ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

ECE Department

Mini – Project report (KEC-554)

On
WATER LEVEL INDICATER
(Minor Project)

Submitted by
RIZWAN KHAN
2100320310104 – (B)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, express our sincere thanks to our supervisor, Dr. Manidipa Roy of
ECE Department, ABES Engineering College, AKTU University for
guiding us right from the inception till successful completion of the
project. We would also like to thank our HOD Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay
Kumar Singh for his valuable guidance and cooperation to decide the
topic and its content.

Signature:

Name: Rizwan khan

Roll No: 2100320310104

Date: 15/12/2023
 ABSTRACT

water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage

of water. though there are many solutions to it like ball valves which
automatically stop the water flow once the tank gets full. but being
electronics enthusiastic wouldn't you like an electronic solution for it?
so here is a simple and handy that will guide you to make a circuit
which will detect the water level and will raise an alarm upon getting
the water tank full or a present level. water level indicator is a modern
way of measuring the water level using latest technologies like sensor.
the main aim of the project is to calculate the water level at any
instant of time and to buzz the buzzer if the tank is filled completely.
this may be useful to conserve water and helps us not to waste water
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 WORKING PRINCIPLE

 COMPONENTS

 LED

 CAPACITOR ( 0.01 micro farad)

 TRANSISTORs ( BC148)

 RESISTANCE (47 ohm, 10k, 470k)

 PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER

1.INTRODUCTION

The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect

and indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other water
container. The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are
placed at nine different levels on the tank walls (with probe9 to probe1
placed in increasing order of height, common probe (i.e. a supply
carrying probe) is placed at the base of the tank). The level 9
represents the “tank full” condition while level 1 represents the “tank
empty” condition.

When the water-level is below the minimum detectable level (MDL),

the seven segment displays is arranged to show the digit 1, indicating
that the tank is empty, When the water reaches level1 (but is below
level2) the connection between the probes gets completed (through the
conducting medium – water) and the base voltage of transistor
increases. This causes the base-emitter junction of transistor to get
forward biased, this switches transistor from cut-off to conduction
mode thus PIN (B0) of microcontroller is pulled to ground hence, the
corresponding digit displayed by the seven segments display is 2.

The similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other levels.
When the tank is full, all inputs to microcontroller become low and all
its outputs go high. This causes the display shows a 9 also in this case
a buzzer sound is given, thereby indicating a “tank full” condition.

Most water level indicators are equipped to indicate and detect only a
single level. The Water Level Indicator implemented here can indicate
up to nine such levels and the microcontroller displays the level
number on a seven segments display. So, not only is the circuit capable
of cautioning a person that the water tank has been filled up to a
certain level, it also indicates that the water level has fallen below the
minimum detectable level.
This circuit is important in appliances such as the water cooler where
there is a danger of motor-burnout when there is no water in the
radiator used up also it can be used in fuel level indication.

In this project we show the water level indicator using eight transistors
which conducts as level rises, a buzzer is also added which will
automatically start as the water level becomes full, auto buzzer starts
with the help of microcontroller. With the help of this project we not
only show the level of water with the help of seven segment display
but also a buzzer.

Water Level Indicator Project Features:

1.Easy installation.
2.Low maintenance.
3.Compact elegant design
4. The Automatic water level controller ensures no overflows dry
running of pump there by saves electricity and water.
5. Avoid seepage of roofs and walls due to overflowing tanks.
6. Fully automatic, saves man power.
7. Consume very little energy, ideal for continuous operation.
8. Shows clear indication of water levels in the overhead tank

Water Level Indicator Project Circuit Diagram:

Flow Chart:
Working of water level indicator with alarm
 The operation of this project is very simple and can be
understood easily. In our project “water level indicator” there are
3 main conditions:
 There is no water available in the source tank.
 Intermediate level i.e. either of 3rd to 7th level.
 There is ample amount of water available in the source tank.
 So let us discuss on the more about these 3 conditions

