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PREFACE
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w
t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ailani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s s
adsa : It is defined asathe adsa s asa s sa s
.wp.apda Definition of Coulomb .wp.apda .wp.pda quantity of charge .wp.apdad when placed at w
which a .wp.apdaad
w w w w
ww ww distancewofw 1 metre in air or vacuum ww from an equal and similar ww
w
charge experiences a repulsive force of 9 ×109 N.

t t et
.entcharge etet t
.ani.ente does not alter lail.ani.ente
t
sa s
il.ani.ene
Testlacharge
s asl a:il.aniA which, on introduction
s asl ail.ani.n in an existing
s asl ailfield, s as
ada ada the field. ada ada ada
w
w w w w w
ww Electric field ww : It is thewspace w or the region around ww the source charge in which ww the
effect of the charge can be felt.
t .entet experienced bylaail.aunit
:i.aniForce ni.entetpositive charge kept et point in the t
Electric
l a il
te intensity
.ani.enfield l a l l a il.anat
i.entthat l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas field. sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
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t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
a s a
s adsaas adsaas
ww ww ww ww ww
Electric lines of force : Imaginary straight or curved line along which a unit positive
charge tends to move in an electric field.
e ntet e ntet e ntet etet etet
a l aila. ni .
a l aila. ni .
a l aila. ni . 1
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s Each unit positive adcharge
sa s gives rise to εadaalines
da of force in free p.apdaada
s s s s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda space. w .wp.apda w .wp.po w.w
ww ww ww ww ww
m
Electric dipole : Two equal and opposite charges separated by a very small vector
t distance.
t t t t
a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente
l
Importance
sas of dipole dadsaas : Any complicated
l array
daadsas
a of a complex arrangement
l sas l of charges, can be sas l
apdaada apa ap apdaada apdaada
co
w .wp. w .wp. simplified as
w .wa
p. number dipoles and analysed.
w .wp . w .wp.
ww ww ww ww ww
Potential difference : It is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive
charge from one point to the other in an electric field.
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. il.ani.entet il.ani.ene
t t
Volt
a
adsas
l a l a
adsas
l a: l If 1 joule of work is
adsasdone
a l a l in moving 1 coulomb a
adsas
l a of charge from one a
adsas
l a
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apdain an electric field.w.wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w w point to another
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
Electric potential : It is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive
t charge t from infinity to that point.
t
t t t t t t t
ok
n
il.ai e
. n e n .en e
il.aiIf the potential at allalpoints n .en e
il.ai on a surface is the il.ani.eneit is said to be alail.ani.ene
Equipotential
asl a surface asl a: s a a sl same,
a s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda an equipotentialw .wp.apdasurface. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
Electric flux : The total number of electric lines of force crossing a given area.
Unit 1

d φ t= E. ds = Eds cos θ
etet etet etet etet
o
ete
ada ada : It states that the ada flux of the electricadfield ada ada
w .wp.apda Gauss’ law w .wp.apda w .wp.apdatotal1 w .wp.pa E over any closed w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww w w
surfacewis equal to ε times thewnet charge enclosed by the wwsurface,
q o
ϕ= .
t tε t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente o l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
saas surface adaadsaas : The closed imaginary sas sas sas
. wp.apdaadGaussian .wp. p .wp.apdaada surface over an.wpenclosed .apdaada net charge. .wp.apdaada
ur
w w : Processwof wwisolating a certain region w w

ww Electrostatic shielding ww ww of space from external wwfield. It
is based on the fact that electric field inside a conductor is zero.
Electrostatic : It tistthe method of obtaining t t charges without any contact with
il.ani.ene induction alail.ani.ene
t t t t t t
l a l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas adsas another charge.aThey daadsasare called induced.pcharges
a s s and the phenomenon
apdaada
a ss
apdaada
a
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apda of producing . p. p . . p.

ww induced charges iswcalled electrostatic induction.
w w w w w w w w
ww ww w ww
It is used in electrostatic machines like Van de Graaff generators
andt capacitors.
w
i . ni entet
. i . ni .entis
e il.anof et
i.entcharge t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
Capacitance
asl a l a asl a: l a It defined as the ratio
asl a given to the
asl aconductor to the asl a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda potential developed
w .wp.apda in the conductor. w .apdaunit
.wpIts is farad (F). w.wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
A conductor has a capacitance of one farad if a charge of 1 coulomb
w
given to it raises its potential by 1 volt.

e ntet .ente t etet .entet etet
Dielectric
s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n
a:ila Ai dielectric is an insulating
s asl ail.ani.n material in which s asl il.anielectrons
aall are
s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada nucleus of the atom. ada aa
.wp.apda .wp.apda tightly bound to
pdathe .wp.apdaThe electrons are not .apdad
.wpfree
w
w w w .wp.a w w
ww ww to movewunder w the influence of an wwexternal field. Hence, w w are
there
no free electrons to carry current.
ni.ente t etone in which the centre
:il.aniIt.entis t t t
Polar
l a il.amolecule l a l a il.ani.ente of gravity (mass) lof a il.ani.entepositive charges lail.ani.ente
the
sas sas is separated from saas centre of gravity of saas negative charges by sas
. p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaadthe . p .apdaadthe . p.apdaadaa
w w finite distance.w e.g : N O, H O, Hcl,
w
ww NH3. These molecules
w
ww have a
w w w w w
ww ww ww 2 2
permanent dipole moment.
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s adsaas adsaas
ww ww ww ww ww
Non-polar molecules : A non-polar molecule is one in which centers of positive and negative
charges coincide. It has no permanent dipole moment, e.g: H2, O2,
e tet e tet e tet e tet etet
l aila. ni . n
l aila. nCO
i. n
2
etc. laila . ni. n
l .
aila ni . n
l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as adas as saas s
ada as
.wp.apda Electric polarisation .wp.apda : The alignment pdaelectric
.wp.aof dipole moments aadthe
.wp.apdof permanent or .wp.apda
induced
w w w w w
ww ww w
dipoleswin the direction of the external ww applied field. ww
m
Coronaedischarge t : The leakage of electric charges t from the sharp points on the charged
l ail.ani.nte l a i
l .entet
.aniconductor is called action
l a i
l .ani.enteof points or corona l a i
l ni.entet
.adischarge. It is used la i
l.ani.ente
t
sas sas saas sas sas
apdaada apdaada in machines apdaadVan
like de Graaff apdaadaand lightning arrestors
generators apdaada
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p.
ww ww ww
(conductors). ww ww
Force - Displacing vector
t t t t t t t t
la n
il.ai. en e
l a n
il.ai. en e
Torque - Rotating l a i.ente
il.anvectors; it is the moment l a nteforce
il.ani.eof l ail.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
.wp.apda Hint: .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
1. In a uniform electric field when equal and opposite forces act at the ends of the dipole, the net
force is zero.
.entet act at differentlapoints. t t tet tet tet
ok
2.aTlahe
il.aniforces a il.ani.ene Hence, the moment a l a il.ani.enof the force is non-zeroa l a il.ani.enand the torque alail.ani.en
.wp.apda is non-zero. w.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w w w
ww 3. The non-zero wwtorque, always tends to wwalign the dipole in thewdirection w of the field. ww
4. The direction of torque vector istalong the axis of rotation.
tet etet etet etet
o
e n ete
5.
s asC
l .
ila n
ahargesi .
outside the l
Gaussian
s as ail.ani.nsurface will not contribute s asl ail.ani.n to the flux inside. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
6. Field outside
ab
ww wwthe charged parallel sheets ww is zero. ww ww

Conduction Induction
t t t t t
Charges
l a il.ani.entare
e obtained in contact
l a il nte other
.ani.ewith l a l.ani.ente are obtained without
Charges
i l a il.ani.enteany contact l a il.ani.ente
saas sas sas adsaas sas
.wp.apdaadcharged body.
.wp.apdaada .wp apdaada with other charged
. .wp.apdabody. .wp.apdaada
ur
w Produces similar w w w wwpro-

ww wwor one type of charge.ww Both positive wwand negative charges w are
duced.
Onlyi.limitedni.ene amount of charges
t t
il.ani.enare
te obtained.
t Large
il.ani.enequantity of charges
t t
ican
.ani.entbe
et induced. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a a l a a l a a l a l a l a
.s

ww ww Capacitors ww in series ww Capacitors in parallel ww
q = q1 + q2 +q3
w
tet te t te t q1= C1V ; q2= C2V t t t t

Total
a l a ni.en
il.aCharge q ais
l a il.ani.en for C and C and
same a l C
a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s 1 2 asa
d s 3
q3= C3Vapdaadsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp. w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
w
Total potential V = V1 + V2 +V3

etet etet etet tet etet
s as l ail.ani.n V
s as=
l ail.aqni.n; V = q ; V = qsaslail.ani.n V is same fors aC
sl ni.enand
a1,il.aC 2
C 3 s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada1 C1 2 C 3 ada ada ada
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apdaC3 .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
2
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
Expression for
1 1 t1 1
equivalent . ni e
. ntetcapacitance =.ni.ent+ e + t
.ani.ente Cp= C1 + C2 + lCa3il.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a il a C l a il aC C C l a il l ai l
sas sass 1 2 3 sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.ene
a
a s a
s adsaas adsaas
ww ww ww ww ww
Charge (q) Mass(m)
etet Can be zero, +vei.or e–ve
tet Can nnever etet be zero, only +ve i.ani.entet etet
a l ail.ani.n a l alani.n a l ail.ai.n a l al a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s Force between a a two charges can beadaadaForce between any two
s s s s amasses
sa s is aas s
.wp.apda .wp.apdad .wp.p .wp.apdad .wp.apdad
ww
w positive
ww or negative
w
ww
w always attractive ww in nature
w
ww
w
m
Value of constant depends upon Value of constant G is always fixed.
.ani.ente ε, εr, ε0
t t t t t
l ail l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente la il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
co
w .
w p. w .wp. w. wp. w .wp. w .wp.
ww Formulae ww ww ww ww
tet
il.ani.enElectrostatic
t t → tet 1
il.ani.enecharges q1 and q2, aFla=il.aFni12
.en= q1q2 ∧ t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a la(1) force between
a l a r a l a a l a
adsas adsas ss
apdaada 4πε o r21 adaadsas
2 21
adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda1 .wp.apda
s.
.
w p. .p.p
ww
w (2) Value w w
ofwk = = 9 × 109 Nmw C–2
2 w w
w ww w ww
w
4πε o
(3) et of ε = 8.854 × 10i.–12

entValue eCnteN m
2 t –1 –2 t t t t t t
ok
a la i
l .
a ni .
a l a l n
ai .
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa (5) Total charge qa=daandsa× e ; Number of electrons
s s ads× s
a Charge of an electron s
apdaada
s adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .
w p. w .wp.apda
ww (6) Components ww of force F, Fw
w w2
= F cos q; F =F sin q ; |F| =w F1 + F2
2
ww
Unit 1
1 2
ε
(7) tRelative
et permittivity or Dielectric
tet constant ε r =
ε etet etet etet
o
e e
asl ail.ani.n aslail.ani.n asl ailo.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
aada in medium Fm =.pF.aairpdaada
s
ada s s s
ada s
ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdcharges
(8) Force between ww w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ε r
ab
ww ww ww ww
force F
(9) Electrostatic field, E = = q ⇒ F = qE
t charget t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.ente 1 q ∧ ail.ani.ente
rl l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas (10) Electric field due to
sasa point charge E = 4πεdadrsa2as sas sas
apdaada apdaada apao apdaada apdaada
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. .wp. .wp.
ur
w ww w w
ww wwdipole
(11) Electric moment, p = q × w
2a i
→ ∧
ww ww
→
et Electric field due toi.ani.edipole

tet at a point on the axial t → 1 2p
a
(12)
i
l .
a ni ent(i)
. a l a n a i
l .
a ni enteline,
. E = ni.enate)t
(r >>
3 lail.a a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas
l a
adsas
l a
adsas
l 4 πε r
0 asasa a
adsas
l
.s
d
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda → w .wp.apda
w w w w w w w w → −1 p ww
(ii) Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the equatorial line E = E tot = (r >> a )
4πε 0 r 3
(13) tMagnitude of torque τ = pt ×tE = pE sinθ (p = q 2a) t t
w
il.ani.enet ene
il.ani. ene entet t t
il.ani.ene
s asla(14) Electric potential at
s as
a
lapoint due to a point aslail.aVni.= 1 q
charge,
s s aslail.ani. a sl a
a
adad a a
adad a adada a 4πε o r a
adad a adsa
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .wp.apda
w w w w w w → → w w ww
(15) Electric potential energy of dipole U = – pE cosθ = - p .E
w
p cos θ
tet t t ente=t etet etet
l a(16)
il.ani.enElectric l il.ani.enedue to an electric dipole
potential at aapoint
l ail.ani.V 4πε r2 l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d adsaasa dadsaasa
q d adsaasa o
s
ada as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apda
→ →
w
a a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp=.pε ⇒ fE = E . A =wEA
(17) Electricwflux .p
w.wpcosθ w w
ww w o w ww ww
λ
(18) Electric field due to infinite long straight charged wire, E =
2πε o r
t t t t t
l .ani.ente lσa i
l .ani.entqe 1 →
l a i
l .ani.eσnte ∧ l ail.ani.ente
sas sas sas a
daadsasE = n sas
.
w p.apdaada (19) Electric field.wpdue
apdaadtoa plane sheet of charge
. .
w p.apdEaad=a 2ε o = A 2ε o Vector .
w p.aform,
p 2 ε .
wp.apdaada
w w w w 0 w
ww ww ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww ww ww σ ww
(20) Electric field at a point between two parallel sheets of charge E = ε
o
(21) et
.i ni.entElectric field due to a uniformly t
.i ni.ente charged sphere - i.ni.ente
t etet etet
lal a l ala lala l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d adsaas s as
aadathe surface of the sphere,
as
ada 1 Q 
s s
ada as s
ada as
a
w.wp.p
a (i) at a w .wp.apdon
point w .wp.apdaE = 4πε R 2 r w.wp.apda [r = R] w .wp.apda
ww ww ww o ww ww
m
1 Q∧
(ii) at a point outside the sphere E = r
4πε o r 2
et
.ani.ent(iii) tet
.ani.ensphere
t
.ani.ente[r < R] .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l
a i
l at a point insidel a the
i
l E = 0 l a il l a il la i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada q apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
. p. (22) Capacitance . p . . p. . p. . p.
ww of a conductor C = w
w w w w w w w w w w
ww Vw ww ww
(23) Work done by a charge W = qV
q
(24)
i . ni . et
entCharge density, σ = i.ni.entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a a lAa l a a l a a l a a l a
adsas adsas asεasA asas adsas
.wp.apda .wpof.apdaaparallel plate capacitor .apda=d o p.apdad .wp.apda
s.
w (25) Capacitance w w .wpC w .
w w
ww ww ww d ww ww
εo A
(i) With a dielectric slab, C=
 t 
t t t t (d-t ) + ε  t t t t t t
il.ani.ene 
ok
a la il.ani.ene a l a r 
a l a il.ani.ene ε o ε r A a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa s s s s C1 = d =pC.apd×aadεsra
s adsa s
.wp.apda (ii) With the aada
.wp.apddielectric completely filled aada
.wp.apdcapacitor .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w w w.w w
ww ww w1w 2 ww ww
(26) Energy stored in a capacitor E = CV
2
t tet ε t A 9 etet etet
o
(27) e ntCapacitance
e of a spherical encapacitor, C = 4π A or Ce nt=
e
.
ia
saslal
ni . .
ia
saslal
ni . 0 .
ia
saslal
ni . 9 × 10
asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
adaada (28) Equivalent capacitance
s s
adaada adaada aa
p.apdad .wp.apda
ada
w.wp.p w .wp.p C C w .wp.p 1 1 1 w w .
w w
ab
ww (i) w
w 1 w2
C1 and C2 in series Cs = C w+ C ; Cs = C = C + C w ww
1 2 S 1 2
et(ii)
et C1 and C2 in paralleletCePt = C1 + C2 t t t
l a i
l .ani.n → l
→ ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.p . aadcae E ext (χe - electric susceptibility)
apdaada (29) Polarisation,.wp.appd= . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w w w w
ur
w w w w w
ww Values And Units ww ww ww ww
(1) Permittivity of free space εo = 8.854×10–12 C2N–1m–2
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene 1
(2) a l a il.ani.ene = 9×109 Nm2C a la
–2 il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
.s
w.wp.apda 4πε o
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww (3) Charge ww
of an electron, e = ww
1.6 ×10–19 C ww ww
(4) 1 micro farad = 10–6 farad
w
(5) t t t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.en1epico farad a l a il.ani.ene = 10–12 farad
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa (6) Permittivity ofadmedium, adsa s ε = C2N–1am adsa
–2 s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.pa w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
w w (7) Electric w charge (q)
w = ww
Coulomb (C) ww ww
w
(8) Electric field (E) = NC–1 or V m–1

