GLOBALIZATION

AND
POLITICS
I. A History of Global
Politics: Creating an
International Order
QUESTIONS OF THIS LECTURE:
What are the historical antecedents of
contemporary world politics?
Put simply, why is the world organized the way it
is?
 LearningObjectives:
1. Examine the genesis of the nation-state
2. Analyze the history of internationalism and global
governance
Attributes of World Politics

1. Independent and Sovereign States

2. Diplomatic interaction of states
3. Internationalinteractions facilitated
by International Organizations like
United Nations
4. International
Organization function
on their own beyond facilitating
meetings between states
Nation and State

STATE in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its

government and it has four attributes

NATION it is a group of people bound by common culture:

beliefs, knowledge, morals, language, history who feel
they belong together (Benedict Anderson- is an imagined
community)
Nation and State

NATION STATE

1. Imagined 1. Population
Community 2. Territory
2. Limited 3. Government
3. Some nations 4. Sovereignty
strive to become
States
1. NOT ALL STATES ARE NATIONS AND NOT ALL NATIONS
ARE STATES
e.g. Nation of Scotland not a State, it belongs to the
United Kingdom
2. STATES WITH MULTIPLE NATIONS
e.g. Philippines
3. NATIONS WITH MULTIPLE STATES
e.g. North Korea and South Korea (Korean Nation)
China and Taiwan
Arab Nations / Middle East
The nation:
1. Imagined community
2. Limited
3. Seeks to govern itself
 An imagined community is a concept developed by Benedict
Anderson in his 1983 book Imagined Communities, to analyze
nationalism.
 Anderson depicts a nation as a socially constructed community,
imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of
that group
Effect:
As nationalism became entrenched in the
19th century, this solidified the
Westphalian order
- In Asia, earliest case of this was the
Philippines as the First Independent
Republic in Asia
- Jose Rizal was instrumental for awakening
the National consciousness of the people
Interstate System
 TREATY OF WESTPHALIA – an agreement signed in
May-October 1648 to end the Thirty Years War and
80 Years War between major continental powers of
Europe: Roman Empire, Spain and Dutch Republics

 WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM – provided stability for the

nations of Europe until it faced its major challenge
by Napoleon Bonaparte
 - Provided alternative loci (places where it
happens or the most important areas with which
it is associated) for international politics
 NAPOLEONIC CODE BY NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE – a practice implemented
by French in every country they
conquered that forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom of religion and
promoted meritocracy in government
service
 CONCERT OF EUROPE – An alliance
of “Great Powers” UK, Austria,
Russia, Prussia(present-day
Germany) - sought to restore the
world of monarchial, hereditary,
religious privileges before the
French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars
 French Revolution
 The French Revolution was a period of
social and political upheaval in France and
its colonies beginning in 1789 and ending
in 1799.
 The Revolution overthrew the monarchy;
established a republic; catalyzed violent
periods of political turmoil; and finally
culminated in a dictatorship under
Napoleon Bonaparte, who brought many of
the revolution's principles to areas he
conquered in Western Europe and beyond.
 Inspiredby liberal and radical
ideas such as Equality before the
law, the Revolution influenced
the decline of absolute
monarchies while replacing
them with republics and liberal
democracies.
 FRANCE was the First
Independent Republic in the
World
Internationalism- the attempt to
transcend the interstate system.
Desire for increased interstate relation.

TWO PRINCIPLES
1. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
2. SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
DEFINING
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
• The idea of common
international principles from
Emmanuel Kant

• Kant was an exponent of the idea

that perpetual peace could be
secured through universal
democracy and international
cooperation
Cooperation and respect among
nation-states
Guiseppe Mazzini
-He put forward principled
arguments in support of various
progressive causes, from
universal suffrage and social
justice to women’s
enfranchisement.
-Most fundamentally, he argued
for a reshaping of the European
political order on the basis of
two seminal principles:
DEMOCRACY and NATIONAL
SELFDETERMINATION.
Promotion of Global Democracy by
Woodrow Wilson
- These ideas became the foundation of
the League of Nations and United Nations
of the present
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
 Karl Marx
 “Workers of the world unite”
 “The proletariat has no nation”
 Marxist anti-nationalism: affinity to
the nation retards the worker’s
struggle
 Organization of labor and socialist
parties, mainly in Europe
 Achievements: 8-hour working day,
International Women’s Day, Labor Day-
May 1
 the Soviet Union, was the world's first self-
declared socialist state.
 The Bolsheviks thoroughly embraced the
concept of proletarian internationalism and
world revolution, seeing their struggle as an
international rather than a purely regional cause
 Bolsheviks- are members of the majority faction
of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which
was renamed the Communist Party after seizing
power in the October Revolution of 1917.
 The Soviet Union was dissolved in December 25,
1991 giving rise to 12 independent republics
CONCLUSION
 Internationalism
is but one window into the
broader phenomenon of globalization

 It is a very crucial aspect of globalization

since global interactions are heightened by
the increased interdependence of states

 International relations are facilitated by

International Organizations that promote the
global norms and policies (e.g. UN)
 II. THE UNITED NATIONS
AND THE CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
THE UNITED NATIONS
 Created to preserve peace after the war
 Reinforced principles of sovereignty and non-
intervention
 Reflected the postwar balance of power
 Security council – to maintain peace and security
 Permanent 5 have veto (vestiges of the Concert)
 Took over the duties of the League
 Grew larger than the league because of
decolonization
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 It refers to the various intersecting processes that
create an international order.
 The fact that states in an international order
continue to adhere to certain global norms means
that there is a semblance of world order despite
the lack of a single world government.
 Some regularity in the behavior of the states can
be regarded as Global Governance -----respect
others territorial boundaries, follow global
navigation routes ---- if they do not, then it causes
global concern and debate
SOURCES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 TREATIES signed by states forming
organizations in the process of legislating
international law
 INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) which lobby to
individual states to behave in certain way (Ex.
International Animal Protection NGO can
pressure governments to pass animal cruelty
laws)
 POWERFUL TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS have tremendous effects on
global labor laws, trade policy and etc.
CHALLENGES OF UNITED NATIONS
 Major challenges of the United Nations are limits
placed upon its various organs and programs by
the need to respect state sovereignty.
 If states refuse to cooperate, the influence of UN
can be severely circumscribed.
 For example, the UN Council on Human Rights can
send rapporteurs to countries with alleged human
rights violations, if the country does not invite the
major goals usually fail.
 Issues of security are also the biggest challenge
faced by UN.
CONCLUSION
 Global Governance is such a complex issue, but this
discussion focused on the International Organizations
and the United Nations in particular because they are
the most visible symbol of global governance
 They are also groups of sovereign states as well as
organizations with their own rationalities and agenda
 It is this tension that will continue to inform the
evolution of these organizations
 Note that there are many institutions, groups and ideas
that hold international and global politics together
THANK YOU.