Project Title

DOMESTIC WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Department Electrical Engineering

Group Members
Maryam Razzaque (220666)
Muhammad Hamza (220666)
Manahil Awan (220658)

Section BEEP-3A

Submitted To Sir Zaheer

Project Title
Domestic Water Management System

Requirements :

Overhead
Tank

Control Motor Underground

Circuitry tank

The water management system consists of two tanks.

1. Underground storage tank
2. Overhead utilization tank
The management system needs to monitor the level of water in both tanks and a four level
indicator of both tanks needs to be designed and installed close to the motor so user can check the
levels at any time . Four level indicator is distributed to indicate the level in percentage so each
level corresponds to 25 %. The systemneeds to do following tasks.
1. Switch ON the motor automatically if the water level in the overhead tanks falls to 25%,.
The motorshould be switched off once the level reaches to 100%.
2. Keep a check on the water level of underground tank. Turn on buzzer if the level falls to 25%.
 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this complex engineering problem is to understand the working of

transister in the real world problems and its solutions.Measure the water level when the circuits
indicate when the tank its half and full. To learn how to build simple circuits. carry out research,
analysis, design,investigation and implementation of an automatic household water
reservoir management system.

Equipment Required:

 2N222 NPN transistor

 5mm Leds
 XOR GATE IC
 AND GATE IC
 NOT GATE IC
 Resisters
 Buzzer
 Wires
 12V Relay
 12V motor waterpump


Equipments working;

1: 2N2222 NPN Transistor

This type of transistor is considered a normal transistor and is used in the same way as an NPN transistor. Base,
Emitter, and Collector are the three terminals on this transistor. The 2N2222 transistor provides a constant DC
collector current of 800mA, making it ideal for applications requiring low to medium current
2: 5mm LED
Red Diffused LED Light electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the bandgap of the semiconductor.

3. 330 Ohm Axial 1/4W Resistor

4. 12V water pump

This is Micro Submersible Water Pump DC 3V-5V, can be easily integrate to your water system project. The
water pump works using water suction method which drain the water through its inlet and released it through

the outlet. You can use the water pump as exhaust system for your aqurium and controlled water flow
fountain.
 5. 5V Active Electric Buzzer
To make the buzzer sound, power it with +5V on the positive (+) pin and connect the negative pin (-) to GND or
the power supply. The buzzer module is active because it has internal electronics to generate a sound or tone.
Only the volume of the buzzer can be changed by changing the supplied voltage.

6. 12V Relay
Relay is a remote control electronic switch normally controlled by another switch, computer or control module.
Functioning as a standard 12 volt replacement or addition for full voltage, these relays are a great option for
equipment existing in vehicles today. The mounting bracket included with the relays allows for the relay to be
mounted directly to a vehicle or other electrical application. These relays are an optimal solution for full voltage
applications on a variety of vehicle equipment including head lamps, auxiliary lamps, fog horns, motors for fans,

window lifters, air conditioners, heated rear windows, and more. Choose from a 12V DC relay without a resistor.
Both are designed to deliver superior, long lasting performance.
7. Terminal Block

A terminal block (also called as connection terminal or terminal connector) is a

modular block with an insulated frame that secures two or more wires together. It

consists of a clamping component and a conducting strip.

 ● AND GATE IC:
An AND logic gate IC like 74LS08 includes 4 AND logic gates where each gate is used separately
without changing other gates so it is called QUADRUPLE two-input AND logic gates. This IC
works with a single power supply but it is available in several packages based on the circuit
requirement.

● The series of this IC is 74XXYY IC series where the logic gates within this IC is
designed through Schottky transistors for logic operations with high speed. The output of this IC
comes always in TTL so that it simply works with other microcontrollers & TTL devices. The
size of this 74LS08 IC is smaller & has very speed performance which makes it consistent in
each type of device.

Pin configuration

 NOT GATE IC
NOT gate is a digital logic gate, designed for arithmetic and logical operations, every electronic student
must have studied this gate is his/her career. This gate is mainly used in applications where there is a
need for mathematical calculations. So in calculators, computers and many digital applications use this
gate.NOT gates are simply inverters. They simply invert the input logic for the output. Here we are
going to use 74LS04 IC for demonstration. This IC has 6 NOT gates in it. These SIX gate are connected

internally as shown in below figure.