(9) etElectric
et potential (V) .ni.entet = JC–1 or volt etet etet etet
l ail.ani.n laila l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d sa
ada (10) Electric dipoleadmoment
s adsaas (p) = Coulomb
adaada
s a
metre
s s
ada as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apda
w
a a a
w.wp.p (11) Electric w.wp.p w.wp.p
wwpotential energy (U) = ww
joule w w
ww ww ww
(12) Capacitance (C) = farad
(13) tElectric
t flux t = Nm2C–1 t t t
l ai .ani.ene
(14) Torque
l l a il.ani.ente = Nm l a il.ani.ente l a i
sas sas asaas sas sas
.wp.apdaada (15) Relative permittivity
.wp.apdaada of air = w
1w(no pdad
.wp.aunit) .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
wwww ww
ww ww ww
w
ww
w
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l l l l l
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww ww ww ww
Evaluation
t t t t
.entet ni.entet etet
i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
ail.aniFour ail.aare ail.ani.n
I. saslaM
adaada
la ultiple choice
adaada
lala
sasquestions : s
ada 5.
asl Gaussian surfaces
s asl given below
daada Gaussian surface..p.aRank
with
s
aa asl
w.wp.p w .wp.p w .wp.apda charges inside
w .wp.apeach w w pdad
ww ww point charges of magnitude
1. Two identical ww –q ww flux through each Gaussian
the electric ww surface
m
are fixed as shown in the figure below. A third in increasing order.
charge t t +q is placed midway between t the two t t t
l a i
l
e
.ani.
charges n e
at the point P. Suppose
l a i
l
ent
.ani. this charge +q lail.ani.ente
e
l a i
l .ani.ente la i
l.ani.ente
sas saas sas sas sas
A
+2q
apdaada is displaced a small apdaaddistance from the pointapdaada apdaada apdaada

+
B
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. –q
w .
w p.
ww P in the directions
ww indicated by the wwarrows, ww +q ww
in which direction(s) will +q be stable with
+
D
C
respect to the displacement?

t t entet .entet i.ente
t t t
a la il.ani.ene B1alail.ani. a l a il.ani(a) D < C < B < A al a il.an(b) A < B = C < D al ail.ani.ene
adsas adsas ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
.wp.apda .wp.apda +q
s.
w w –
w .
w p. (c) C < A =wB.
w p
<. D (d) D > C >wB.
w p
>. A
ww – ww A P +
ww-q ww ww
-q A2
1
[Ans. (a) D < C < B <A]
B2
entet entet 6. The entettotal electric flux for the
entetfollowing closed i.ani.entet
ok
.
(a) A
i ni . and A .
(b) B
i ni . and B i . ni . i .ni.
saasl surface which is dkept saasinside water
l a l a l a l a
d a
dsaasla 1 2
dadsaasla 1 2
d ad
a
ad
l a
d adsaaslal
a a (c) both directions a a (d) No stable .w a a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p w p.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww ww [Ans. (b) B w1wand B2] ww ww
Unit 1
2. Which charge configuration produces a

t t t t etet etet etet
o
a l il.ani.ene electric field? alail.ani.ene
auniform [HY-2019]
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s s
ada (a) point Charge adaada s s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ab
ww (b) uniformly ww charged infinite line ww 80 qw

w qww
(c) uniformly charged infinite plane (a) (b)
ε 40 ε
(d) euniformly
t t charged spherical t shell
t t t t t q t
a il n e
.an[i.Ans. (c) uniformly charged ai l
e n e
.ani. infinite plane] lail.ani. en e q
a il.ani.en e
a il.ani.ente
sas l sas l sas (c) 80 ε sas (d)
l
160 ε sas l
. p.apdaada . p apdaada
. . p apdaada
. . p.apdaada . p.apdqaada
wwratio of the charges qw
w w w w w
ur
w w w w [Ans. w
ww 3. What is the
1 w
for the
ww ww (b) 40e ]
q2 o
7. Two identical conducting balls having positive

following t t ni.entet .entet q1 and q2 are separated t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene electric field line a l a il.apattern? a l a il.anicharges a l a il.ani.eneby a center to center lail.ani.ene
a
adsas adsas adsas distance r. If they dsasmade to touch eachp.ap
are daadsas
other
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda . p.apdaa .

ww
w
ww
w
ww
w and thenwseparated
w w w to the same distance, ww the force
w w
q 1 q 2
between them will be (NSEP 04-05[Sep.-2020]
(a) less than before (b) same as before
w
t t t t t t t t t
l a n
il.ai .en e
l a n
il.ai e
. n e
l a n .en e
il.ai(c) more than before alail.a(d) ni.entezero l a il.ani.ene
adsaas as as s as
1 25 adsa 11 adsa adsa
p.apdad
asa
w .wp.apda (a) (b) w .wp.apda (c) 5 (d)
w .wp.apda
w .wp.apda[Ans. (c) more than w
before]
.w
ww 5 ww 11 ww 25 8. Rank the wwelectrostatic potential wenergies w for
w
11 the given system of charges in increasing

[Ans. (d) ] order. t [PTA-4]
tet tet 25 t t t
l a il.an i e
.n
l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ene
4.
s
ada as An electric dipole is placed
s
ada as at an alignment angle s as Q –Q dada s as –Q –Q dada s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda field of 2 × 105 NwC.w daada (a) + r w––.w (b) – r w––.w
w
w of 30° with an electric

w p..apIt
–1 pa
p.a p.apa
ww w w
experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The w w w w w w
–Q –2Q Q –2Q
charge on the dipole if the dipole length is (c) r (d) 2r –
t t t – –
– t + – t
l a
1i.acm
l ni.enteis l a il.ani.ente [QY-2019]
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas sas (a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3 dadsaas (b) 2 = 4 < 3 < 1 dadsaas
.wp.apdaada (a) 4 mC .wp apdaada (b) 8 mC
. .wp apdaada
. .p.apa .p.apa
ww
w (c) 5 mC ww
w (d) 7 mC www (c) 2 = w 3< ww1 <w4 (d) 3 < 1w<w2w<w4
[Ans. (b) 8 mC] [Ans. (a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3]
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww → ∧
ww w
14. Three wcapacitors are ww 2µF
9. An electric field E = 10 x i exists in a certain connected in triangle as A B
region etetof space. Then the potential t difference shown

aVil.an=i.nV – V , where Vsasislailthe .ani.ente .entet in the figure.
ail.aniequivalent ail.ani.n
The
e tet etet
ail.ani.n
s
ada asl 0 A ada0 potential at the s
aa asl s
ada sl
capacitance
a 1µF
2µF
s
ada asl
w.wp.apda origin and VA w is.w .apdapotential
the
p at x = 2 mw p.apdad
is:.w between the
w .wp.apda A and C is
points w .wp.apda
ww (a) 10 V
ww (b) – 20 V
ww ww ww C
m
(a) 1μF
(c) +20 V (d) -10 V (b) 2 μF
. n i e
.ntet tet
.ani.enAns. .entet
.ani(c) .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
asl a[
il a asl a i
l (c) +20 V] as l a i
l 3 μF as l a i
l asla il
s s s daadsa s
apdaada apdaada apdaada a apdaada
co
w .
w p. . p
10. A thin conducting
w . .
w spherical shell of radius
w R
w p. 1 w.wp.p [Ans. w .
w p.
ww ww ww (d) µF
ww ww (b) 2 μF]
has a charge Q which is uniformly distributed 4
on its surface. The correct plot for electrostatic 15. Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm
t t entet entet en–2tet t t
a a il.ani.ene due to this spherical
lapotential lail.ani. shell is [PTA-1]
a a a l a i
l .
a ni .
are given charges of –1
a l a×i
l .
a ni
10 . C and 5 × 10 –2
Ca l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas adsas respectively. Ifadathese adsas are connected aby adsas
.wp.apda V
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.pda a
s.
V .wp.p
w w w w w
ww (a) ww (b) ww conducting ww wire, the final charge on wwthe bigger
sphere is (AIIPMT -2012)
O O r
entet R r entet R (a)
entet3 × 10 C
–2
(b)
ente4t × 10-2 C t t
ok
a la il.
a ni .
a l ail.ani .
V a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a i
l .
an i.
a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s V s s adsa s (c) 1 × 10 C daadsa
-2 s (d) 2 × 10 C daadsa
-2 s
.wp.apda aada
.wp.apd (d) .wp.apda
Electrostatics
(c) .wp.ap .p.ap–2
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w ww
w [Ans. (a) ww 3w ×w 10 C]
O
R r
O
R r
II. Short Answer Questions :
etet etet .entet etet etet
o
s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.nV s 1.
asl ail.aniWhat is meant by s asl ail.ani.n of charges? saslail.ani.n
quantisation
ada [ ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdaAns. (b) w .wp.apda] Ans. (i) The charge w .wp.apdqa on any object is equal w pdaan
.wp.ato
ab
ww ww O ww ww ww
R r integral multiple of the fundamental unit
11. Two tepoints A and B are maintained at a of charge e.
t t t t t ntet t
l a il.ani.
potential
en of 7 V and –4l aiV
l
e e
.ani.respectively. The lail.ani .
n en e
l a =ni.e
qil.a ne l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas a
daadsas (ii) Where .np.ap saas integer (0, ±1, ±2,d±3, sas
.p
w apdaada work done in moving
. .wp apdaada50 electrons from .w
. A
p apto
. w
isdaad
any
.
w p.apaada
ur
w B is w w w
±4………..). w
this is called Quantisation of
ww ww ww ww ww
(a) 8.80 × 10 J –17
(b) –8.80 × 10 J –17 electric charge.
(c) 4.40 × 10 –17
J (d) 5.80 × 10 –17
J 2. .niWrite
t t
il.ani.ene .ni.ente
t .entet down Coulomb’s law
.ni.enin
tetvector form and .ni.entet
asla[ aslaila (a) 8.80 × 10 J] aslaila mention what each term
–17
adsa
Ans. aslailarepresents. aslaila
daadsa adsa s
aada
s
apdaada
.s
.wp.apda12. If voltage applied

.wp.apon a capacitor is .wp.apda Ans. (i) According
increased .wp.apdto Coulomb, the wforce.wp.
ww
w w
ww choose the correct conclusion.
ww
w
ww
w w on the
w
from V to 2V, point charge q2 exerted by another point
[Govt. MQP-2019; Mar.-2020]
charge q1 is
w
(a) Qt remains
t the same, C isndoubled t t t t etet t t
la il.ani.ene l a il.ai.ene l a il.ani.ene →
l a qi.2n∧
qil1.an l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s (b) Q is doubled, C doubled
a
adsa s adsaas F ads= a
a k 2 r12
s adsaas
w .wp.apda (c) C remains .wp.apdaQ doubled
same,
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda21 r w .wp.apda
ww w
(d) Both Qwand C remain same ww ww ∧ ww
where r12 is the unit vector directed
w
[Ans. (c) C remains same, Q doubled] from charge q1 to charge q2 and k is the
en tet e ntet e ntet etet etet
13.
sa sl aAilaparallel plate capacitor
. ni .
s asl astores
ila a charge Q at a alaila
. ni .
s s
. ni . proportionality
s as l ail.ani.n
constant.
s asl ail.ani.n
p.apda1d and its value iswk.wp.=
ada voltage V. Supposeathe aa aa aa apda9ad×a
.wp.apda p.pdadarea of the parallel plate
p.apdad
w
w capacitor and w .w w .w (ii) Also kw=.w

ww ww the distance between w the
w plates ww 4πε 0 ww
are each doubled then which is the quantity 10 Nm C . Here e0 is the permittivity
9 2 –2
that will change? [Sep.-2020; QY-2019]
t t t t t
l a il.ani.ente
(a) Capacitance l a l.ani.ente
(b) Charge
i l a il.ani.ente of free space or vacuum l a il .ani.ente and the value of lail.ani.ente
sas sas sas 1 saas sas
.wp.apdaada (c) Voltage .wp.apdaada (d) Energy density .wp.apdaada = 8.85
.wp apda×ad10
. –12
C 2
N –1
m–2
. wp.apdaada
ww
w ww
w [Ans. (d) Energy ww
w
density] 4πk
ww
w
ww
w
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w w
3. What are wthe differences between wCoulomb 8. Define ‘electric ww ww
dipole’. Give the expression for
force and gravitational force? [QY; HY - 2019] the magnitude of its electric dipole moment
t t ntet and tthe direction. etet etet
Ans.lail.ani.ene Coulomb a i
l.ani.eGravitational a i
l .ani.ente ail.ani.n charges separated ail.ani.n
s
ada as adas asl s
ada sl
Ans.
a (i) Two equal and s opposite
asl s asl
.wp.apda .wp.apda
i) It may bewattractive It is .wp.apda
always by a small aada
.wp.apddistance, constitute an
aa
p.apdad
electric
.w
w w w w
ww ww
or repulsive. attractive in wwnature. ww
dipole. ww
m
ii) It depends upon It does not depend (ii) The magnitude of the electric dipole moment
t t t is equal to the productnof magnitude
t of one of t
l a il.ani.entmedium
e
l a i
l .ani.entethe medium
upon
l a i
l .ani.ente the charges and the l a il.ai.ente between them. lail.ani.ente
distance
sas sas sas sas sas
apdaada iii) It is always.w greater
apdaada It is lesser than .wp.apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
. p. p. . p. . p.
ww
w w in magnitude
ww
w coulomb force ww
w p = 2qa ww
w w
ww
w w
because of high because value of and it is directed from –q to +q
value of G is
tet t –11 2 –2 9. i.niWrite.entet the general definition t t t t
a l a il.ani.enK = 9 × 10 9
Nm 2
C –2 i.ni.e
a l a6.62
l a nt×e10 Nm kg a l a l a a l a il.ani.eneof electric dipolealail.ani.ene
adsas adsas adsas moment for a collection adsas of point charge. adaadsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda Ans. The electricwdipole .wp.apdamoment for a collection
s.
w iv) The forcewbetween It is always same w w.wp.pof 'n'
ww w w
the charges will whether the two w w w w
→ n w→
w
not be same during masses are rest or point charges is given by, P = ∑ qi r i
 i =1
entmotion
et or rest. motion entet entet r i is the position vector entetof charge q from i.ani.entet
ok
il.ani . i
l .ani . il. anwhere
i . i l.ani.
d adsaasl a
d a dsaasl a
d ad
a
saasl the origin. d adsaasla i
d adsaaslal
a 4. Write a short note
a aon superposition principle.
a a a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww Ans. When a number ww of charges are interacting ww the 10. Define ‘electrostatic ww potential'. ww
Unit 1
total force of a given charge is the vector sum of Ans. Work done by an external force to bring a unit
then.eindividual
t t forces exerted n on tthe t given charge positive
t t charge with constant velocity
t t from infinity t t
o
il.ai ne i.ai.ene i.ani.ene i.ani.ene i.ani.ene
adsaaslaby all the other charges.
ad saaslal ad saaslal to ones point in E scalar.
ad saaslal
ad saaslal
w .wp.apda5. Define ‘electricwfield’
.wp.apda. w .wp.apda 11. What is an w .wp.apda
equipotential surface? w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww ww ww
Ans. A surface on which all the points are at the same
Ans. (i) The electric field at the point P at a distance
potential.
r t from the point charge qt is the force
l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.ente 12.
l a i
l .entet are the properties
.aniWhat l a i
l .ani.eof
t
ntean equipotential lail.ani.en
tet
sas experienced bydaaunit
sascharge and is given bydadsaas surface? sas sas
.p
w apdaada
. .
w p.apada .
w p.apa .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
ur
w w → ww Ans. (i) The w done to move a chargewqwbetween

