PROJECT REPORT

ON

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Submitted for partial fulfilment of award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted By
ADITI TRIPATHI
181923108
Sec- ‘A’

Deptt. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, Greater Noida
Session: 2019-20
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I whole heartedly thank the Lord almighty for blessing
us and guiding us throughout the project work. I render my heartfelt thanks to
our guide Mr. AMIYA SIR ,for giving us opportunity to do this project. I also
thank to our HOD DR. SATYENDRA SHARMA for giving kind constant to
carry out
the project. I also thank our staff members for helping us throughout this
project. I also express my heartfelt thanks to my parents, friends
one and all who helped us to carry our project in a successful manner.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT

PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 6-7
2 BACKGROUND 8-9
3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS
No. Name of Components Range

1.

One Printed Circuit Board Small size

2.

3 Led Lights

(Green, Yellow.Red) 1-2 volt

3.

Dc voltage source

(BATTERY)
 9 volt

4. One switch 1-10 volt

5. Power Connector

(Here Using USB)

3 – 5 volt

6. 3 resistors 220 ohm

7. Wires As requird

8. One Buzzer 5 – 15 volt

8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 21

9 REFERENCES 21

LIST OF FIGURES
 ABSTRACT
Abstract- We all use water daily for various purposes but not

many of us really care for the unnecessary wastage of water.

There is water crisis in Asia, especially for drinking water,

which is scaling to considerable peaks. This might very soon

attain the nature of global crisis. Therefore, it is of utmost

importance to preserve water. Today, in many houses,

commercial properties, etc there is unnecessary wastage of

water due to overflow in overhead tanks. ‘Automatic Water

Level Indicator and Controller’ can be a solution to it. The

operation of water level controller works upon the fact that

water conducts electricity due to the presence of minerals

within it. Thus water in the tank can be used to close a circuit.
 As the water level rises, different circuits in the controller

send different signals. These signals are used to

automatically switch OFF the motor pump so as to avoid the

unnecessary wastage of water.

It can be said that, about 95% of the Earth's water is in the

oceans which is unfit for human consumption. So, out of the

remaining 5%, about 4% is locked in the polar ice caps and

the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers,

streams and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A

study estimated that a person in India consumes on an

average of 140 liters per day which would rise by 40% by the

year 2025. This definitely signifies that there is a need to

preserve the fresh water resources available in nature.

 1.INTRODUCTION
The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in an
overhead tank or any

other water container. The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are placed at nine
different levels on the tank

walls (with probe9 to probe1 placed in increasing order of height, common probe (i.e. a supply
carrying probe) is placed at

the base of the tank). The level 9 represents the “tank full” condition while level 1 represents the
“tank empty” condition.

When the water-level is below the minimum detectable level (MDL), the seven segment displays is
arranged to show the

digit 1, indicating that the tank is empty, When the water reaches level1 (but is below level2) the
connection between the

probes gets completed (through the conducting medium – water) and the base voltage of transistor
increases. This causes

the base-emitter junction of transistor to get forward biased, this switches transistor from cut-off to
conduction mode thus

PIN (B0) of microcontroller is pulled to ground hence, the corresponding digit displayed by the seven
segment display is 2.

The similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other levels. When the tank is full, all
inputs to microcontroller

become low and all its outputs go high. This causes the display shows a 9 also in this case a buzzer
sound is given, thereby

indicating a “tank full” condition.

Most water level indicators are equipped to indicate and detect only a single level. The Water Level
Indicator implemented

here can indicate up to nine such levels and the microcontroller displays the level number on a
seven segment display. So,

not only is the circuit capable of cautioning a person that the water tank has been filled up to a
certain level, it also indicates

that the water level has fallen below the minimum detectable level. This circuit is important in
appliances such as the water

cooler where there is a danger of motor-burnout when there is no water in the radiator used up also
it can be used in fuel

level indication.

