Non-Governmental Organization Participation in Eradiation of Poliomyelitis

When the world health assembly launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI)

in 1988, it was widely acknowledged that Indians would be one of the most challenging

countries for polio eradication given its enormous and diverse population. In the mid

1990’s an estimated 150,000 polio cases were reported annually in india by 2006,

Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan were the only remaining polio endemic

countries. (GDEI, 1988) (Chukas, 2002).

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1995, the government of India launched its “Pulse Police Program” for polio eradication,

with twice-yearly national immunization day (NID) campaign conducted nationwide and

sub-national supplementary Immunization activity (SIA) campaigns conducted more

frequently in selected states. The government, working with the world health

organization (WHO) and established the national polio surveillance project (NIPSP) to

manage polio case detection and reporting.

The US agency for internal development (USAID) contributed fund (UNICEF) and

rotary foundation for surveillance and awareness raising activity in Africa and Asia to

member organization that of the care group a global network of international health and

development organization that strengthen local capacity to improve the health and well

being of children and women in developing countries. Recognized for their experts in

working with extremely underserved, high risk and vulnerable communities, core-group

members organization reviewed funding from USAID and the bill and Melinda gates

foundation for the “core group polio project (CGPP)” in India (Lusas 1991).

In 1999 types of polio was eradicated world wide, leaving only types 1 and 3 polio virus

that same year, in India added a house polio vaccination effort after vaccination effort

teams spent 2 days vaccinating children at designated polio vaccination sites known as

booth (box 2), new teams missed children (Chukus 2002 and M.S.H 2004).

In Utterprudish India, in response to low routine immunization coverage and ongoing

olivaras circulation a network of U.S based core group member and local non-

governmental organization partnered with UNICEF, creating the social mobilization

9
network (SMNET). The SMNETs goal was to improve access and reduce family and

community resistance to vaccination. The partners trained thousands of mobilizes from

high risk communities to visit households, promote government on child immunization

history and encourage vaccination of children missing scheduled vaccination and

mobilize local opinion leaders creative behavior change activities and materials promote

vaccination awareness and safety, household hygiene, sanitation, home deadhead disease

control and breastfeeding programs decision made at all levels used household level data

that provided rapid feedback and regular capacity building supervision to field staff use

of routine project data and targeted research findings offered insights into an informed

innovative approaches to overcoming community concern impacting immunization

coverage. While the SMNET worked in the highest risk poorly served communication

was often higher than overall coverage in the district. The partners organizational and

resources differences and complementary technical strengths passed both opportunities

and challenges overcoming then enhanced the partnership success and contributions.

(DEDPA, 2008)

2.4 Participation of UNICEF in the eradication of Poliomyelitis

UNICEF collaborates with its partners and national ministries of health to raise

community and household awareness and to mobilize the use of available immunization

services and to respond quickly and effectively to communities immunization

development concerns and needs. To ensure maximum community and caregiver

participation in polio campaigns, UNICEF applies communication development

10
approaches but embrace a systematic, evidence based strategic planning and

implementation process to effect positive and measurable change in individual and

community behaviours. (UNICEF 2008, Obionis 1990). Key to C and D success is the

application of social and behavior change theories, utilization of data techniques. The C

and D approach incorporates a mix observed social and culture behaviours in national

and local contexts. C and D differs in significant ways from conventional communication

methods to establishing program specific initiatives that empowers community members

to express their individual vaccines and to participate actively in polio eradication efforts.

By engaging families, communities and larger social network through dialogue and

consultation to identify key issues, challenges and opportunities and to take action

themselves in their own communities outcome are ending and have the potential to

impact development outcomes beyond polio eradication. For example UNICEF promotes

and monitors the results.

In this final stage of the polio programme, UNICEF and its partners aim to reach the most

at risk populations. These groups hold the key to the global goal of polio eradication and

their participation in an ownership of the eradication initiative is essential to global

success. C and D approaches give the global initiative tool and understanding necessary

to reach this population and ensure every last child is immunized.

C and D

Assuming all underserved settlement where adequate cover and care and also all border

where adequately supervised and coming during SIA’s supervision of native

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immunization and out nailed services assisting all WPR and in charge to develop

qualitative microplanning.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. 0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter will discuss about research design, population, sample and sampling

procedure, instrument for data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research design

Research design is a framework of research method and techniques chosen by a

researcher. This is related to the general approach adopted on executing the study. It is

the process whereby the researcher has specified the type of the design he/she adopted in

the study and possible with an authority.

Based on the above definition, this research study is a case study to find out the role and

participation of non-governmental organization with special reference to (compass) in

eradication of polio in Kumbotso L.G.A Kano state.

3,2 Population

Population is defined as the number of people living in a particular area (Hawking 1995)

the population of Kumbotso L.G.A in Kano state is 409,500 based on the 2016

population project.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

Sample is defined as the portion derived act of the entire population and their response

with represent that of the general population.

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Sampling techniques use in this research is simple random sampling and the sample size

selected from choice is 100 from the population of 409,500.

3.4 Instrument for data analysis

The instrument for data collection is a self designed questionnaire containing ten (10)

items closed ended questions with two (2) option, the subject were asked to rate their

response by indicating agree or disagree.

3.5 Techniques for data analysis

This is a process where by the researcher report the statistical tools used in analyzing the

data and why.