These gates have limitations for working voltage and input logic frequency. When these limitations are
not considered the IC may be damaged permanently, so one should pay attention while selecting the
logic gates.
XOR GATE IC:

The xor gate is a logic gate that outputs high if its two inputs are not equal. so if one of the inputs (both
not both!) is high, the output will be high. OR or EX-OR gate is a digital logic gate, designed for
arithmetic and logical operations, Every electronic student must have studied this gate is his/her
career. This gate is mainly used in applications where there is a need for mathematical calculations. So
in calculators, computers and many digital applications use this gate.

Here we are going to use 74LS86 IC for demonstration, this chip has 4 EX-OR gates in it. These four
gate are connected internally as shown in below figure
Problem:
We all have overhead tanks in our houses for storing water and it makes it difficult to identify the level
of water. This can lead to some difficulties or overflow of water which wastes your energy and water
both. To solve these problems we have made a Water Level Alarm circuit. It is a simple mechanism that
detects the level of water and gives a melodious alarm sound when the probes detect water. The cost of
this circuit is low and it can be used for any kind of water container like overhead water tanks,
swimming pools, boilers, etc.
Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. Though there are many
solutions to it like ball valves which automatically stop the water flow once the tank gets full. But being
an electronics enthusiastic wouldn’t you like an electronic solution for it? So here is a simple and handy
DIY water alarm project tutorial that will guide you to make a circuit which will detect the water level
and will raise an alarm upon getting the water tank full or a preset level.

This simple transistor based water level indicator circuit is very useful to indicate the water levels in a
tank. Whenever tank gets filled, we get alerts on particular levels. Here we have created 4 levels (low,
medium, high and full), we can create alarms for more levels. We have added 3 LEDs to indicate initial
three levels (A, B, C), and one Buzzer to indicate FULL level (D). When tanks gets filled completely we
get beep sound from Buzzer.

Principle:
The water level indicator circuit consists of a transistor element and a buzzer which indicates the
overflow of water or excessive water in the container. When the water reaches to maximum limit it
shows and blinks the LED with buzzer sound to stop pouring or filling water. Let’s make our indicator
to save water with automated technology.
Here we are using transistor (of NPN type) as a Switch. Initially there is no voltage applied to
the base of the Transistor Q1 and the transistor is in OFF state and no current is flowing through
collector and emitter and LED is OFF (See below diagram to understand Transistor Pin

structure).

When the water level reaches to Point A in the tank, the positive side of the battery gets
connected to the base of the Transistor Q1 through the water. So when a positive voltage has
been applied to the base of the Transistor Q1, it gets into ON state and current starts flowing
from collector to emitter. And RED LED glows.
You can see resistors (R1, R2, R3) at the base of each transistor, which is used to limit the
maximum Base current. Generally a transistor gets its ON state fully when a voltage of 0.7 V is
applied to the base. There are also resistors (R4, R5, R6) with each of the LEDs, to drop the
voltage across LEDs, otherwise LED may blow up.

Same phenomenon happens when water level reaches to Point B. As soon as water level reaches
to Point B, a positive voltage gets applied to the Transistor Q2, it gets ON and current started
flowing through YELLOW LED, and LED glows. With same principle, GREEN LED glow
when water level reaches to Point C.And finally Buzzer beeps when water level reaches to D.

Industry-Based Applications

The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical plants, and electrical substations

and in other liquid storage systems. There are many possible uses for this simple system, examples

include monitoring a sump pit (to control pump activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection.

Electronic water level circuits have the capability of alerting if there is a water leak somewhere in the

factory. When the water level is too high or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the water

level easily by hearing an alarm sound or from different colors of a light bulb. We can also measure the

fuel level in motor vehicles and the liquid level containers which are huge in the companies.

Method:
Step1
First we have to make the lower tank water level indicator and our required condition is that we have to connect a
buzzer at 25% of tank so that if the lower tank has water less than 25% then buzzer should be activated.So firstly
we have connected a NPN transister with 330ohm resister and led is connected with them tu indicate the level of
water.

Step2
Repeat the same process and connect 4 transisters that are acting as a switch now all the transiters are
acting as switch when the water is touching the level of wire the transistor will operate and light will be
activated.