In this project we show the water level indicator using eight transistors which conducts as level rises,
a buzzer is also added

which will automatically start as the water level becomes full, auto buzzer start with the help of
microcontroller. With the help

of this project we not only show the level of water with the help of seven segment display but also a
buzzer.

2.BACKGROUND

If I am filling up a tank or a container with water from

a remote source, I need to know when the tank or container is full
so that I can stop the water supply. A typical scenario is when I
pump water up to an 'overhead tank' resting on the roof of my
home. In olden days,I just waited until the tank overflowed, and
then switched off the water pump. But these days, I use a 'water
level indicator' with an automatic cut-off switch, which turns off the
water pump once the tank is full. Inside the tank, there is a ‘float’
connected to a switch in such a way that when the water in the tank
is full, the float is parallel to the base of the tank and the switch is
in off position, and when the water level is low, the float is at a
lower level and the switch is turned on for pumping water. But for
industrial applications sometimes there may be a need to find out
exactly at what level water is remaining in a storage tank.

Such water level indicators include a simple circuit using a micro

controller such as the (commonly termed 8051) which helps to
detect and indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other
remote container.

al component that implements elec-

trical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors
are used to
reduce current ow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias
active elements,
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used
as part of
motorcontrols, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for
generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time
or operatingvoltage.

3. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Fig 3. RESISTORS

Fig 4. Resistor colour code

3.2 ZENER DIODE

 Zener diode is a type of diode that allows current to flow in the
conventional manner - from its anode to its cathode i.e. when the anode
is positive with respect to the cathode. When the voltage across the
terminals is reversed and the potential reaches the Zener voltage (or
"knee"), the junction will breakdown and current will flow in the reverse
direction - a desired characteristic. This effect is known as the Zener
effect, after Clarence Zener, who first described the phenomenon. Zener
diodes are manufactured with a great variety Zener voltages (Vz) and
some are even variable.
Zener diodes have a highly doped p–n junction. A similar break down is
observed in general purpose diodes (which might be quite high), but the
voltage and sharpness of the knee is not clearly defined as in Zener
diodes. Normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown
region and it can cause permanent failure of the device. Zener diodes
are manufactured to operate reliably and quite precisely in this region,
recovering fully from the junction breakdown and not being harmed in
proper use.

FIG.5 ZENER DIODE

3.2 Transistor HYPERLINK "https://en.wikis a combination of two

words, transfer and resistor. So, the basic purpose of transistor is
transfer of resistance. A transistor is normally used for amplification of
current.
The larger current at the emitter and collector can be controlled by the
small amount of current at the base. BC547 can be used commonly for
amplifiers and switches. Similar to all the other transistors BC547 has
also three terminals e.g. collector terminal, base terminal and emitter
terminal respectively. The amount of current flowing from base to the
emitter controls the amount of the current flowing through the collector.
BC547 is usually used for amplification and switching purposes. Its
maximum current gain is around 800. A fixed DC voltage is required for
its proper operation in desired region. Proper voltage supply is known as
biasing. BC547 is biased in a way that it is partially on for all the applied
inputs, for the amplification purpose. The input signal is amplified at the
base and then transferred to the emitter.

BC547 is an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor. Mostly it is used for the

switching purpose as well as for amplification purposes. Similar to the
other transistors BC547 is also used for the amplification of current. The
smaller amount of current at the base is used to control the larger
amount of currents at collector and emitter as well. Its basic applications
are switching and amplification. The transistor, BC 547 is shown in the
figure below.