work
ww ww→ F kq ∧ 1 qw ∧ ww w
E= = r= r any two points A and B, W = q (VB – VA).
q0 r2 4πε 0 r 2 (ii) If the points A and B lie on the same equipotential
. ni entet
. ∧ . ni entet
. . ni entet
. . ni entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a il
(ii) a Here r is the unita l a i
vectorl a pointing from q a l a i
l a surface, work done
a l a i
lis
a zero because V = V .a l a
adsas adsas adsas (iii) The electric adsas B
adsas
A
.s
w.wp.apda to the point

w .apda
.wpof interest P. w .wp.apda w .wp.apdafield is always normal w pdaan
.wp.ato
ww (iii) Vector ww quantity ww ww
equipotential surface. ww
(iv) SI unit is Newton per Coulomb (NC–1). 13. Give the relation between electric field and
w
t t .entet potential. lail.ani.entet t t

il.anielectric
te te [PTA-6]
6. a l a il.ani.en is meant by ‘electric
What a l a l.ani.en lines’?
ifield a l a a a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s s
asaAns. Consider a positive s
charge
asa q kept fixed at the origin. adsa s
w .wp.apdaAns. Electric field wvectors .wp.apda are visualized by w .apdad
.wpthe To move a unit
w .apdad charge by a smallwdistance
.wppositive .wp.apda
ww concept ofwelectric w field lines. They form ww a set ww ww
dx in the electric field E, the work done is given by
w
of continuous lines which represent the electric dW = –E dx. The minus sign implies that work is
fieldetin e tsome region of space visually. e te t etet against the electric ifield.
done t work done is
eteThis etet
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l al.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
ada The electric field lines
7.
s s adanever intersect. Justify.
s s s
ada s equal to electric potential s
ada difference. Therefore,
s s
ada s
w
w w [PTA-4]
w w w
ww ww ww ww dW = dV ww
Ans. If some charge is placed in the intersection point, (or) dV = –E dx
then it has to move in two different directions at
the tet time, which is physically
.ani.ensame
t
.ani.ente impossible. lail.ani .ente
t Hence aEil.a n= tetdV
i.en – .ani.ente
t
l a il l a il l l ai l
sas Hence, electric field dlines sasdo not intersect. sas a dx a
. p.apdaada . p.apaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas
w w w w w w The electric wfield is the negative gradient
w w of the
w
ww ww ww ww ww
electric potential.
Ph:9600175757 / 8124201000 adsas
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww
14. Define ‘electrostatic potential energy’ w. w ww reduces the total charge
(iv) This ww of the
Ans. Electric potential energy is defined as the work conductor near the sharp edge. This is
done t t
il.ani.enein bringing the various et
etcharges to their etet called action at points eortecorona
t discharge. etet
l arespective positions from l ail.ani.n large mutual saslail.ani.n
infinitely l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as adaIII. Long Answer adaquestions :
s a s s
ada as
w.wp.apda separation. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww 1. Discussw w basic properties of electric
the ww charges.
m
15. Define ‘electric flux’
Ans. (i) Electric charge : The electric charge is
Ans. (i) t The number of electric field lines crossing t fundamental property
l a il
t
.ani.enea given area kept normal l a il
t
.ani.enteto the electric lail.ani.ente mass and its unitlaisil.acoulomb. ni.entofet particles having i.ni.entet
lala
d adsaas field lines is adsaaelectric
called
d s
flux. d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas
a a a a a a (ii) Conservation a a of charges : Charges are a a
neither
co
w.wp. p .p. p w.wp. p .p. p w.wp. p
ww (ii) Scalarwquantity ww w ww ww w nor be destroyed but
bewcreated wwcan only be
(iii) SI ⇒ Nm2c–1 transferred from one object to the other. This
t et is called conservation oftetotal charges.
16. laWhat .lani.enteis meant by electrostatic . ni entenergy
. density? . ni entet
. . ni en t
. t t
il.ani.ene
a i a l a il a a l a i
l a (iii) Quantisation of
a charges
l a il a : The charge q on a l a
adsas s
daadsaunit daadsas any object adsas to an integral multiple
isdaequal adsas
.wp.apdaAns. The energy stored .wp.apper volume of space .wp.apis .wp.apda of
s.
w w w w .wp.ap w
ww ww U ww 1 thewfundamental
w unit of charge w e. wq = ne. Here
defined as energy density uE = = e0E2. n is any integer (0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4………..).
Volume 2
This is called Quantisationtof electric charge.
enteat short note on ‘electrostatic entet shielding’. entet te t t
ok
17. aWrite
a l il .ani .
a l a il.ani . l
2.
a a i
l .ani .
Explain in detail Coulomb’s
a l a il.ani.enlaw and its various a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s daadsa s asa s asa s
.wp.apdaAns. (i) The phenomenon .wp.apda of protecting a region .wp.apof p.apdad .apdad
Electrostatics
w w w aspects. w.w w .wp[PTA-3]
ww spacew from
w any external electric field wwis called Ans. Variouswaspects w of Coulomb's law ww :
electrostatic shielding. (i) Coulomb's law states that electrostatic
(ii) t Consider a cavity insidet the
t et conductor. t force between 2 stationary ntet point charges is ail.ani.entet
o
l a il .ani.eneWhatever the charges l a il.ani.enthe
at surfaces and l a i
l .ani.ente directly proportional l a il.ani.eto the product of the l
a daadsaas whatever the a aadsaas disturbances outside,
electrical
d a daadsaas magnitude a dof
a aas
adsthe charges and is d
inversely
a aadsaas
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p to the square of the w.wp.p
ab
ww the electric
ww field inside the cavitywiswzero. ww
proportional ww distance
between them.
18. What is Polarisation? (ii)
e ntet e ntet e ntet The force on the charge e ntetq2 exerted by the .ni.entet
Ans. (i)
i .an
i . Total dipole moment i .aper
ni . unit volume of i .ani . q1 always lies along i
lalthe. ni .
a line joining the twoaslaila
saaslal saaslal saaslal ∧ dadsaas s
.wp. d
apa ad the dielectric.
.wp. d
apa ad
.wp. d
apa ad
charges. .wpr apais the unit vector from.wpcharge
. .apdaada
ur
w w w w 12 w
ww ww → → ww ww → q1q2 → ww
p = χe E ext q1 to q2 . F 21 = k 2 r 12 . The force on the
r
(ii) enteχet electric susceptibility. entet e nte t charge q exerted
∧
byi.anqi.e2ntisetalong– r12 (i.e., in i.ani.entet
lal i .ani . lal i .ani . lal i .ani . 1
lal lal
adsaas What is dielectric astrength?
19. adsaas adsaas opposite direction). adsaas adsaas
.s
p.apda p. pda p.apda p a

. p da p .apda
w.w Ans. The maximum w.w w.w → ww.w ® ww.w
ww electric field the dielectric ww can w q1q2 . r∧ i.e. F12 = - Fw
®
ww F 12 = k .
withstand before it gets breakdown is called r2
21 21
dielectric strength.
entet k = 1 = 9 × 10i9.anNm
w
i . ni entet
. i . ni entet
. i . n(iii)
i . t
i.ente2C–2in SI units. t t
il.ani.ene
20. asl aDefine
l a ‘capacitance’ . Giveasl aits
l a unit. asl a l a 4 πε a sl a l asl a
adsa adsa adsa 0 adsa asa
w .wp.apdaAns. Ratio of the magnitude w .wp.apda of charge to the potential w .wp.apda
ε .wp.apda of free space orw.vacuum
-permittivity
w wp.apdad
ww ww wwQ 0
ww ww
ε0= 8.85 × 10–12 C2 N–1 m–2
w
difference between the conductors. C =

V (iv) If q1 = q2 = 1C ; r = 1m, then
21. What e nte is
t Corona discharge? e nte t [Mar. - 2020] etet entet etet
Ans.
asl ila
a(i) . ni .
The electric field near
asl .
ila
athe ni .
edge of conductor asl aila .n
. ni 9 ×109 × 1s×as1lail.ani. 9 asl ail.ani.n
s
ada aas s
ada F= dada = 9 ×10 N s
ada
.wp.apda .apdadit ionizes the surrounding .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
w is very highw .wpand w w .wp.a1p2a w

ww air. w
w ww ww → 1 q1q2 ∧
ww
(ii) The positive ions are repelled at the sharp (v) In vacuum F 21 = r12 .
4πε 0 r 2
.ani.enteedge.
t t t t t
l a il l a il.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas (iii) Negative ionsdare sasattracted towards the sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada sharper edge.
.wp.apaada .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp .apdaada
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww ww wwww
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
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w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww ww ww are uniform and w
(vii) There w
non-uniform
→ 1 qq ∧ 1 2
In a medium F 21 = 2
r12 e > e0 electric fields.
4πε r t Uniform electric fieldn.:enIttehas t same direction
t t t
.ani.ente permittivity) lail.ani.ente and constant magnitude etet
l il.ani.ene
a ∴e = e0 . er (elra-relative
i l l a il.ai at all points. l ail.ani.n
s a
ada s s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apda εr = 1 and for allwother
For air or vacuum .wp.apda .wp.apda electric field : wDifferent
Non-uniform .wp.apda
w w w
directions or different magnitudes
ww mediawεwr > 1. ww ww ww or both
m
(vi) It has same structure as Newton's law at different points.
t t MM 4. Calculate the electric fieldendue et to a dipole on i.ni.entet
i .ani.enteof gravitation, where i .aFni.e=nteG 1 2 2 and lail.aniits .entet i .ani. tplane. lala
adsaas
l a l l a l
saas 2 kg–2 r adsaas axial line and equatorial
adsaas
l a l [PTA-5]
adsaas
a da G = 6.626 × 10
a d11a
a dNm a da a da a da
co
w.wp. p p
w.wp. for Coulomb force w.wp. p Ans. Electric field w.wp.due to an electricwdipole
p w.wp. at
p
ww (vii) The expression
ww ww is true wwthe axial line : w
only for point charges. points on
(viii) Gravitational force is between 2 masses is AB - Electric dipole; 2a -dipole distance.
te t te t t t t t t t
a l a n e
il.ai. independence of the
n
a l medium
a n
il.ai. e n but Coulomb
a l a il.aiC.en-epoint along axial line.
n
adsas force betweena2dchargesss
aada depends on the nature
s s r - Distance fromdmid
apdaada
ss
apaada point 'O' to point .C.
ss
apdaada
.wp.apda
s.
w .
of the medium.
w wp. p w .wp. w .wp. w wp.
ww ww ww E at 'C' due ww to +q ww
3. Define ‘Electric field’ and discuss its various → 1 q ∧
aspects. t t t E+ = pt along BC
t t t 4πε 0 ( r −aail.a)ni.enet
2 t t
ok
e
il.ani.en Field : Electric e
il.ani.en at the point P alail.ani.en e il.ani.ene
Ans. a l Electric
a a l aField a l a l a
s
adsa at a distance r from adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s
ww .p.apda .p.apda the point charge q is.pthe
ww .apdad .p.apda Axial line .p.apda
ww ww w ww→w A
ww
→
wwp B →
E–
ww
ww→ E+
→ F
Unit 1
force experienced by a unit charge. E = i.e. _

a a
+
q0 -q O +q C
te1t q rÙ tet tet tet etet
o
E = e n en ...(1) e n e n
s asl . ni .
aila 4pe r 2 s aslaila . ni .
s asl aila. ni .
s as raila
l . ni .
s asl ail.ani.n
ada 0
aada ada aa ada
w .wp.apda Important .wp.apdof
aspects
w the Electric field :
w .wp.apda E at 'C' due w to.w .apdad
p–q w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww ww ww
(i) If q is positive, electric field points away from → 1 q ∧
source charge q. If q is negative, electric E− = − p along CA
t
.ani.entefield points towards lthe
t
i.ente charge q.
.ansource .ani.ente
t 4 πε 0 ( r + a ) 2
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a il a il l a i
l l a il l a il
sas sas sas → → → sas sas
.wp.apdaada (ii) Force experienced .wp.apdaadaby the test charge q.0wpat.apdPaada . wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
ur
ww
w → ww
→
ww
w E tot = E +w+wEw− ww
w
F = qw E
0 at 'C' using superpostion principle
(iii) From equation (1) electric field is independent
t t t t t t 1 q ∧ 1 t tq ∧ t t
l a il.ani.eneof q0 (test charge) and l a il.ani.ene on q (source alail.ani.ene =
depends p − lail.ani.ene p l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas charge). ssa adsas 4πε 0 ( r − a ) adsas4πε 0 ( r + a )
2 a 2 a
adsas
aada
.s
w .wp.apda (iv) It is a .wp.apdquantity,

vector
w which has .wp.apda
unique
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww and magnitude, and electric
direction ww field ww ww
→ 1  4 ra  ∧
decreases, when distance increases E tot = q  2 2 2  p along BC
4 πε  ( r − a ) .ni.entet
w
(v) t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.e n Test charge is very asmall.
e
l a il.ani.eSo
n that field value
e
l ail.ani.en e 0
l a ila l a il.ani.ene
adsaas of source charge adis
saunaltered.
s a
adsa s But r >> a when
as
adsais for away from the dipole
'C'
a
adsa s
w .wp.apda (vi) Equation w(1) pdaonly
.wp.ais for point charges.
w .wp.apda w .→wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww and 2aqwp = p
w
∧
ww
w
→
etet etet e→tet 1 . 2 p etet etet
sasl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.Entot = 3 s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada 4πε 0 rapdaada ada
.wp.apda .wp.apda Non uniform electric .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
Unifor
w w w w.wp. w
ww ww ww → ww → ww
E acts along p
t t Electric field to dipole at aepoint t on equatorial
l .ani.ente l a i
l .entet:
.aniline l a i
l .ani.nte l ail.ani.ente
t
sas sas sas adsaas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaadaNon uniform electric .
w p.apdaada AB - dipole ; 2a
.
w p.ap-dadipole distance. .
wp.apdaada
w w
Non uniform
w w w
ww wwelec ww P - dipolewwmoment ww
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a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww w
1 w q ww force acting at different
Two unlike ww points
r - distance. E due to +q = ⎥ E+⎥ = ⋅ produces torque. Torque tends to set dipole in
4πε 0 (r 2 + q 2 )
along e nteBC
t along CA ente t the
entetdirection of → E . ail.ani.entet etet
s asl .
ailani .
s 1
as l . n
aila qi.
s asl .
aila ni.
s asl s asl ail.ani.n
ada E due to –q = ⎥ E ⎥a=daada ⋅ ada Total torque on ada
dipole ada
w.wp.apda w .wp– .p 4πε 0 (r 2 + q 2 ) w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww → → ww
→
→ → ww
m
→
E Equatorial plane
+ → τ = ΟΑ × − q E + ΟΒ × q Ε
→ E+sinθ
E+
→
t
C
t τ= t . 2a sinθ ; τ = p E sinθ
teqE t t
.ani.ente → .an→i.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
Etot
l ail l a i
l l a i
l .anip.en= 2aq l a i
l la i
l
sas sas E cosθ θ sas sas sas
apdaada aBpdaada E→ cosθ θ apdaada apdaada apdaada
E r
→ →
– +
co
w .
w p. A θ
→
–p
w
θ .
w p. w.wp. τ = p×E , in . p.
w terms of vector productww
w .
w p.
ww wOw a +q+ ww ww
–
–
-q a w
→
E– →
When θ = 90º τ is maximum. i.e. τ = PE
E–sinθ
θ = 0º τ = 0 i.e. dipole align with the electric field E.
la ni.entet field due to a dipole
il.a
Electric l a
tet
il.ani.enat a point l a
t t
il.ani.ene l
→
E
a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
asas a
adsas a
adsas +q + B → a
adsas
.wp.apda p.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda
qE
.wp.apda
s.
w on the
w equatorial
.w plane w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
resolving into components, the perpendicular a
2a sinθ
components are equal and opposite so they θ
cancel t t tet at C is sum t t n.entet t t
il.ani.eneeach other. Total Electric
il.ani.enField
ok
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
O
a la a l a a l a a alail.ai a l a
daadsa of parallel components.
s daadsa s daadsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
Electrostatics
a .p.ap ∧ .p.ap
w.wp.p → w→w w ww w w w
ww w → ∧
E tot = − E cos θ p − E cos θ p w w→w – θ
-qE ww
...(1) A -q
+ −
Torque is into the paper
⎥ tE ⎥ = ⎥ E ⎥ etet etet t etet
o
a i
l.ani.ente + → – ail.ani.2nq cos θ ∧ ail.ani.n Torque on i.ente
ail.andipole ail.ani.n
s a
ada sl s
aa as1
l s
aa asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
w .wp.apda ∴
w w pdad 4πε (r 2 + a 2 ) p w.wp.apdad 6. Derive an expression
E tot . p.a
= –
w .wp.apda for electrostaticwpotential
.wp.apda
due to awpoint
w charge.
ab
0
ww ww ww ww
→ 1 2qa ∧ Ans. (i) Consider a positive charge q kept fixed at
E tot = − . p
tete 4πε.0ni.ente2 t 2 3 t the origin. Let P ben.aentpoint t at distance r t
ail.ani.n ia i .ani.ente i .ai e i .ani.ente
saslal (r + a )
2 a l a l a l
asl a l from the charge aq. This is shown in Figure.
l a l
s
adaada adaada a daadsas a daadsas a daadsas
w.wp.p w.wp.p wa .
w p. p .
w p.p .
w p. p
ur
w w w w
w w [cos θ = ww ] ww P
ww
→
r 2 + a2 r
∧
r >>entaeand p = 2qa p +
t t t t t t t t t
l a i
l .
a ni . l a il.ani.ene la il.aniq.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas → → a s a
adsas Electrostatic potential
adsas at a point P
a a
adsas
1 p p.apdaadsa
.s
w.wp.apda E tot = − w .
w ( r >> a ) w .wp.apda (ii) The w .wp.apdapotential at the pointwP.wpis.apda
electric
ww ww
4πε 0 r
3 ww ww r r ww
( )
→ → →
→
p
→
V = ∫ −→ E ⋅ d r = − ∫ E ⋅ d r ...(1)
E is opposite to
w
a la il.ani.en a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.en ∞
a l a il.ani.ene∞ a l a il.ani.ene
s
dsa Derive an expression
5.
a daafor s
dsa the torque experienced adsa s Electric field adue
dsa to positive point charge
s adsqa s
w .wp.apda by a dipole due w .wpa.apuniform
to electric field.
w .wp.apda
[PTA-3] is w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww →w
w 1 q∧ ww
w
Ans. Electric dipole in uniform electric field : E = r