Condition 1: Water is not available

 When the tank is empty there is no conductive path between any
of the 8 indicating probes and the common probe (which is
connected to 5v+ supply) so the transistor base emitter region
will not have sufficient biasing voltage hence it remains in cut
off region and the output across its collector will be Vc
approximately 4.2v. As in this case the microcontroller is used in
the active low region (which means it considers 0-2 volts for
HIGH and 3-5 volts for LOW) now the output of transistor
which is 4.2v approximately will be considered as LOW by the
microcontroller and hence the default value given by
microcontroller to the seven segments display is 1 which
indicates as the tank is empty.
Condition 2: intermediate levels
 Now as the water starts filling in the tank a conductive path is
established between the sensing probes and the common probe
and the corresponding transistors get sufficient biasing at their
base, they start conducting and now the outputs will be Vce (i.e.
1.2v-1.8v) approximately which is given to microcontroller. Here
the microcontroller is programmed as a priority encoder which
 detects the highest priority input and displays corresponding
water level in the seven segments display. In this project while
the water level reaches the 7th level i.e. last but one level along
with display in seven segment a discontinuous buzzer is
activated which warns user that tank is going to be full soon.
Condition 3: Water full
 When the tank becomes full, the top levels probe gets the
conductive path through water and the corresponding transistor
gets into conduction whose output given to microcontroller with
this input microcontroller not only displays the level in seven
segment display but also activates the continuous buzzer by
which user can understand that tank is full and can switch off the
motor and save water

COMPONENTS.

CAPACITOR
A capacitor is an electronic device that stores electrical
energy in an electric field by accumulating electric charges on
two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other.
It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to
add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known
as the condenser, a term still encountered in a few compound
names, such as the condenser microphone.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary
widely and many types of capacitor are in common use. Most
capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors, often in the
form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by
a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin
film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The
nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide
layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an
ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life
capacitors do dissipate a small amount (see Non-ideal
behaviour ). When an electric potential difference (a voltage) is
applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a
capacitor is connected across a battery, an electric
field develops across the dielectric, causing a net
positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge
to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through
the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the
source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the
current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-varying
voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source
experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and
discharging cycles of the capacitor.
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs are
used as indicator lamps in many kinds of electronics and increasingly
for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of electroluminescence,
discovered by accident in 1907. The LED was introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity
red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LEDs are based
on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased
(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is
released in the form of light. This effect is called electroluminescence
and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1mm 2)
with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and
assist in reflection. LEDs present many advantages over traditional
light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved, smaller size and faster switching. However, they are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than traditional light sources. Applications of LEDs are
diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but also for
replacements for traditional light sources in general lighting,
automotive lighting and traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has
allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed,
while their high switching rates are useful in communications
technology.
 TRANSISTOR (BC148)

A Transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or

switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of
semiconductors material, with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair
of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more
than the controlling (input)power, the transistor provides amplification
of a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are
found in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic

devices, and its presence is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration.

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high
power applications including switched-mode power supplies and low
power applications such as logic gates. In a grounded-emitter
transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base
voltage rises the base and collector current rise exponentially, and the
collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistor.

RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to
the passage of a steady electric current. An object of uniform cross
section will have a resistance proportional to its length and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the
resistivity of the material. Discovered by Georg Ohm in the late 1820s,
electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the
mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the
ohm, symbol Ω. Resistance's reciprocal quantity is electrical
conductance measured in Siemens, symbol S. The resistance of a
resistive object determines the amount of current through the object
for a given potential difference across the object, in accordance with
Ohm's law: Where

R is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms, equivalent to

J·s/C2

V is the potential difference across the object, measured in volts

I is the current through the object, measured in amperes.

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical resistance

does not depend on the amount of current through or the amount of
voltage across the object, meaning that the resistance R is constant for
the given temperature and material. Therefore, the resistance of an
object can be defined as the ratio of voltage to current: In the case of
nonlinear objects (not purely resistive, or not obeying Ohm's law), this
ratio can change as current or voltage changes; the ratio taken at any
particular point, the inverse slope of a chord to an I – V curve, is
sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance" .
PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER

A piezoelectric speaker (also known as a piezo bender due to

its mode of operation, and sometimes colloquially called a
"piezo", buzzer, crystal loudspeaker or beep speaker) is
a loudspeaker that uses the piezoelectric effect for
generating sound. The initial mechanical motion is created by
applying a voltage to a piezoelectric material, and this motion is
typically converted into audible sound using diaphragms and
resonators. The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.[1]
Compared to other speaker designs piezoelectric speakers are
relatively easy to drive; for example they can be connected
directly to TTL outputs, although more complex drivers can give
greater sound intensity. Typically they operate well in the range
of 1-5 kHz and up to 100 kHz in ultrasound applications.
Piezoelectric speakers are frequently used to generate sound
in digital quartz watches and other electronic devices, and are
sometimes used as tweeters in less-expensive speaker
systems, such as computer speakers and portable radios. They
are also used for producing ultrasound in sonar systems.
Piezoelectric speakers have several advantages over
conventional loudspeakers: they are resistant to overloads that
would normally destroy most high frequency drivers, and they
can be used without a crossover due to their electrical
properties. There are also disadvantages: some amplifiers can
oscillate when driving capacitive loads like most piezo electrics,
which results in distortion or damage to the amplifier.
Additionally, their frequency response, in most cases, is inferior
to that of other technologies, especially with regards to bass and
midrange. This is why they are generally used in applications
where volume and high pitch are more important than sound
quality.
Piezoelectric speakers can have extended high frequency
output, and this is useful in some specialized circumstances; for
instance, sonar applications in which piezoelectric variants are
used as both output devices (generating underwater sound) and
as input devices (acting as the sensing components
of underwater microphones). They have advantages in these
applications, not the least of which is simple and solids state
construction that resists seawater better than a ribbon or cone
based device would.
 Applications of Water Level Indicator:
 Automatic Water level Controller can be used in Hotels, Factories,
Homes Apartments, Commercial Complexes, Drainage, etc., It can be
fixed for single phase motor, Single Phase Submersibles, Three Phase
motors. (For 3Æ and Single Phases Submersible Starter is necessary)
and open well, Bore well and Sump. We can control two motor and
two sumps and two overhead tanks by single unit.

 Automatic water level controller will automatically START the pump

set as soon as the water level falls below the predetermined level
(usually 1/2 tank) and shall SWITCH OFF the pump set as soon as tank
is full.
 Fuel level indicator in vehicles.
 Liquid level indicator in the huge containers in the companies.
Can be used in water tanks to control water levels

 Automatically turn ON/OFF pumps

 Can be used in factories, commercial complexes, apartments,
home,
 Fuel tank level gauging
 Oil tank level control
 High & low-level alarms
 Pool water level control
 Life station switches
 Leachate level control
 Cooling tower water level control
 Sewage pump level control
 Remote monitoring liquid
 Water level control
 Pump controller
 Stream level monitoring
 Sump pump
 Tsunami warning and sea level monitoring
  Process batch control & monitoring
 Irrigation control

BENEFITS OF WATER LEVEL INDICATORS & WATER ALARMS

There are many benefits of water level indicators and water alarms
including:

 Easy installation
 Minimal maintenance
 Sends an alert to let you know water is too high or too low
 Low & High alarms
 Compact design
 Automatically adjusts water levels
 Save money by using less electricity and water
 Can help avoid seepage of roofs and walls due to tanks
overflowing
 Automatic operation saves you manual labor time
 Consumes a small amount little energy, perfect for on-going
operations
 Indicates water levels in any type of storage tank or body of
liquid
 A water alarm is loud so you can easily hear it

Future Work

In future, we want upgrade this circuit with some sensor which can
automatically stop the power supply of the driving pump or motor.
the future circuit is not very cheaper the present one, but we try our
best to

• Make it simple,
• Easy to use,

• Easy to install,

• To make Available for all,

• Try to smaller than the present one.

CONCLUSION

The water level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and

indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other water
container. The sensing is done by using a set of four probes which are
placed at four different levels. We can conclude that this system is
very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas. It helps in the efficient
utilization of available water sources. If used on a large scale, it can
provide a major contribution in the conservation of water for us and
the future generations. In these days, when the Earth's reserve of
consumable water is decreasing every moment, every drop has its
value. Water level controller is a simple yet effective way to prevent
wastage of water. Its simplicity in design and low costs components
make it an ideal piece of technology for the common man.

REFERENCES

1. www.hacster.io.com

2. www.youtube.com

3. https://www.electronicshub.org

4. https://circuitdigest.com
5. Embeddronics.http//www.embeddronics.com