FIG.7 TRANSISTOR BC547

3.5 CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It
is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in
a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a
circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser or condensator.[1] This name and its cognates are
still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable
exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor
microphones.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely
and many types of capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors
contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic
plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may
be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The
nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do dissipate a small
amount. (See Non-ideal behavior) When an electric potential, a voltage,
is applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a
capacitor is connected across a battery, an electric field develops across
the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and
net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually
flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through
the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the
current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is
applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an
ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the cap

FIG.8 CAPACITOR 104

3.6 IC LM358
The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-
amp IC. It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It
consists of two internally frequency compensated, high gain,
independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to operate from a
single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM358 IC is
available in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp
include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer
amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is
suitable for your needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to
20mA per channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two
separate op-amps for a single power supply. It’s available in an 8-pin
DIP package
 Pin Configuration of LM358 IC
The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where

 Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator

 Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps
 Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps
 Pin-4 is GND terminal
 Pin-8 is VCC+

FIG.9 IC LM358

3.7 BATTREY (9V)

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery
that was introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular
prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the
top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke
detectors.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-
zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in
rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-
ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not been
manufactured in many years due to their mercury
content. Designations for this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC
6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation
originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-
block.[1]
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V
LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper.[2] These cells are slightly smaller than
LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices,
even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with
six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to
prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series.
[3]

FIG.10 BATTREY 9V

3.8 PCB BOARD

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components or electrical components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or
more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers
of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto
the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch
boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction,
both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design
effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be
automated. Specialized CAD software is available to do much of the
work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster
than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired
in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same
time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made
manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.
PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper
layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and
inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces
on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between
components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than
two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent
with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer
PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more
difficult and usually impractical.

FIG.11 PCB BOARD

 4. CIRCUIT
DISCRIPTION

FIG..DIAGRAM

4.2 CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM

FIG.13 CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
5.APPLICATIONS
Consistent accuracy and rugged construction
makes the measuring principle the first choice
for the toughest Navy applications for surface
or submarine vessels.
Chemical and other process industries
Shipbuilding
Thermal Power Plants
Hydraulic systems
Railways
Vehicular applications
Petrochemical industries
Refrigeration systems
Its new features include
They operate flawlessly in tanks with curved
walls or other shapes without clear vertical
access
Unique capability to monitor liquid interface
levels in virtually any tank size or shape
(liquids with differing densities)
Floats and magnetically actuated reed switch
counterparts are accurate and repeatable
Rugged design of the sensors makes the
measuring principle the first choice for the
toughest Navy applications for surface or
submarine vessels
Highly customizable: integrated temperature
sensors, explosion protection, slosh tubes,
special connections, mounting.
6.COST OF EQUIPMENT

As it is one of the governing factors to do our project we tried to be

cost
efficient in the case of selection of equipment. the selected
equipment that are
indicated above are as much as possible less cost and easily
affordable with a
minimum cost.
When we analyze the source of fund it is mainly depend on our
individual
contribution and the campus specifically the department. We
planned that, if the
materials are available in the campus we try to get from the campus
if not we
will bought the equipments from market.

7.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The mainframe computer room has largely been replaced with the
Data Centre but the application has remained with almost universal
use of "computer-room" style raised floors in nearly all new
commercial and office construction. To warrant the installation of
leak detection the operator has to perceive the risk in addition to
the circumstances but most Mechanical and Electrical Design
Engineers will take a view of the risk of damage from a leak in
terms of effect on the client's own operations, services and assets
and, often as important, those of their adjoining neighbours and
those on floors below.

The installation of leak detection systems is therefore becoming

more commonplace in most new commercial office construction
schemes along with the more obvious targets of museums,
galleries and archives.

Leak detection systems must be unobtrusive, effective and robust

enough to withstand getting dirty and the moderate physical abuse
of other works being carried out under the same floor.
Zoned systems have a reputation for being safe, reliable and not
prone to the same types of false alarms which those systems which
use cumulative resistance techniques.

Manufacturers such as TTK from France [2] have introduced hi-tech

variants like FG-NET touch screen panels with interactive maps on
screen. The sensing cables are fitted with micro-controllers
patented, that allows unique ability to pin-point faults on every
individual sense cable simultaneously.

8.REFERENCE
 https://circuit.com
 https://circuitelectro.com
 http//www.embeddronics.com
 https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/03/rain-alarm-circuit.html
 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/text
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.com
 www.scribd.com