→ 4πε 0 r 2
AB e-tan p
et electrical dipole ; i.nidipole etet moment. etet
a→il.ani.n ala .n ail.ani .n V = −1 qsarsl.adil.a→
r ∧ ni.entet ail.ani.n
etet
sasl
ada E - uniform electric s
ada asl →
s
p ada
asl
∫ ad2a r ada s asl
.wp.apda .wp.apdafiled : θ-angle madewby .wp.apda 4πε.wp0.ap∞dar .wp.apda
w
w → w w w
ww with E τ -wTorque
w ww Thewwinfinitesimal displacement wwvector,
→ ∧
qE → force experienced by +q ; -qE → force d r = dr r and using r∧ . r∧ = 1, we have
experienced t by - q. Total force t t t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.entacting
e on dipole
l a il.ani.ente 1
r i.ni.ene
l aq l a ∧ ∧ 1
r
q l ai l.ani.ente
sas is zero. sas sas V = –adaadsaas∫ 2 r . drr = − ∫ a2daadrdsaas
adaada adaada adaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p4πε 0 ∞ r 4πεw0.w
p.rp
ww ww ww ww ww ∞
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l l l l l
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a
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww
w
Afterwthe integration, ww ww 1 wq
w
{ }
1
r
1 q Potential at P due +q =
1 4πε r

entet V=– q − et=et tet tet 0 1 t t
a l aila. ni . 4 πε 0 alaila ∞r . ni . n 4 πε 0 r
a l .
aila ni .en
a l a .
ila ni e
. n 1 q
a l a il.ani.ene
s
ada s
Hence the .electric aa s s s
ada s Potential atdPaddue sa –q =− 4πε r
s aas s
w.wp.apda w wp.apdad potential due to awpoint .wp.apda w .wp.apa 0 2 .w
w p.apdad
ww charge wwq at a distance r is ww wwpotential at P,
Total ww
m
1 q 1 1 1
V= ...(2) V= q  − tet ...(1)
t t 4 πε r t t t t t
l ai l.ani.e n e 0
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani. en e 4πε 0 lari1l.ani.en r2 
l a il.ani.ente
sas Important points : dadsaas sas saas sas
apdaada apa apdaada (iii) By the cosine apdaadlaw for triangle BOP,.w apdaada
co
. p. (i) If the source . p. . p. . p. p.
ww charge q is positive,wVw> 0. If q
w w w w w w w w w
ww r ww 2 = r2 + a2 – 2ra cosθ ww
is negative, then V is negative and equal to 1
1 q 2 a 2 2ta t 
n e
. nte t V = n e
. nte t n
.ente t r 2
= r  1 + −
n ene cosθ
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a il.a i 4 πε 0 r a l a il.a i
a l a il.a i 1
 a lra2il.a i r  a l a
adsas ss
aadapotential due to positive adsas asas asas
.wp.apda .wp.apdthe .wp.apda p.apdad a2 p.apdad
s.
w (ii) It is clearwthat w w .w w .w
ww w ww but wwa<<r, Neglecting r 2 ww
Since
chargewdecreases as the distance increases,
for a negative charge the potential increases  cosθ 
t t the distance is increased. t tinfinity, (r =∞) r t t 2
= r 2 1 − 2a etet t t
ok
n
il.ai e
. n eas n
il.ai .en e
At n
il.ai .en e 1  il.ani.rn  il.ani.ene
asl a asl a asl a asl a asl a
adsa adsa is zero (V = 0).
electrostatic potential adsa adsa 1 adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 2a  2 w .wp.apda
ww (iii) A positive ww charge moves from w aw point of wwr1 = r 1 − cosθ  ww
(or)
 r 
Unit 1
higher electrostatic potential to lower

1
electrostatic
t potential, a negative
t charge t 1 2 a t etet
o
e te e te e te 1  t
ni.n  2
e e
asl ail.ani.n moves from lowersaelectrostaticsl ail.ani.n potential to asl ail.ani .n = 1 −aslail.a

cosθ
 asl ail.ani.n
s
ada ada s
ada r1 ap r ada r
s s
ada
w .wp.apda higher .wp.apda potential.
electrostatic
w w .wp.apda w .wp. da w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww (iv) Using ww binomial theorem ww

(iv) The electric potential at a point P due to a we get.
collection of charges q1, q2, q3…..qn is equal 1 1 a
tet ntet t
i .ani e
. n to sum of the electric i .ani.epotentials due to i .entet
.ani = 1 + cosθ i .ani.ente...(2) lail.ani.ente
t
sas l a l sas l a l sas l a l r1 r asaars l a l
p.apdaada p.apdaada
individual .charges. p.apdaada p. dad
apapplying p.apdaadsaas
.w w .w Similarly .w the cosine .
law
w for
ur
w w w w w
ww ww
7. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential
ww ww ww
triangle AOP,
due to an electric dipole. [PTA-2,4 ; QY; HY-2019] r 2
= r2 + a2 – 2ra cost (180–θ)
t t t t t t t t
i.ente θ we get
2
Ans. a(i) n e n e
il.ai.  AB - electric dipole. n
il.ai. en e n
il.ai . en e il.an–cos il.ani.ene
a l a l a a l a Since cos(180 – aθ)
l a = a l a
adsas adsas adsas r2 = ra2d+ asas adsas
.s
 2a dipole distance. p.pada2 + 2ra cos θ

w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w 2 .w w .wp.apda
ww  'r'ww be the distance between the wwpoint 'P' ww ww
a2
and mid point 'O' of AB. Neglecting 2 (because r>>a)
 r
t 'θ' angle between 'OP'n.eand t"AB'
w
t t t t t t t
l a n
il.ai e
. n e
l a il.ai n e
l ail.ain .en e
2 
.ani.ente
2laailcosθ l a il.ani.ene
adsaas adsa as P a
adsa s r 2 = r da1ds+a
2 as  adsaas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apa r 
w .wp.apda
ww ww r2
ww ww 1 ww
2a cosθ  2
w
r2 = r 1 + 
r1  r t t
etet r tet
e e te t e e etet
sasl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani .n Using Binomial s asl ail.ani.n we get
theorem,
s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada → ada aa daada
.wp.apda A
.wp.apda θ p + B .wp.apda p.a1pdad cosθ 
1 .w
w
180-θ
w _
w w w = 1 − a w.wp.ap...(3)
ww ww
-q O +q ww wwr r  r 
 ww
a a 2
Substituting equation (3) and (2) in
tPotential due to electric ntedipole
t t t t
l ai .ani.enteLet r be the distance
(ii)
l l a i
l .ani.eP
to from +q and r l a i
l .ani.ente equation (1), lail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente
sas adsaas 2 sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
1
.
w p. be the distance
.
w p.apdaof point P from –q. .
w p. .
w p. .
wp.
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
1
w
1 cos θ 1
w
wcos θ 
ww q ww
    3
V= q  1+ a  −  1 − a 
4πε 0  r  r r r  C
etet etet etet .ani.ente
t t t
il.ani.ene
a l ail.ani.n 1 2aq a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n r13a l a i
l r a l a
s
ada s V= adaθ
dcoss s s
ada s s
ada s 23 s
ada s
w.wp.apda rp2.apa
4πε 0w.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww wqw1 wqw
m
(v) p = 2qa, 2
1  p cos θ  t t A 12 B r
t t V= tet tet .ani.ente
t
l a l a i.ni.ene  n.ene
4πε 0  saasrla2 il.ai l a i
l .
a ni e
. n Electrostatic potential
l a i
l .
an i e
. n energy for la i
l
sas sas sas sas
apdaada Special cases .wp.apdaad apdaada apdaadaof point charges .wp.apdaada
Collection
co
w .
w p. .wp. .
w p.
ww ww w
ww of +q
w
ww a charge q from infinity
w
ww to the
Casew(i) If P lies on the axial line (a) Bringing 1
side, then θ = 0, then point A requires no work, because there
t t 1 p ail.ani.ente
t t t are no other charges.nalready t t present in the .ni.entet
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene ilai.ene ia
a a
sasla V =
4 πε a a...(4)
s2asl
a a
sasl a
a a l a
sas q1.
vicinity of charge asaaslal
.p.ap0ar
d d d d d d d d d d
s.
aa .p.apa .p.apa pa
.wp.apoint
w.wp.p ww w ww w ww wthe second charge qw
(b) Towbring towthe
ww w w
Case (ii) If P lies on –q side then θ = 180º, 2 w
B, work must be done against the electric
then field at B created by the charge q1. So the
t t t t t t work done on the charge t t t t
il.ani.ene q2 is W = q2 V1B.alail.ani.ene
ok
n
il.ai .en e 1 p n
il.ai e
. n e n
il.ai .en e
a la V = − a l a
...(5) a l a a l a
adsa s s
daa0dsar 2 adsa s Here V1B isdthe adsaelectrostatic potentialadadue
s adsa s
.wp.apda πε
.wp4.ap .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w w to the w .wp.apa q1 at point B.
charge w .wp.p
ww
w
Casew(iii) P lies on the equatorialwline, then
w ww ww
1 q1q2
θ = 90º. Hence U = ...(2)
t t t 4πε 0 r12 t etet
o
e te e te e te i.ente
l a il.ani.n V = 0 ...(6) l ail.ani.n l .n
ail.ani(c) l ail.anthe l ail.ani.n
s
ada as adas a s aas as Similarly to bring
aas as charge q to the
s
ada as
.wp.apda8. Obtain an expression .wp.apda for potential energy .apdad .apdad has to be done against .wp.apdathe
3
w w w .wpdue point C,
w .wpwork w
ab
ww ww ww wwelectric field due to bothww

total the charges
to a collection of three point charges which are
q1 and q2. So the work done to bring the
separated
. ni e
.n tet by finite distances. ntet
.anai.epoint
t charge q3 is = q3 (Vn1C.en+tetV2C). Here V1C is
.ani.ente the electrostatic .ai .ani.ente
t
Ans. l a i
(i)
l a The electric potential l a i
atl at a distance l a il l a i
potential
l due to charge l a il
sas a
daadsasq is given by sas saas sas
.wp.apdaada r from point
.wp .acharge
p .wp .apdaada q at point
. wp. aadand
apdC V is the .wp .apdaada
electrostatic
ur
w w 1 w 1 w 2C w
ww ww ww ww due to charge q2 at point
potential ww C.
1 q1
V= The electrostatic potential is
4πε 0 rt t
n.entet t t t
1  qa1ilq.an3i.enteq2 q3  t t
a l a il.ai a l a il.ani.ene a l a .ene
il.ani U = a l + ...(3) a l a il.ani.ene
adsas (ii) This potentialadV aad0a r13 r23 
sasthe work done to bring
adis asas ss adsas
.s
w .wp.apda a unit .wp.pacharge from infinitywto.wpthe

positive
w .apdad w .wp.a4pdπε w .wp.apda
ww w
point.wNow if the charge q2 is brought ww from (d) Adding ww equations (2) and (3), ww the total
infinity to that point at distance r from q1, electrostatic potential energy for the
w
tethe
t work done is the product te t of q and the te t system of three charges t qt, q and q3 is t t
l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.en 2
l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.ene1 2 l a il.ani.ene
adsaas electric potential adsa aat
s that point. Thus we adsaas adsaas s as
.wp.apda have .wp.apda .wp.apda .=wp.apda1  q1q2 + q1q3 + q2w q3.p .apdaada
w w w Uw w ...(4)
ww ww W = q2 V ww ww 4πε 0  r12 r13 wwr23 
w
(iii) This work done is stored as the electrostatic This stored potential energy U is equal to
e t
tepotential energy U of a system
e tet of charges q e tet the total external work etet etet
s asl . ni . n
aila and q separated bysaasldistance aila. n i . n
r. Thus we have
1
s asl aila. ni . n
s asl ail.ani.n done to assemble s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada the three charges ada at the given locations. ada
.wp.apda .wp.apda 1 q q .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
2
w
w w w (e) w
Electrostatic potential wenergy w is
ww wUw= q2 V = 1 2 ...(1) ww ww w
4πε 0 r independent of the configuration of charges
(iv)
. ni e
. n t
teThree charges are arranged . n i.en teint the following . ni .entet since coulomb force.nisi.enateconservative t one.
.ani.ente
t
a l a il a l a il a l a il a l a il a l ai l
daadsas configuration as saas in Figure.
daadshown
a
daadsas daadsas
a
daadsas
a
a a a a a
ww ww ww ww ww
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
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a
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww
9. Derive an expression
w
for electrostaticwpotential 10. Obtain w
w
Gauss law from Coulomb’swlaw.
w
energy of the dipole in a uniform electric field. [Sep.-2020]
Ans. (i) t t t t .entet A positive point charge etet etet
lala i.ni.eneConsider a dipole placed
i.ni.enein the uniform
→ l ala lail.ani(i)
Ans.
l ail.ani.nQ is surrounded by l ail.ani.n
adsaas electric fieldad Eads as
. aThis dipole experiences s
aa as an imaginary s
a as
adsphere of radius r electric s
ada
flux
as
a
w.wp.p
da
a torque which
w wp.apdad
.wp.parotates the dipole tow.align w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww through
ww the closed surface of the wwsphere
m
it with the direction of the electric field. → →
t
To rotate the dipole (at constant angular
t t t