The researcher used simple percentage, the percentage of total response were also

calculated by using the sample size formulae given by solving

N
n= 1+ N ( e ) 2

N – Total number of the population

n – Sample size

e – Probability of the committing errors

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter deals with the discussion and analysis formulated and tested the discussion

and analysis of result is presented below.

4.1 Test of Hypothesis I

Table 1.1 Various responses to research questions.

Responses Frequencies Percentages %

YES 78 78%

NO 22 22%

TOTAL 100 100%

This table shows that 78% of the respondents are in the option that the participation of

NGO’s toward polio eradication is significant while 22% considered the participation as

insignificant.

4.2 Test of Hypothesis II

Research question – Are there any strategies adopted by NGO’s towards polio

eradication?

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Table 4.2 Various Responses to the researchers question

Responses Frequencies Percentages %

YES 73 73%

NO 27 27%

TOTAL 100 100%

Source: Questionnaire

From the result analysis above 73% of the respondents are in the opinion that the

strategies adopted by NGO’s towards polio eradication are significant while 27%

considered the participation as not significant.

4.3 Test Hypothesis III

Is there any problem faced by NGO’s towards provision of Immunization in Kumbotso

local government area.

Table 4.3 Various responses to research question three (3)

Responses Frequencies Percentages %

YES 64 64%

NO 36 36%

TOTAL 100 100%

Source: Questionnaire

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From the result analysis above, the respondents are in the opinion that the compass facing

problem in the provision of immunization, while 36% consider the compass are not

facing the problem.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter will focus on summary, conclusion and recommendation.

5.1 Summary

This is the summary of the research work which talks about chapter one to chapter five.

Polio is a virus that spreads from person to person with the ability to cause paralysis.

In 1988, the world health organization assembly passed a resolution to eradicate polio at

the time there were 125 endemic countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) is a partnership led by six agencies: WHO,

CDC, UNICEF, Rotary, BMGF and GAVI. These agencies work together in key areas of

surveillance, vaccination, communication and research to eradicate polio.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion of this research project the researcher analyzed the data from the

questionnaire from analysis of this data, the researcher is made to understand that the

majority of the respondents agreed with the hypothesis and conducted that non-

governmental organization participation on the eradication of poliomyelitis is significant.

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5.3 Recommendation

Based on the conclusion above, the recommendations are:

1. Job aid are provided to the community health providers and services providers are

on various topics concerning eradication is very significant.

2. Government should recruit specialist medical expert in the poliomyelitis and to

participate roughly to see the improvement on assessment of the participation of

(NGO’s) especially compass towards eradication of the virus.

3. Radio programmers are to be enlighten people on various health role of

participation of NGO’s on polio eradication should be broadcasted in order to

provide positive behavior.

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 REFERENCE

Global Polio Eradication Initiative (G.P.E.I) [Internet]. Geneva: GPT

Golo. Bivallert for oral Poliovaccine (BOPV). Geneva; GPET: (cited 2012 Feb. 18):

(about i. screen) availed from

http://www.polioeredication.org//polioandprevention/thevaccine/bivale

ntOPV.aspx

Kulkarni M.N. Universal Immunization Program in INDIA issue of sustainability. Econ

polio. Wkly. 1992127 (27) 1431 1437

Ministry ofhealth and family welfare (Mottfw) Government of India. Annual report 2005-

06. New Delhi: Moafw, 2006

Scaffer T.C Polio Eradication in India gettingto the verge of victory and beyond

(internet). Washington, DC. Center for strategic and international studies: 2012

(cited 2012 Feb. 18). Available from

http://c.s.s.org/files/publication/120117schafferpolioindiaweb.pdf. Shimpl.

Partapuni T. Jain m. India core group polio Partners project: review of polio

eradication effect in India 1998 - 2008. Search Google scholar.

Unitednationaschildren's fund,UNICEFfactsheet. Milestonesin global polio eradication

[internet] New York; UNICEF (2002) cited 2012 Feb. 18 (about 3 screens).

Available from http://www.unicef.org/newsline/polio.g.milestones.htm

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 APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

Questionnaire on assessment of non governmental organization on the eradication of

poliomyelitis at Mariri P.H.C Kumbotso L.G.A.

Dear Respondents,

You are kindly requested to assist the researcher by answering the questions in this

questionnaire. The information given will be used for academic purposes only. You are

rest assured that the information provided will be created with full confidentiality.

This questionnaire I divided in to two sections i.e A and B

SECTION (A) DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1. AGE

a) 13 - 25 years

b) 26 - 30 years

c) 31 - above years

2. SEX

a) Male

b) Female

3. MARITAL STATUS

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 a) Married

b) Single

c) Divorced

4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

a) Primary certificate [ ]

b) Secondary certificate [ ]

c) Degree [ ]

d) Others, specify _____________

SECTION (B) RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Is the participation of (NGO's) towards polio eradication significant?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

2. Does non-governmental organization such as compass assist in the eradication of

polio? Yes [ ] No [ ]

3. Are there any strategies adopted by (NGO's) towards polio eradication?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

4. Is there any problem face by (NGO's) towards provision of immunization in Kumbotso

Local Government? Yes [ ] No [ ]

5. Does (NGO's) help in renovation of some health centers in rural and urban areas?

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6. Does (NGO's) initiate health education program to change people from practicing

negative health behavior to adopt positive one? Yes [ ] No [ ]

7. Does (NGO's) play a vital role in educating people about the importance of

immunization? Yes [ ] No [ ]

23