Step 3
Connected all the transisters emitter to the ground and collector will have the supply.

Step4
Now the logic is same for the upper levelindicator but there would be a difference for the 100% tank

Step5
Now we have to design the combinational logic circuit for the on and off of the motor.

Step6
Now we have to connect the realy with the motor and combinational circuit.
The circuit is designed to indicate three levels of water stored in the tank: low but not empty, half and full but not

overflowing. When there is no water in the tank, all the LEDs are off as an indication that the tank is completely

empty. When water level increases and touches the sensor, the Red LED will glow indicating that there is water

within the tank. As the water level continues to rise and reaches half the tank, Yellow LED will glow. When the

water in the tank rises to full an alarm is made by the buzzer as an indication that the tank is full.

Working:
Creating a water management system using Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and logical gates
involves designing a circuit that responds to certain conditions to control the flow of water. This could
be achieved by using BJTs as electronic switches and logical gates to implement the decision-making
logic.
Here's a simplified example of a water management system using BJTs and logical gates: Components
needed: Sensors (e.g., water level sensors) BJTs (NPN ) Logical gates (e.g., AND, OR gates)
Relays (to control water pumps or valves) Assumptions: NPN transistors are used for the examples, but
can also be used with appropriate adjustments.
Sensors detect water levels and provide signals based on those levels. Basic concept: Water Level
Sensing: Use water level sensors to detect the water level in a tank or reservoir. These sensors can be
simple conductive probes. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) as Switches: Use NPN transistors as
electronic switches. The base of the transistor is connected to the logical gates, and the collector-emitter
path is connected to the load (water pump or valve).
Logical Gates: Logical gates will decide the conditions under which the water should be pumped or
stopped. For example, an AND gate might be used to ensure that both the upper and lower water levels
are within acceptable limits before activating the pump.
Relays: Connect the output of the logical gates to relays. The relays control the power supply to the
water pump or valve. Example Circuit: Let's say you want to maintain the water level between a
minimum level (L1) and a maximum level (L2). Here's a simple circuit: Two water level sensors (L1
and L2) Two NPN transistors (T1 and T2) AND gate Relay to control the water pump or valve Circuit
Operation: If both sensors indicate that the water level is between L1 and L2, the AND gate activates the
relay. The relay then powers the water pump or opens the valve. If the water level falls below L1 or
goes above L2, the AND gate deactivates the relay, stopping the pump or closing the valve. This basic
setup can be expanded based on specific requirements and can be further refined with additional sensors,
gates, and transistors for more complex water management scenarios. Remember to consider safety
features and ensure proper isolation and protection for the circuit components.
Proteus Circuit Simulation:
Proteus PCB layout :

PCB LAYOUT:
3D visualization:

Real circuit :
Summary
In the culmination of our project on the Water Management System using Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs),
we have successfully designed and implemented an efficient and reliable system for monitoring and controlling
water levels in a dual-tank setup. This project harnesses the capabilities of BJTs in sensor interfacing and control
applications, demonstrating their significance in practical electronic systems. The BJT-based water level sensor
accurately detects the water levels in the upper and lower tanks. By employing the principles of transistor
switching, we have effectively controlled a water pump motor using a relay, ensuring the seamless transfer of
water from the upper tank to the lower tank when necessary. The logic gates, specifically the AND and OR gates,
have been instrumental in decision-making processes, allowing us to activate the water pump motor under
specific conditions. Through the course of the project, we delved into the nuances of BJT operation, including
biasing and transistor switching. We addressed challenges related to sensor calibration, ensuring accurate and
reliable water level measurements. The logic circuitry, with its combination of AND and OR gates, provides a
flexible and responsive means of controlling the water pump motor based on multiple input conditions. As we
conclude this project, we recognize the broader implications of BJT-based water management systems in various
real-world scenarios, including agriculture, irrigation, and domestic water supply. The success of our system
underscores the practicality and efficiency of BJT applications in automation and control systems. This project
not only deepened our understanding of BJT characteristics and applications but also honed our skills in
electronic system design and implementation. The knowledge and experience gained from this project serve as a
solid foundation for future explorations into the realm of sensor-based control systems and contribute to the
ongoing efforts in sustainable and intelligent water management solutions.