t t
ΦE = ∫  E .d A = ∫  E dAtcost θ ...(1) t
l ail
e
.ani.n evelocity) from its initial
l a i
l
angle
e
.ani. n e θ′ to another
l a i
l
e n
.ani(ii)
. e
Since the electric l a i
field
l
e
.ani.enof the point charge la i
l.ani.ente
sas angle θ, an equal dsaasand opposite external sas sas saas
apdaada apdaaapplied apdaada apdaada →.apdaad
co
w .
w p. torque must
w .
w p.
be on the dipole.
w.wp. .
w p. .
w p
ww ww ww is w ww radially outward both
directed w
ww d A and
→
E →
+q + B E are along the same direction therefore
t t ni.entet t t θ = 0º. t t t t
a la il.ani.ene a la i.a
a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsas adsasθ adsas s is at the center
athedsacharge asas
.wp.apda .wp.apda O .wp.apda .apthedasphere, p.apdad
When
s.
w w 2a sinθ w w .wpeverywhere
of the electr
w .
w
ww ww a ww ww normal to the surface
and constant in magnitude. ww
A – θ
-q 2a cosθ
entet t t t t t t t t
ok
la i
l .
a ni . l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene Spherical
gaussian l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
a dsa s The dipole in a uniform
adsaa s electric field a
adsa s surface
a
adsa s d a
adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda r w .wp.apda
ww (ii) The w work
w done by the external ww torque ww ww
to rotate the dipole at constant angular +
Unit 1
velocity is Q
n.entet n.entet etet etet etet

o
s asl ail.ai θ
s aslail.ai s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada W = ∫ τ ext dadθa...(1) ada ada ada
 E dA since cos0º =w1w ...(2)
ab
ww ww→ θ' ww ∴w
ΦwE = ∫
(iii) Since τ ext is equal and opposite to
→ → →
E is uniform on the surface of the sphere,
→
τt t t t t
i.ni. •E = p
×E τ
ente .ani.ente .ani .ente  ∫ dA = 4πr lail.ani.ente
2
.ani.ente
l a l a l ail l a i
l l a i
l
sas We have sas sas sas 1 Q sas
.p apdaada
. . p.apdaada→ → . p.apdaada . p.ap2daada . . p.apdaada
w w w ∴φEw=w4πr E and E = 4πε r 2ww
w w
ur
w w→ w= → = w
ww τw
ext τ E p × E ...(2) ww w 0 w
1 Q 1
⇒ pE sin θ = τext ΦE = . 2 × 4πr 2 = 4π Q
t t t t 4πε 0 r t 4πε 0 t t
i.ani.enteSubstituting equationi.a(2)n e
i. ntin
e equation (1), il.ai.ene
n .ni.ene t
il.ani.ene
a
ss l a l
we get a
ss l a l a
ss la Q asaaslaila a
adsas
l a
adaada adaada adaada Φ E = pap...(3)
.s
w.wp.p w p.p
θ.w w .wp.p
w ε
.w .0 dad w .wp.apda
ww wWw= pE sin θ d θ ww wwequation (3) is called asww

∫ The Gauss’s law
θ' and is true fro any shaped surface that
w
t t W = pE (cosθ′– cosθ) t t t t encloses 'Q' and total tet flux is same i.ani.entet
n
il.ai .en e n
il.ai .en e n
il.ai .en e il.ani.enelectric
d ad a la
sa (iv) This work done
s d ad asl a
sisa equal to the potential d adsaasl a
for all surfaces.
d adsaasl a
d adsaaslal
a a a a a a .wp.ap a .p.ap a
w.wp.p energy w w.wp.p between n θ′ and
difference. wθ..wp.p wwexpression ww wdue to
ww w ww 11. Obtain w the for electricwfield
ΔU = – pE cosθ + pE cosθ′
w
an infinitely long charged wire. [PTA-1]

If the initial angle is θ′ = 90º, then U (θ′) = pE
etet etet Ans. etet  λ - Linear charge
(i) etet of an infinitily i.ani.entet
density
a l ail.ani.n cos 90º = 0 . a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n la l
d s s
ada 'U' also depends d s
aon
d s
a the orientation ' θ' other d s
ada s d ada charged wire, r - distance
long, uniformlys s d adsaas
w
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p → w.w p→.p w.wp.p w.wp.p wire and point 'P' ww.wp.p
between
ww than wpwand E . ww ww w
→ →  A1, A2 two charge elements.
U = – pE cosθ = – p . E ...(3)  The resultant 'E' due to A and A , act
t tet t ni.enteist same1 at all points. t
.ani.enteThe potential energy .ani.ente .ani.ente
2
l a(v)
il l a il.aisni.enmaximum when l a il radially outward l a il.aand l ai l
sas a
daadsas anti-parallel (θ .=p.apπ)
the dipole isaaligned as
daadsa  sas sas
. p.apdaada . p. p r &. pL . aada & length of cylindrical
apdradius . p.apdaada
w w and minimumw w when the dipole iswaligned w w w w w w
ww ww w ww Gaussian surface of radius 'r'. ww
parallel (θ = 0) to the external field.
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww+
+
A2
+
+ ww 12. Obtain the wwexpression for electric w w
field due to a
λ
+ +
charged infinite plane sheet.

+ +
+ +
+
R +
etet r Pt
.entet field due to charged tet etet
+ +
.ani.ente i.niElectric i.ni.eninfinite plane sheet :

r E Q
+ E
Ans.
ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
+
a l
+
+ P
a l a i
l
+
+
lala l ala l
s
ada s +
daadsas A
S +
adsaas (i) σ → surface as
adcharge
sa density of an infinite s
ada as
.wp.apda d .wp.apda .wp.apda
+ +
a p a a
p. w.wp.p
+ +
w + .
ww 1
+
plane sheet.
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
+ +
+ +
λ
m
(a) (b) (ii) 2r & A → length & area of cylindrical
+ +
+ +
Electric field due to infinite Gaussian surface,

t ni.entet t t t
l ail.ani.ente long chargedi.wire
ala a i
l .ani.ente → → a i
l .ani.ente a i
l.ani.ente
a daadsaas (ii) The total electric
a da aasl
adsflux apdaada
l
sas fE = ∫ E . d A dadsaas
apa
l sas
apdaada
l
co
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. w .
w p. .
w p.
ww ww → → ww →ww→ → → → → wQ ww ...(1)
 E⋅d A
ΦE = ∫ = ∫ E ⋅ d A + ∫ E⋅ d A + ∫ E⋅ d A = encl
Curved P P'
ε0
ni entet →
. → → →
ni
→
e
. ntet→ ni entetsurface
. .ani.ente
t t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas
la i
l.a ∫ E ⋅ d A + 
∫ E ⋅ d A
a +
l a i
l
asas bottom
.
∫
a E ⋅ d A a
asas
l a i
l .
a a l
adsas +
a i
l a
adsas
l a
.wp.apda p.pdad p.apdad .wp.apda + ++ + .wp.apda
s.
Curved top a
w surface
w .surface
w surface w ...(1)
.w w Gaussian
w
ww ww → → ww→ → ww + + +
+ dA
ww
surface
(iii) for the curved surface, E || A and E ⋅d A +
+
+
E dA dA E
t =t E dA. For the top and bottom surfaces, +
E P
t t t t +
nrtet t t
ok
la il.ani.ene→ → → →
l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene P´ + + i.ni.e
+l a l
+
+a l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s A
E ⊥r and Ed⋅d a =0
a
adsAs a
adsa s a
+
s
adsa + + a
adsa s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda + .wp.apda
+
Electrostatics
w Applyingw .wp.apalaw to the cylindrical surface,
Gauss w w + +
w
ww ww ww ww +
ww
Qencl Electric field due to charged
ft E = ∫ E ⋅ dA = ...(2) infinite planar
entet .entet tesheet
t etet
o
ete ε0 e
asl ail.ani.n Curved
aa lail.ani. a l ail.ani(iii) The E is l
perpendicular
a ail.ani.nto the area element a l ail.ani.n
s daadsas s s s s s s
surface
ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda ww.p.a
p w .wp.apda on thew .wp.apda surface at all pointsw.wp.apda
curved
ab
+
ww ww E + ww ww ® ww
+
+
Then, E is parallel to A at P & P′.
+
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t t ni.e=nteQtencl ...(2) lail.ani.entet
.ani .ente φE = ∫ E dA + ∫ Eladil.aA
+
l a i
l l ail +
l a i
l
sas sas r L +
sas saas ε0 sas
.p
w apdaada
. .wp.apdaada +
+ .
w p.apdaada P papdaadP '
.w . .wp.apdaada
ur
w wE w (iv) ∴wQ w = σA, w

ww ww +
+
ww wencl ww
+
E σA
t 2E ∫ dA =
+
+
t t entet .ente ε0 t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a i
l .
a
+
n
+i .
a la i
l .
a ni P
adsas adsas adsas asas adsas
∫
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apdaGaussian surface w.wp.apda

Cylindrical dA.=
p.aA
pdad .wp.apda
w w w w w
ww ww ww wPw ww
(vi) Since E is constant, Qenc l = λL. σA
Hence 2EA = σ
λL ...(3) e0 or Ete=t 2ε ...(3)
Et ∫ dA =
w
t t t t t t
n
.i e
. n e
ε0 .ni.ente il.ani.ene .ni.en 0 il.ani.ene
sa aslaila Curved sa aslaila a
sa sl a alaila
∧sas
asl a
a daa
d surface
.wp.apdaad a daad → σ daad
.ap n daadsa
.wp.ap...(4)
w.wp.p But òwdA ww=Total w.wp.p or Ew=
w.wp
2ε 0 w
ww wwsurface
area of the curved w ww
w
∧
= 2πrl. t n Unit vector normal totethe
etet etet t plane. t
l a il.ani.n ∴E . 2πrL = λL saslail.ani.n l a i
l .ani .ente If s > 0, E - outward
l ail.ani.en perpendicular to lail.ani.ente
s
adaas ada s
ada as s
a as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apεda .wp.apda plane. .p.apdaad .wp.apda
w
0
w w w w w w
ww ww 1 λ ww s<ww0, E - inward perpendicular ww to plane.
E = (or)
2πε 0 r
t entet t t t
l ail.ani.ente → 1 lλa i
l∧.ani. l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
sas =adaadsaas r and is true for aan a
daadsas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada In vector form E .
w p . p2 πε r .
w p.p .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
w w 0 w w w
ww ww
infinitely long wire. ww ww ww
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
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as a
s a
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adsas
ww w w w
13. Obtain thew expression for electric wfield due 14. Discusswthe various properties ofwconductors
w
to a uniformly charged spherical shell. in electrostatic equilibrium.
n.entet e te t
[Govt. MQP-2019] Ans. ete t The Electric Field isi.azero
(i) t
eteeverywhere inside etet
l il.ai
aElectric l il.ani.n
auniformly l ail.ani.n the conductorssaswhether l al ni.n the conductor sisaslail.ani.n
s
ada a
Ans. s field due tos
ada a
as charged s
ada as aa ada
w.wp.apda spherical shellw :.wp.apda w .wp.apda solid or
w .wp.apdad
hallow. w .wp.apda
ww w
Consider awuniformly charged spherical wwshell. ww ww
m
Gaussian
Radius - R Surface
t t t t t t t t
l aTotal
il.ani.en echarge - Q
l a il.ani. e n e
l a il.ani. en e
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
apdaada (a) At a point.wp outside
apdaada the shell (r > R) :.wp.apdaada apdaadQanet = 0 apdaada
co
.wp. P is awpoint
. .wp. .wp.
ww
w ww outside the shell at wa wdistance w
ww
w
ww
w
r from the centre. The charge is uniformly
distributed on the surface of the sphere.
te t t t t t tet conductor t t
a l a(i) e
il.ai . If Q > 0, field pointalradially
n n a il.ani.ene outward. a l a il.ani.ene No net charge inside a l a il.ani.enthe
a l a il.ani.ene
adsas If Q < 0, field daadsasradially inward. .p.apdaadsas (ii) There .isp.apdno ss
aada net charge inside adsas
.wp.apda .wp.appoint .wp.apdathe
s.
w w w w w w w
ww Applying ww Gauss law ww ww
conductors. The charges must wwreside only
Q ...(1) on the surface of the conductors.
t ò E .dA = t t ni.entet the conductor lail.ani.entet
e0 il.ani(iii)
.en The Electric Field
t t t
il.aoutside
ok
e
il.ani.en surface
Gaussian il.ani.en e e
a l a a l a a l a a l a
a daadsa s → p.apdaadsa
s
a daadsa s is perpendicular
a daadsa to the surfaceσ.pof.apdathe
s adsaas
. p. p . . p . p . p. p
ww
ww E andwdA ww w are in the same direction. ww at all
ww w w and has a magnitude of
conductor
ww
ww
ww ε where
point
Unit 1
Q σ is the surface charge density at the point

Hence etet E ∫ dA = ε0 lail.ani.entet .entet (i.e. E ∝ σ ) etet etet
o
s asl ail.ani.n s as s asl ail.ani(iv) The electrostatic s asl ail.ani.n has the same value
potential s asl ail.ani.n
ada But dA = total ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda ∫
w .wp.apda area of Gaussian surface w .wp.apda .wp.apda and inside of the conductor.
on thewsurface w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww = 4πr2 ww is constant within andwon

Potential
w
the surface

Substituting in (1) of a conductor.
et 2 Q
.ani.entE. .an1i.enteQ2
t 15. .entet the process oflaelectrostatic
.aniExplain .ani.ente
t induction. i.ni.entet
l a il 4πr = (or) E = l a il l a il
s Charging without actual
il lala
a daadsaas e 0 dadsaas 4πε 0 r
a a a daadsaaAns. a daadsaascontact is called electrostatic a daadsaas
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p induction.ww.w p. p w.wp. p
ur
ww ww from E→ = 1 Q . r ww
In vector (i) w
Consider an uncharged wwconducting
(neutral)
4πε 0 r 2 sphere at rest on an insulating stand. Suppose
n.entEetat a point outside the shell will be the
i.eneis concentrated lail.ani.ene a negatively charged .anrod
i.enteis brought near the lail.ani.ente
t t t t t t
a l a il.ai same and entire charge a l a il.an'Q' a conductor withouta l a iltouching it, as shown in a
.s
w .wp.apda at the centre. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda .wp.apda

Figurew(a). w .wp.apda
ww (b) At a point ww on the surface of thewspherical w
Thewwnegative charge of the rod wwrepels the
shell (r = R). Electric field at points on the electrons in the conductor to the opposite
spherical shell, is r = R tet
w
t t tet are induced i.ni.entet

il.ani.en side. As a result, apositive il.ani.encharges
te te
il.ani.en alaQil.ani.en a
d ad a
sa
sl a
E
d a=
dsa s .r
d adsaasl a near the region d ad
l a
sa of the charged rod while
s d adsaaslal
a a a a 2 a a .ap a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p 4pe 0 R w.wp.p w.wpcharges
negative on the fartherwside. w.wp.p
ww ww ww ww w
(c) At a point inside the shell (r < R) : Before introducing the charged rod, the free
w
Consider a point P inside the shell at a electrons were distributed uniformly on the
t
tedistance r from the center. tet tet surface of the conductor etet etet
ail.ani.n and the net charge
en e n en
a l aila . ni .

a l aila. n i .
a l aila. ni .
a l a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s Q aa s s aas s is zero. apdaada s s aas s
.wp.apda ò
E .dA =.w p.apdad p.apdad p.apdad
w
w w w .w w .wp. w .w
ww Gaussianww e0 ww Once
ww the charged rod is brought ww near the
surface
Q conductor, the distribution is no longer
E . 4πr2 =
t ε t t uniform with more electrons t located on the t
l a il.ani.enteSince Gaussian 0
surface
l a il i.ente
.anencloses no charge, l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas sas farther side of sthe
as rod and positive charges a
apdaada so Q = 0. .p.apdaada apdaada aada to the rod. But the
apdcloser daadsas
aptotal
w .wp. w w w .wp . are located
w .wp. w .wp.
ww ∴E =w0w ww ww
charge is zero.
ww
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww - -
ww - -
ww ww
(iii) The uniform electric field between ww the plates
- - - -
- ++ - ++ →
+
+
– +
+
acts as an external electric field E ext
etet etet etet t t t t
–
ail.ani .n il.ani.ene placed betweenalail.ani.ene

which polarizes theadielectric
– –
ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
– –
asl asl –
asl asl s
s
ada s
ada –
s
ada plates. Thead positive
a a charges are induced
s aon
s
da
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda .pad and negative charges
w.wpsurface
one wside w .wp.apdaare
ww ww(a) (b) ww w
induced on the other side of surface.
ww
m
- -
- -
- -
- ++
- -
- (iv) But inside the dielectric, the net charge is
t +
t t t t
l ail.ani.ente +
+
l a i
l .ani.en+te + l a i
l .ani.ente zero even in a small ivolume.
l a l.ani.ente So the dielectric lail.ani.ente
sas sas sas in the external a
daadsasfield is equivalent.pto.apdatwo adsaas
apdaada apdaada apdaada
+
apcharged
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. oppositely
w .
w p. sheets with the
w wsurface
ww ww ww ww densities +σ and –σ . These
charge ww charges
b b
(c) (d) are called bound charges. They are not free
il.ani. enVarious
tet steps in electrostatic
entetinduction
il.ani.
t t
il.ani.ene
to move like free electrons t t in conductors. .ni.entet
il.ani.ene
a la a l a a l a This is shown a l a alaila
.wp.apda
adsas (ii) Now the conducting ss
apdaada sphere is connected
ss
apdaada dadin
sasthe Figure (b). dadsas
s.
.
to thewgroundp. through a conducting . p. .p.apa aa
w.wp.p
ww wire.
w w w w w wwarewin
ww w Polar molecules
randomlyworiented When an external
ww
electric field is applied,
This is called grounding. Since the ground the absence of an the molecules partially
external electric field
can always receive any amount of electrons, Eext align with the field.
t t
grounding removes the t t
electron from the t t +
entet
_
t t
ok
i . ni e
.n e i . ni e
. n e i . ni e
. n e +
i . ni . _
_
il.ani.ene
la l a l a l a l a l a +
l a l a +
_
+
l a
a conducting sphere. a a a a
– – – + – +
adsa s adsa s daadsa s ads+a s –
adsa s
+
+ _
–
.wp.apda .wp.apda charges will not flow .wp.apda ++ .wp.apda
Electrostatics
_
.wp.apto +
– + +
_
+ – – – +
Note that positive

+
w w w w w
–
_
ww ww because they are attracted ww by the ww ww__
+
– _ + +
+
– –
+
–
the ground
+
+
+
– –
+
–
+ + _ – +
negative charges of the rod (Figure (b)).

–
– _
+ – +
+
+
– – +
_
+ _
t t t (a) t etet
o
+
(iii) e nteWhen the grounding wire en t
is
e removed from e nte E e n t
(b)e
a l . ni .
aila the conductor, thesapositive l . ni .
aila charges remain saslaila . n i .
a l
ext .n
aila i .
a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s ada s ada Induced electric field adlines
s a inside the dielectric
s s
ada s
w .wp.apda near the .wp.apda rod (Figure (c)) w.wp.apda
charged
ab
ww (iv) Now w
w
the charged rod is taken away ww from (v) For wwexample, the charged w w
balloon after
the conductor. As soon as the charged rubbing sticks onto a wall. The reason
t t t is that the negatively charged
t balloon is t
l a i
l .ani. rod is removed, thelailpositive
e nte .ani.ente charge gets lail.ani.ente brought near the wall, l a i
l .ani.eitntepolarizes (induces) lail.ani.ente
sas distributed uniformly sas on the surface of the sas sas a
. p.apdaada conductor . .apdaada (d)). By this process,
(Figure
p . p.apdaada opposite.pcharges apdaada on the surface of the
. . p . daadsas
apwall,
w w w w w
ur
w w ww which w w
ww ww
the neutral conducting spherewbecomes ww attracts the balloon. ww
positively charged. Wall
_ +
t t t
ni.entehow t t t++et __ t t
a il.ani.ene dielectrics in detail
16. laExplain
a l a il.aand an electric
a la il.ani.ene a l a i
l .
a ni_.e
_
n _
a l a il.ani.ene
adsas field is induced inside adsaasdielectric. adsas adsas __ + __ ss
+
apdaada
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda +

w .
w p.
Ans. (i) Whenww
_
ww an external electric fieldwiswapplied ww +
+
_
_ ww
on a conductor, the charges are aligned in +
+ _
_
such a way that an internal electric field is + _

w
te t te t te t (a) te t
(b) t t
a la n
il.ai .en created which cancels
a l a the
n
il.ai .en external electric
a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a il.ani.ene
s s s Balloon sticks s s
adsa apdaadaPolarisation of wall
field. But in the sa of a dielectric, which s s s
.wp.apda . p.apdaadcase . p.apdaada . p. . p.apdaada
w w to the wall
w due to the electric ww field
has no w
wwfree electrons, the external wwelectric
w w w w w
ww ww
w
field only realigns the charges so that an due to the balloon

internal electric field is produced.
t
teThe t .entet the expression t for a ail.ani.entet
l (ii)
.
aila ni e

.n magnitude of the l .ani.ente electric field 17.
ailinternal l ail.aniObtain l ni.entecapacitance
ail.afor l
s
adaa s is smaller than thats as
ada of external electric field. s
ada as parallel plate capacitor. a
ada
s s adsaas
[PTA-2]
d d d d d
w
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p Therefore w.wp.p .p.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww ww the net electric field winside ww wthe Ans. Capacitance ww of a parallel plate capacitor ww
dielectric is not zero but is parallel to an Consider a capacitor with two parallel plates,
external electric field with magnitude less
t t A - Area
t of each plate t t
l ail.ani.entethan that of the external l a il.anelectric
i.ente field. Let us lail.anid.en-teDistance between the l a il i.ente
.anplates l ai l.ani.ente
sas consider a rectangular
adsaas dielectric slab placed sas sas sas
. p.apdaada between two
. p.apdaoppositely charged . .apdaada
plates
p . p.apdaada .p apQdaada
.
ww σ = A
w w w w ww w σ - surface w w w w
ww ww as shown in the Figurew(b).
(capacitor) wwcharge density on the plates
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww ww Q
w
t -wThickness of dielectric ww
The Electric Field between the plates is E = εr - relative permittivity
0 Aε
t t .ente t Thickness of air gap etet etet
l a l .ani.entethe Electric Field is luniform,
Since
i a i
l.ani.ente the electrical lail.ani(ii) l ail.an=i.n(d – t). Electric field l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s as s as s as s as
.wp.apda apdaada
.wp.the Qd .p.apdaada at any point
.wp.apda
ada
in the air between the plates
.
aa
p.apdadas
w potential between
w plates V = Ed = w w w w w
ww ww wAwε 0 ww in figure, E ′ = σ
shown ww
m
∴Capacitance of the capacitor εo
Q Q εA (iii)
Ci.n=i.entet= = 0 .ani.ente
t
. ni e
. ntet Electric field
σ
at any point,
.ni e
. ntet in the dielectric .ni.entet
l a V Q d d i
l i a slab E ′ = i a ia
sasl a sasl a saaslal saaslal saaslal
apdaada Aε apdaada adaad εaodaad adaad
co
w .
w p. 0 w .
w p. w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww w ww w w w w w +s w w
18. Obtain the expression for energy stored in the X
parallel plate capacitor. Air
tet ntet but also it t t t t t t
Ans.
a la il.ani.encapacitor
The stores notaonly l a il.ani.echarge a l a il.anid.ene Dielectric a l a il.ani.ene t a l a il.ani.ene
adsas stores energy. adsas adsas asas adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad .wp.apda
s.
w w w w .Air
w w
ww When battery ww is connected to the wcapacitor, w ww ww
electrons of total charge - Q are transferred from
one plate t<d
t t to another. t t t t Dielectric in capacitor t t t t
ok
To n .en e
il.aitransfer charge, workalisaildone n e
. n e
.ai by the battery. lail.ai n .en e il.ai e
n e
. n il.ani.ene
a sl a s a s asl a asl a
adsa This work done is stored asa asa asa asa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad as Electrostatic Potential w .wp.apdad (v) V = E(d
w .wp.apda–dt) + E’t w .wp.apdad
ww energy in the wwcapacitor. ww ww= σ ( d − t ) + σt
V ww
dQ - Infinitesimal charge
Unit 1
εo εo εr
V - potential difference t
t t t t etet σ  n.etnte etet
o
a l il.ani.enedone dW = V.dQ alail.ani.ene
aWork =
a l ail.ani.n ( ds−aslta)il+.ai  a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s aas s s
ada s ε o aada εr  adas s
w .wp.apda Q .w
w p.apdad w .wp.apda (vi) The charge
w .wp.apdon the plate X, q = σAw .wp.apda
where V = ww
ab
ww C ww ww ww
The total work done to charge the capacitor Hence the capacitance of the capacitor is,
q σ A εo A
. ni e
.n Qt
te Q Q 2
. n i e
. ntet . ni .entet C = = . ni e
. ntet = .ani.ente
t
t
sas
apdaada
l aW il a = ∫o C .d Q =
2pC.apdaadsa
asl a il a
sas
apdaada
l a il a V σ  sas l a il a
aεpdaad(ad − t ) + ε  (
t  d − t ) + dadsaas l a il
. p. . . p. . p . r 
.p.apεa
w w w ww o  w ww w r
ur
w w ww
ww This work done ww is stored as ElectrostaticwPotential w
the capacitance increases, when dielectric w
Energy is placed.
2
e nteQ t 1 2 e nte t ent e t ni.entet capacitance, lail.ani.entet
l a n
Uil.aE i=. = . CV [ l a n
il.ai. Q = CV] a 20.
l a n .
il.aiDerive the expression for
l a il.aresultant
a
adsas 2C 2 a
adsas adsas when capacitorsadare as
adsaconnected saas
.s
a da a d a ε A a da a in series and
a daadin
w.w p. p . p . p 0 . p. p w.w p . p w.w p . p
ww For parallelwcapacitor, ww w capacitance C =www wand parallel.ww ww
d
V = Ed Ans. Capacitors in series :
1t ε 0 A  1 Cen1t,eCt 2. C3 - capacitances of capacitors connected
w
( ) = . ε 0 .(
2
il.anAi.endte)Et 2
t t t t
a .en 2  d  Ed
Ui.Eni= te
il.aniin
. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
asl a l 2 asl a a sl a series. asl a asl a
adsa Ad - volume of thead s
aada between the capacitor adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.pspace w .wp.apda V - battery .wp.apda
voltage
w w .wp.apda
ww plates. ww ww ww
Q - charge on each capacitor is same.
ww
w
U
Energyt density, uE = V1, V2, V3 - potential difference across C1, C2, C3.
e nte Volume e ntet etet etet etet
asl aila 1
. ni .
asl aila. n i .
a sl aila .n= V1 + V2 + V3. saslail.ani.n
. niV
asl ail.ani.n
ada uE = e0E
s 2 s
ada s
ada ada adas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wpV.apd=a Q + Q + Q .wp.apda
w
w 2 w w Since Q = CV;
w w
ww 19. Explain in w
w
detail the effect of a dielectric ww placed ww C C2 C3 ww
Q Q Q Q 1
in a parallel plate capacitor. [PTA-6; Sep.-2020] = + +
t t t t Ctset C1 C2 C3 t t
Ans. Capacitance
a il.ani.e n e of a parallel
aplate
il.ani. en e capacitor with
a il.ani. en a il.ani.ente ai l.ani.ente
sas l sas l sas l 1 1 1 1 a l sas l
p.apdaada a dielectric medium: p .apdaada p.apdaada = + +p.apdaadsas p apdaada
.
w .w (i) X, Y w -w .
conducting
w w plates ; A - area w .w C C 1 wwC .w C w .w
ww ww s
w 2 3
ww
σ - charge density
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww The inverse wwof the equivalent capacitance ww in ww
(ii) The distance between the spheres ww > radii of
series is equal to the sum of the inverses of each A & B. A- change given to A. This charge
capacitance.
e te t e te t e te t is redistributed into etboth
et A & B and etet
s asl aCil.ani.isn always less thansathe sl ni.n
ail.asmallest individual s asl ail.ani.n Electrostatic potential s asl ail.ani.nbecomes equal saslail.ani.n
ada s ada ada daadAa ada
w.wp.apda capacitance in .wp.apda
series.
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apon
q1 - charge w .wp.apda
ww Cw1
w
C2 C3 ww q2 w w
- charge on B ww
m
∴Q = q1 + q2
+ – + – + –
t – i.n+i.ente – t t t t
l a il.ani.ente ++ –– +
+ – l a l a + – l a il.ani .ente The electrostatic lpotential
a il.ani.ente at the surface of lail.ani.ente
sas s–as + – sas the sphereaA as by
dsagiven
daais sas
apdaada + – .p.a+pdaada apdaada apdaada
co
w .wp. w .wp. .wp. p .wp.
ww Vw1ww V2 V3 www ww
w 1 q1 ww
w
VA = ...(1)
4πε 0 r1
t t t t .entet The electrostatic potential t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene – a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani(iii) a l a il.ani.ene at the surface ofalail.ani.ene
adsas + asas asas the sphere Bdaisdsagiven
s by adsas
.wp.apda pdad p.apdad .wp.apda
s.
w (a) Capacitors w .wp.aconnected in series w.w w .wp.apa q w
ww ww ww wwV = 1 2 ww
Capacitor in parallel : B
4πε 0 r2 ...(2)
C1. Ct2e, tC3 - capacitances of capacitors t t connected (iv)t t The spheres are connected t tby the conducting .ni.entet
ok
i.en
il.anparallel
in connection. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene ia
d adsaasl a
d adsaasl a
d adsaasl a wire, the surfaces
d adsaasl
of aboth the spheres together
d adsaaslal
Electrostatics
V - Applied parallel
w.wp.ppotential.
a a a a a a .ap a p.ap a
w.wp.p w.wp.p formwanw.wpequipotential surface. ww.w
ww Potential differenceww across each capacitor ww is w w
same. Q1, Q2, Q3 - charge stored in C1, C2, C3. VA = VB
Total charge
t Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3entet q1 q2
.entet etet etet
o
a il.ani.ente ail.ani. ail.ani or = ...(3) ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
s
ada asl Q = C V ; s asl s asl r1 r2 daada s asl s asl
.wp.apda
p
Q = C1V + C2Vw+.w aada
pC.ap3dV .wp.apda
ada
.wp.ap .wp.apda
ada
w w w w
ab
ww w ww (v) Letwus w take the charge densitywofwA = σ1

CpV = (C1 w + C2 + C3)V
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 charge density of B = σ2
te t tet te t tet 2 t t
lail.ani.
e n
lail.ani.
en
lail.ani .
en ∴q1 = 4πr12 σ1 andlaqil.a n=i.en4πr σ2 Substituting lail.ani.ene
sas saas asaas a
dadsas
2 2 a
dadsas
apdaada a
p.apdaQd1 Q2 Q3 .wp.apda
d q
.wp.ap22athese values into equation aa
.p
w . + w.w σ A =w4πr w.wp.p (3),
ur
w w
ww Vw w C1 C2 C3 w w ww ww
- we get
σ r = σ2r2 ...(4)
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani .entet 1 1
i .ani entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l (a) Capacitors a l ainl parallel a l a l σr = constant a l a l ...(5) a l a
adsas daadsas adsas adsas adsas
.s
w.wp.apda The equivalent w .wp.apcapacitance .wp.apda

of capacitors
w 1 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww connected w inwparallel is equal to the sum ww of the σ ∝ww ww
individual capacitance. Cp is always greater than r
the largest (vi) For a smaller radius, the charge density will
t individual capacitance.
w
te t t t t t t t t
21.
a l a n
il.ai
Explain
e
. n
in detail how charges
a l a n e
.n e
il.ai are distributed alail.ai.ene be larger and vice
n
a l a il.ani.ene
versa.
a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa s asa s s s adsa s
.wp.apda in a conductor, .apdad
.wpand the principle behind .apdad 22. Explain in detail
.wpthe aadaconstruction and working
.wp.apdthe .wp.apda
w w w w w
ww lightning conductor. ww ww w
of a Vanwde Graaff generator. w [QY-2019]
w
w
Ans. (i) The radius of conductor spheres A & B = r1 Ans. It is a machine which produces large electrostatic
&t r . A & B are connected byt thin wire. .entet ni.entet of 10 V. etet
.ani.ente 2 .ani.ente .anipotential difference of thei.order 7
a l a il q a l a il a l a i
l a l a l a a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s 1 sa s q s
ada s Principle: s
ada s s
ada s
.wp.apda A r .p.apdaad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
w w w B 2 w Electrostatic w induction and action at points.

w
ww ww ww ww ww
1
2
r
Thin conducting wire
Construction:
Two conductors are connected (i) It consists of a hollow metallic sphere
. ni e
. ntet through conducting . ni.entet
wire . ni .entet (A) mounted on linsulating t
.ani.ente pillars. .ani.ente
t
l a il a l a il a l a i
l a a il l ai l
sas sas sas (ii) A pulley B disadmounted sas at the centre a adsaas
ofdathe
. p.apdaada . p .apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apa a . p. p
sphere
ww and another pulley Cww is wmounted
w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww
near the bottom.
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
(iii) A beltwmade of silk moves over the wwpulleys. 2. The total wwnumber of electrons inww the human
(iv) Two comb-shaped conductors D and E are body is typically in the order of 1028. Suppose,
mounted near the pulleys. due tto some reason, younand your friend lost
i .
ani.entet i.ani.entet i .
a .enteof
ni1% this number of . i .entet Calculate the lail.ani.entet
electrons.
i a
a (v) The comb D isadsmaintained
l a l
aasl a l at a positive saasla l
dsaas
l a l a
.p.a
pdaadsas potential of
. p a
the
. pdaorder of 10 4
volt. . p.apdaad electrostatic force
. p.apdaabetween a
. pdaadsas
you and your.pfriend
ww ww ww separated ww w w this
ww (vi) The upperww comb E is connected ww to the wwat a distance of 1m. Compare ww
m
with your weight. Assume mass of each person
inner side of the hollow metal sphere. is 60 kg and use point charge approximation.
t t etet t t
.ani.ente .ani.ente
+++ + + .n
lail.aniGiven: .ani.ente .ani.ente
sasl ail sas lAa i
l ss aAns. sasl a i
l sasla i
l
+ + +++
apdaada apEdaadB a apdaada apdaadain human body = 10 apada

++
28 da
Number of electrons
co
. p. . p. . p. . p. . p .
+++
+
w w w w w w w w w
ww(ie)
ww ww ww ww
Charge appeared on my friend andwme
Rubber Belt C = 1% of charge on 1028 electrons
t t t t t t 1 et C
i.ent–19 t t
la il.ani.ene + l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.e ne= × 1028 × 1.6 l a ×
il.an10 l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas D
Csa
asInsulating a
adsas 100 a
adsas ssa
.wp.apda - p.apdaad
.wp.apda .wp7.apCda apdaada
s.
.w Pillar . p.
w w w = 1.6 ×w10 w2w w
ww ww ww ww wKq
Van de Graaff Generator
Electrostatic force between us F =
e
r2
9 7 2
Working: t t t t t t 9´10 ´(1.6´10 ).ni.e=nt9et× 2.56 × 109 × 1014 .ni.entet
il.ani.ene field near the alail.ani .ene=
ok
il.ani.eneBecause of the high
(i) i ia
adsaasl a
ad saasl electric
a
adsa s 12 adsaaslala adsaaslal
d comb D, the d d d d
w.wp.air
a a ap gets ionized.
a a a p.ap23 a .p.ap a
w.wp.p w.wp.p Fe = 23.04w×.w
w 10 N ww w
ww (ii) The negative ww charges in air move wwtowards w
Also mass of the person m = 60 kg w
Unit 1
the needles and positive charges are repelled \ weight = mg

towards
t the belt due to action t of points. t t =t 60 × 9.8 etet
o
te te te
l a(iii)
e
il.ani.n The +ve charges stuck l ail.ato e n belt moves up
ni.the l
e
.n
ail.ani l aWil.ani.ene l ail.ani.n
s
ada as end and reaches adas as s
ada as s as
daada 23 = 588 N s
ada as
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda near the comb E. w.wp.apda F F w .wp.a.p04
23 × 10 w .wp.apda
(iv) E acquires ww negative charge and w the
w sphere
ab
ww \ = =
e wew = 3.9183 × 1021
ww
acquires positive charge due to electrostatic Fg W 588
induction.
t acquired +ve charge tetdistributed on 3. .niFive .entet identical charges lQ et equidistant i.ni.entet
l a(v)
il.ani e
.n teThe
l a il.ani.enis l a il a a il.aare
ni.entplaced lala
a daadsaas the outer surface
a da aasthe sphere.
adsof a daadsaas on a semicircle aasdaa shown
dsaas in the figure. Another
a daadsaas
w.wp. p .wp. p w.wp. p point charge .qpis p
. kept at the centre of w p
.wp.circle
(vi) Thus the wwmachine, continuously w transfers ww w w the
ur
ww w w w w
the positive charge to the sphere. of radius R. Calculate the electrostatic force
(vii) The leakage of charges from the sphere can experienced by the charge q.
te t
be reduced by enclosing it in
te t
a gas filled steel t t t t t t
l a n
il.ai. e n
l a n
il.ai. e n
l a il.ai.ene
n y
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas chamber at a very adsahigh
as pressure. a
adsas a
sas a
adsas
Q adQ
.s
w .wp.apda (viii) The highwvoltage .wp.apda can be used to accelerate w .wp.apda w .wp.apdaq R w .wp.apda
ww ww ions for the purpose w
positive
w
of nuclear ww Q x ww
Q Q
disintegration.
The forces acting on q, due to
Ans.
entetQ1 and Q2 are F1 i.ani.entet
w
Exercises il.ani entet :

. il.ani entet
. il.ani .entet
and F . il.an i .
d adsaasl a
d ad saasl a
d adsaasl a 2
d ad
l
saasQ1a
d adsaaslal
a a a a a
w.wp.p 1. When two objects w.wp.pare rubbed with each other,
a a .p.ap a a
ww w w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww approximately ww a charge of 50 nC can bewproduced ww Q2 F4sinθ F4 ww
w
in each object. Calculate the number of electrons R

45º 45º F4cos45°
that e must
te t be transferred to produce
e te t this charge. e te t Q3
45º etet x etet
s asl a il.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n [PTA-6] s asl ail.ani.n s asl aqil.ani.nF2cos45° s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada daada aa ada
.wp.apdaAns. Given: Chargewproduced .wp.apda q = 50 nC = 50 ×w pdad F2sinθQ F .wp.apda
w
w 10.w p–9.apC; w .wp.aQ4 w

ww To find: ww ww ww Q5
2
ww
No. of electrons n = ? These forces are equal and opposite.
q = ne magnitude of electrons = 1.6 × 10 –19
C
l a l.ani.ente
Solution:
i
t
l a il.ani.ente
t
l a il .entet due to Q2 and laQil4.anion
.aniForces .enteqt is resolved into lail.ani.entet
sas sas sas components. dadsaas sas
. p.apdaada q 50 × 10 −9 adaada
. p. p . p .apdaada . p .apa . p.apdaada
w w n = = www w = 31.25 × 10 electrons. 10 w w F2 sinq and F sinq i.e F1 sin45° and Fw2 w
w w sin45° are
w
ww e 1.6 ×10 −19 ww ww 4 w
equal and opposite. So they get cancel.
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
adsa s adsaSura’sSura’s
as ➠ XII
➠ XII Std
aStd - Physics
ad-saPhysics
s - Volume-I a
adsa s a
adsas
ww Total force w
w
acting on q is due to Q (i.ewF )
w 5. Draw the wwfree body diagram for the wwfollowing
3 3
F4 cosq, F2 cosq F = F3 + F2 cosq + F4 cosq charges as shown in the figure (a), (b) and (c).
t t t t t t t t t t
il.ani.n force F = k. qQ a+lak.il.aqQ
e e e
ni.n e kqQ il.ani.ene +
il.ani--.ene il.ani.ene
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
s asl aTotal s s . cos45° + s asl a +
s a sl a s asl a
.wp.apda
ada daa2da R 2
.wp.apR
2 ada
.wpR.apda .
+ aa
p++.apdad -
- .
aa
p.apdad
w . cos45° w w w w - w w
ww ww kqQ  2  ww k
m,Q
→w
w + - ww
m
= 2 1 + +
E + -
2  -
+
R  +q -
- v→
+
+ -q
t t t t t t + -entet 0
t
e
.ani.n e kq Q en
.ani.∧ e .ani.en ex = 0 +
.ani. .ani.ente
= d2ad[s1aa+s 2 ] i
l a il l a i
l l a il l a il la i l
sas Total F sas sas as
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
apdaada a apdaadaAns. (a) apdaad(b)a (c) adaadsa
R
a
co
w .
w p. w .wp. p w .wp . w .wp . w .
w p. p
ww w ww w
1 qQ
[ ]
∧ ww
w ww w ww w
= 2
1 + 2 i N T qE
4πε 0 R
entet∵k = 1 
-kx
ail.ani.entet .ani.ente
t t qEt t t
l l a i
l .
a ni .
4 πε l a i
l
QE
l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.ene
a
adsas a
ss  0  asas
a a
adsas a
dsas
.wp.apda4. Suppose a charge aada
.wp.apd+q p.apdad .wp.apda
mg a
.wp.apda
s.
on Earth’s surface .
w mg
ww and
w w w mg w w
ww ww ww ww (c)
another +q charge is placed on the surface of (a) (b)
the Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required

t between 6. Consider an electron travelling t t with a speed
to i.ente the gravitational
il.anbalance ni.entet
il.aattraction
tet t t
ok
la l a l a il.aniv.enand entering into a l a il.ani.ene electric field →alail.ani.ene
uniform
a
adsa Earth and Moonad(b) a a a E
aadaSuppose the distance
s s s adsa s adsa s adsa s
Electrostatics
o →
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .apdathe
Electrostatics
w between the w .wp.pand
Moon Earth is halved, wwould which is perpendicular
w to v as shown
w .wpin
ww w
the chargewq change? (Take mE = 5.9w× 1024 kg,
w ww ww
Figure. Ignoring gravity, obtain the electron’s
mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg) acceleration, velocity and position as functions
tet tet t etet etet
o
Ans. aGiven:
l .
ila ni e
. n
l . n
aila 24i e
.n
l aila of
. ni .entetime. l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s as
ada Mass of the earth m s a s
a × 10 kg s
ada as s
ada a s s
ada as
(a) =
ad5.9 y
w .wp.apda w .wp.apEda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
Mass of thewmoon w mM = 7.9 × 10 kg ww
ab
22
ww wx w ww
Charge placed on earth and moon is q

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
To find: t t The amount of charge required t t to balance t

→
v
t
→
E
t t t
e e e – e .ani.ente
0
.ani. e n
gravitational
i attraction between i .en
.aniearth & moon = ? i e
.ani. en i en
.ani. P i
sas l a l saas l a l l
sas a l sas l a l sas l a l
. p.apdaada If q is the charge placed . p .apdaadon the moon & earth,.then p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
w w w w w
ur
w w1w q × q m × m www w w
ww Formula :w . 2 = G. E 2 M
ww ww
4πε 0 r r Ans. The speed of the electrons = v0
→
te t 1 te t t
Electric
e t field strength te t = E t t
l a n
il.ai. e n = 9 × 10 9
l a n
il.ai. en
l a n
il.ai. en
l a n
il.ai. en
l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas 4πε 0 a
sas a
adsas Acceleration of athe a
sas
adelectrons a = ? a
adsas
.s
.wp.apda G .wp×.apd10
= 6.6
aad–11 Nm –2
kg –2 .wp.apda .wp.pda .wp.apda
w w w w
Velocitywofwthe electrons v = ?ww w
ww 4πεw
w
= 0.11 × 10–9 ww
0
(or) Position of the electrons r =?
According to Newton's II law t Ft = ma
w
t
qil.a=ni.ente4πε 0 Gm E . m M t t t t t t
l a l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaas a s
adsa−11 dsaas The force on the electrons
adsaa s in an uniform electric
adsaas
22 a
w .wp.apda = 0.11×10−9w×.w p6.a6pd×a10 × 5.9 ×1024 × 7.9w .wp.apda
×10 field. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
q = 33.84 ×1026 F = Ee
w
q = e5.82 × 1013 C. The e– s acceleration due to electric field

te t e te t
.n earth is halved, lail.ani.entet etet etet
(b) l il.ani.ndistance between moon
aThe l ail.ani& l aail.a=ni.nF = Ee l ail.ani.n
s
ada as aas a s s
ada as s
ada a s s
ada as
.wp.apda p.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda m m .wp.apda
w
w the charge q = w ? .w w w w
ww 1 q qww m .m ww ww ww Ee 
. 1 22 = G . E 2M The acceleration of the electrons  a =  is in
4πε 0  r   r  m
t 
t    t t the t downward
t direction. The t horizontal
t velocity t
a il
e e
.ani.  2 
n  2  lail.ani. en e
a il.ani. en e
a il.ani.en e
ai l.ani.ente
dsaas in the charge q.p.apdaadsaas remains v0 aspthere
sas l l l
saiss no acceleration in dthis sas l
.wp.apdaada There will not be.wpany .apdaachange .w direction. .w .apdaada .wp.apaada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s adsaas a
adsas
ww ww ∧ ww a) Verticalw w
rectangular surface ϕvert = ?ww
→ eE
a =− .j Solution:
m According to Gauss law ϕ =enEteAt cos θ
tet ntetvelocity of the etet etet
s asl aThe
il.ani.endownward componentailof
s a sl .ani.ethe
s asl ail.aniϕ.n = 2 × 10
s a3 lail.ai
s ×
n.
0.15 × 0.05 × cos 0º s asl ail.ani.n
ada electrons as it emerges adfrom
a the field region isadaada vertical surface aa aa
w.wp.apda ∧ w .wp∧.apda w .wp.p = .w
w .apdad × 103 = 15 Nm2 Cw–1.wp.apdad
p0.015
ww
w
v = vxwi + v y j ww b) Electric w
w
flux through slanted surface ww
m
The horizontal component of t the velocity ϕslanted surface = ?
t t t tet = E A cos θ ail.ani.entet t
l aremains
il.ani.en e vx = v0. The lavertical i l.ani. e n e component l a il ϕ
.ani.enslanted surface l l a il.ani.ente
sas adsaitasemerges from the field sas a
daads=as1 sas
apdaada (downward) velocity apdaas apdaada a60º apdaada
co
.wp. .wp . .wp . θ = 60º ⇒ cos
.wp. p .wp.
ww
w region is www ww
w
ww
w 2 ww
w
→ eE ∧ opposite
vy = a t = − t. j 5cm 60º sin 30 =
tet m hyp
il.ani.envelocity
The of the electron, il.®
ani.en=tet ∧ eE ∧ il.ani.ene
t t 30º entet
il.ani. opposite
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a a l a υ v i − . t . j a l a a l a a l a
adsas asas 0
m .p.apdaada
ss Oppositeasas = 5 cm. hyp = adaadsas
.wp.apda p.apdad p.apdad
s.
.w w .w .wp.p30º
wsin
The electrons wwstarts with a velocity v0. ww
w w w w
ww ww w w
1 2 5 × 10 −2
From equation of motion, s = ut + at hyp. = 1 = 2 × .05
t t t t 2 t t t t t t
ok
e
il.ani.enposition of the electrons e
il.ansi.e=n r = ? il.ani.en e il.ani.en2e il.ani.ene
a l aThe a l a a l a a l a a l a
s s s s → s s s
adsa = 0.10 m s s
adaada Initial velocity of.wpthe adaada adaada .wp.apda surface adaada
w.wp.p w .p electrons u = v0 w.wp.p Area of the w slanted w.wp.p
ww w ww w → ww w ww w ww w
Acceleration of the electrons a =  − eE  . j A = (0.10 × 0.15) m2
∧
Unit 1
 m ϕslanted surface = EA cosq

→entet ∧ tet
etet
1 ni.entet× 0.15) × cos 60º lail.ani.entet
o
∧
 E e  e ϕ
n aila .nslanted surface = 2 × 10 a×il.a(0.10
n . 2 n . n 3
. i .
ila r = v0t i + .  − tala.ilaj i . i
ala∴ 2  damadsas a l a l a
. p.ap daadsas . p.ap . p.ap
s
daada s = a0.015
. p . pdaada × 103 = 15 Nm2 C–1.p.apdaadsas
s s
ww ww ww ww ww
ab
ww ∧ w 1 Ee
w ∧ ww c) Entire surface ww ϕtot = ? ww
2
= v t i − . .t j ϕtot = ϕvs + ϕs.s + ϕends ϕends = EA cos θ
0 2 m
→ etet
.ani .n= v t ∧i − 1 . Ee . t 2 ∧ljail.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t θte= 90º ; cos 90º = 0 .ni.entet
.ani.en
t
ril i
l il ia
d adsaasl a
0 2 md adsaas d ad
l
saas a
d adsaasl a
ϕ d =
ads0aaslal
aa aa aa .wp.ap+a0 aa
ends
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p = – 15w+w15 w.wp.p
ur
ww w w
7. A closed triangular box is kept in an electric w w
ϕtot = 0. w w w
field of magnitude E = 2 × 103 N C–1 as shown
8. The
in.nthe
ilai.ene
t figure.
t t t
il.ani.ene .entet electrostatic potential
il.anifunction .ani.ente
il(a)
t is given as a t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
la of x in figure
a
adsas
l a and (b). Calculate adsasa l a
.s
15cm
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda → w .wp.apda the corresponding w .wp.apda electric fields in regions w .wp.apdaA,
ww ww E ww w
B, C andwD. Plot the electric field w
w
as a function
of x for the figure (b).
5cm tet 60°
w
V tet V
n en
. n entet
. n en 30 t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
s asla i
l.a i
s asl a i
l .
a i
s asl . A
ail.a i
C a sl a
20 a sl a
a a
adad Calculate the electric a a
adad flux through the.wp.a a a adsa asa
w.wp.p w.wp.p pdad
w (a)
6
B w .wp.apda 10 w .
w p.apdad
w w w 3 5 x(cm)
w w
vertical rectangular surface (b) slanted w surface 4 ww D 0
1 2 4 ww
w
-10
and (c) entire surface. 2 -20
Ans. Given: t t t 0etet t t etet
.ni.ente
-30
l ila
aThe la il.ani.ene slail.ani.n 0.2 0.4 0.6 x(m) l ail.ani.ene l ail.ani.n
s
adaas magnitude of electric s a
ada field E = 2 × 10 NCadaadaAns.
s 3 –1
s a (a) s
aa as (b) s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apAda= 0.15 × 0.05 p.apdad .wp.apda
w
w Area of the surface

w w .wp.p dV w.w w
ww ww ww (a) E = – ww
dx
ww
[From the diagram l a = 15 cm = 0.15 m, b = 5 cm
= 0.05m] (i) Region A
l
To
a i
l .entet
.anifind: l a i
l .ani.ente
t
l a i
l
t
.ani.ente dV −3 l a i
l
t
.ani.entedV l ail.ani.ente
t
sas sas sa
s = = –15V
sas , E = dx sas
adaada The electric flux through
adaada adaada dx 0.2 adaada i apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
wp.
ww ww ww w–(–15)
∴ Ew= = 15 Vm–1 ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww (ii) Region ww
B ww ww V ww
dV 0 Formula: E =
= =0 d
tet ete t .entet .entet etet
ail.aniSolution: ∴ V = laEil.an.id
e
lail.ani. dx 0.2
n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
s as a s asl s asl s as s asl
ada aa ada adaad= a 0.6 × 10 × 3 × 10adaada
–3 6
w.wp.apda p.apdad
(iii) Region Cw.w w .wp.apda w .wp.p = 1800 V. w.wp.p
ww ww ww ww ww
m
dV 2 (b) From the above, we come to know when the gap
= = 10 is increased. potential also increase.
dx
t 0 . 2 t
t
l ail.ani.ene dV l a i
l .ani.ente (c)
l a il .entetdistance, d = 1 mmla=il.an1i.en×te10
.aniThe
t –3 m
l a i
l.ani.ente
t
adsaas
apda
sas
apdaada –1
E = – dx = .(–10)Vm sas Electric field, E =d3ad×saa10
apdaada apa
s 6 Vm–1 sas
apdaada
co
. p. p. . p. New potential . p. . p.
ww difference due to increase ww in the
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww
(iv) Region D gap.
dV −6 V = E. d = 3 × 106 × 1 × 10–3
entet = = – 30 t t .entet t t t t
a la i
l.ani . dx 0 .2 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani = 3000 V.
a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsas asas s A point charge ofd+10
adsa10. ss
apaada μC is placed at a distance
ss
apdaada
.wp.apda p.apdad .wp.apda
s.
dV w.w of 20 cm . p.
from another identical w point. p.
ww
w E = – ww = –(–30) = 30Vm–1. ww
w
ww
w w w charge
w w
dx of +10 μC. A point charge of –2 μC is moved
V from point a to b as shown in the figure.
(b) t t etet .entet
il.aiCalculate
t
.ani.ente energy of the lail.ani.ente
the change in ipotential t
ok
a la il.ani.ene 30
a lail.ani.
n
a l a n
a l a l a
adsa s ads
a s daadsa s system? Interpretdaayour dsa result.
s daadsa s
.wp.apda .p.apda
20
Electrostatics
a a a
w 10ww w w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww w ww ww b ww
0 x(cm) – 2µC
1 2 3 4 5
−10
o
−20 5 cm
s asl ail.ani.n −30 s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada d aa ada 5 cm.p.apdad
a a 15 cm adaada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 10µC + w w – w.wp.p
+w10µC
ab
ww 9. A spark plug wwin a bike or a car is usedww

to ignite ww a w
the air-fuel mixture in the engine. It consists Ans. Given : q = 10 × 10–6 C, q = –2 × 10–6 C
of t t .entet t t
.antwo
i.ente electrodes separated .anby
i.entaegap of around lail.anir .ani.ente .ani.ente
1 2
l a i
l l ail l a i
l = 5 × 10 –2
m l a i
l
sas 0.6 mm gap as shown sinasthe figure. sas as
dsapotential sas
.p
w apdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada Solution: Change
.wp.apdaa
in energy .
w p.apdaada
ur
w w w w w
ww w ww w ww w ww w ww w
1 q1q2 9 ×109 × (10)( −2) ×10 −12
ΔU = =
t t t t t t 4πε 0 r t 5t×10 −2 t t
n
il.ai. en e n
il.ai. en e n
il.ai. en e n .en e il.ani.ene
l a l a l a 4 lail.ai l a
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas −12 a
adsas
.s
9 2
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda − 9 ×10.wp.ap×da20 × 10 × 10 w.wp.apda
w w w = w
ww ww ww ww 5 ww
To create the spark, an electric field of = –36 × 10–1 =– 3.6 J
magnitude 3 × 10 6
Vm –1
is required.
w
ntet potential difference

il.ani.eWhat
(a)
tet
il.ani.enmust be applied alail.aniΔU .entet= -3.6 J, negative sign entet that to move i.ani.entet
il.ani.implies
d a d asl a
sa to produce the spark? d ad a sl a
sa If the gap is increased,
(b) d adsa s the charge -2μC dno ad a l a
saexternal work is required.
s d adsaaslal
a a ap a .p.ap a a a a
.wp.ap the
w.wp.p does the potential w.wp.difference increase, ww w System spends w.wp.pits stored energy toww move
ww ww wdecrease ww w
charge from point a to point b.
w
or remains the same? (c) find the potential

difference if the gap is 1 mm. t 11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each
. ni .entet .ani.ente .aniof
t
.entethe t
.ani.ente of capacitors. lail.ani.ente
t
Ans.
asl Given:
a il a asl a il asl a il following combinations
asl a il as
adas s
ada s
ada s
ada s
ada
.wp.apda(a) The distance between .wp.apda two electrodes d = 0.6mm .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
w w w w w
ww ww ww
= 0.6 × 10–3 m ww ww
The magnitude of electric filed E = 3 × 106 Vm–1 C0 C0 C0
To t t t C t C0 t
l a il.anifind:
.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.enCte0 C0 C l aC
il.ani.ente0 C l ai l.ani.ente
sas as produce spark V = ? adsaas sas 0 sas
adaada Potential differenceaneed daadsato adaada adaada
0 0
ada
ww ww ww ww ww
(a) (b) (c)
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww wwP ww d.
ww
P P
ww
1
C C
C1 C2 C0teCt 2
etet e e tet n.entet etet
ail.ani.n n n ail.ani.n
0
l l .
aila ni. l .
aila ni. C lail.ai l
as a
Ps as as C as
s
ada s
dSaada s
ada s
aa
S1
s
ada
S2
p.apdad
R Q
w.wp.apda C w Cp.ap
.w C C w .wp.apda C3
wC.w
4 w .wp.apda
ww wwQ ww ww ww
3 4
0 0
m
Q Q
(d) (e)
Ans. i.ni.entet t t C are in series 1 n=.ente1t + 1 = C1 + C3 t
lala l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .
a nC
i e
. n
1
teand
3
Cs
l a i
l .ai C C C C la i
l.ani.ente
a daadsaas a. 3 C 0 sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada C C
a
d3aadsas 1 1 3 1 3 sas
apdaada
1 .a
co
w.wp. p .
w p. .wp. .wp p .
w p.
ww ww
w
ww
w Cs1 = w
ww C + C ww
w
1 3
C0
C0 C2 and C4 are in series
t1t 2 t t t 1t 1 1 t t t t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani .ene = + alail.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsas asas adsas Cs 2 C2 daC ad4sas adsas
.wp.apda .apd2adare connected in parallel
Capacitor 1.p& .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w w w w w .wp.ap w
ww Cp w= C w + C = 2C ww ww C + C4 C2C4 ww
0 0 0 Cs2 = 2 =

Capacitor C and C are in series.
p 3
C2 C4 C 2 + C4
t t 1il.ani.ent1e
t .entet Cs1 and Cs2 are parallel t t t t
il.aniNow
ok
a la il.ani.ene 1 1
+
1
⇒a l a = +
1
a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa
s = C C asa s asa s Cp = Cs1 +aCs adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda Cs
w pda3d C s 2C0 C0 w.wp.apdad
p.p.a
w w .wp.pda 2 w .wp.apda
ww ww 1+ 2 3 ww ww C C C C ww
= =
1 3
+ 2 4
Unit 1
= C1 + C3 C2 + C4
2C0 2C0
etet etet .entet (C1C3 ) (Ca2 l+aiCl.an4i.e)n+te(tC2 C4 ) (C1 + C3 ) alail.ani.entet
o
asl a il.ani.n ∴C = 2 .C aslail.ani.n asl ail.ani =
. p.ap
s
daada s
3 .p
0 da
.a
p
s
ada . p.ap
s
daada . p.apdaads(aCs1 + C3 ) (C2 + C4 ) .p.apdaadsas
ww ww 2 www
w ww w capacitance ww
ab
ww ww The w resultant ww
The resultant capacitance = C0
3 C1C2 C3 + C1C3C4 + C1C2 C4 + C3C2 C4
b. entet =
entet ente t (C1 + C3 ) (Ce2nt+eC t 4) entet
i.ani. i.ani. i.ani. i.ani. i.ani.
d a
dsaaslal C 1 C3
dadsaaslalC
C0 0
dadsaaslal dadsaaslal d a
d saaslal
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p e. aa
w.wp.p C p.apa
Csw.w
ur
ww C 2
wwC C 4 0C 0
ww wwC1 0
2
0
ww 1 C
2
0
C0
3 C0
Q
i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni entePt
. i .ani.ente
t Cs
2 C
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a1l 1 1 2 ss a la l 4 5
a l a l a l a 0
adsas daadsas =.p.apdaada

ss
apdaadaC
2ss
apdaada
.s
C
.wp.apda C1 & C2 are.w
pin.apseries = + p. 0
p. 0
w w Cs C0 wCw0 C0
w w .
w
Capacitors
w 1 and 2 are in series w .
w
ww ww 1
ww ww
1 2 1 1 1 2
C3 & C4 are in series = = + =
Cs C
w
t t 2 t t 0 t t Cs1 C0 C0 nC.en0tet t t
a la il.ani.ene & Cs are in parallel.
Cs a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ai a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s s s s s
apCda0ada apdaada
1 2
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda C0 + C0 w .wp.apda Cs =

w .wp . w .
w p.
ww ∴ Cpw= wCs1 + Cs2 = = Cw0w ww
1
2 ww
2 2
w
Resultant capacitance = C0 Parallerly 4 and 5 are in series

c. etet etet Co .entet C etet etet
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani Cs = 0 aslail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s 2
2ada s s
ada s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .apdain .wp.apda
w
w w
Co
w Cs , Cs ,
w .wpare
3 parallel w
ww Co ww Co Cow
w 1 ww2 ww
1 Co
3
2
C C
∴ Cp = 0 + 0 + C0
ente t ente t entet 2 2 entet entet
i.ani. i.ani. i.ani. i.ani. i.ani.
dadsaasla l Resultant capacitance
d a
d saaslaClp = C0 + C0 + C0 dadsaaslal = Cd0 a+dsaCas0lal d a
d saaslal
aa aa aa aa aa
w.wp.p Cp = 3 w Cw w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
Resultant w.wp.p
ww 0 ww ww capacitance = 2C0. ww
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
adsa s adsaSura’sSura’s
as ➠ XII
➠ XII Std
aStd - Physics
ad-saPhysics
s - Volume-I a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 12. An electronw
w
and a proton are allowed to fall wwthrough ww ww
2 ×10 × 9.1 ×10 ×10 −3
−3 −31
the separation between the plates of a parallel te = −19
plate e tecapacitor
t of voltage 5nV e teand
t separation e tet 5 ×1.6 × 10 e tet etet
.
ilani .
adistance n . i. n
aila in the figure. .
aila ni. n .
aila ni . n ail.ani.n
s asl h = 1 mm as shown
s asl s asl s asl s asl
adaada adaada adaada = 2.275 ada−18 = 1.5 × 10–9 s (or) 1.5
a×da10 da
adaans
ww ww ww ww ww
m
– – – – – – – – – –
2 ×10 −3 × 1.6 ×10 −27 × 10 −3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Electron
-
Neutron y Proton
tp = −19
5 × 1.6 ×10
+
t t t entet t
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani. la i
l.ani.ente
sas sas
x
sas adsaas a
daadsas
apdaada apdaada apdaada 2 p.apd−a33
w10 ×1019 = 0.4 ×10w−14w.wp.ap
co
w .
w p. w .
w p.
–w
.
w p. = ww.×
ww ww – – – – – –w –w – – w 5 w
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
tp = 0.63 × 10–7 s (or) 63 × 10–9s (or) 63 ns

(a) Calculatetet the time of flight for t both electron
il.ani.enproton
and (b) Suppose if a i.ente
il.anneutron is allowed .entet If Neutron falls, itlailis.ania.entneutral
il.anib. et charge so it i.ni.entet
a
ad a
sas la
ad a
sas l a
ad a
sas l a
does not experience
ad a
sas any electric filed. (It adsisaaslal
d to fall, what is .the dtime of flight? (c) Among d d d
s.
aa p.apa aa a
.wp.apfall) aa
w.wp.p ww w one will reach the w.wp.p like w
aw force w.wp.p
ww the three, wwhich wwbottom w ww
2h 2s
first? t2 = [i.e. t = ] a = g, s = h
g a
(Take t mt = 1.6 × 10 –27
kg, m =
t 9.1
t × 10 –31
kg t t t t t t
ok
il.ani.en p e il.ani.een e il.ani.en e il.ani.en e il.ani.ene
l a l a l a l a l a
adsa and g = 10 m s ) adaadsa
a a a a a
s –2 s s s s
daadsa −3 s
apdaada= 2 ×10−4 adsa
Electrostatics
2× p.10
.wp.apdaAns. Given: Potential .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w .wp.p
difference between the .wp.apof
plates
w t = w.w w
ww ww ww ww 10 ww
parallel plate capacitor = V = 5V
t = 1.414 × 10 sec. –2
Distance between the plates of c. Electron will reach first
t tet t etet etet
o
l h
a il.ani.ente l a=il.an1i.enmm = 1 × 10–3 m l a il.ani .ente  the time to reach l ail.ani.nthe bottom first by l ail.ani.n
s as
ada Mass of proton m a=da1.6 s
ada as s
ada a s saas s
ada as
.wp.apda .wpp.p × 10 –31kg
–27
.wp.apda electron daadns.
.wpis.ap1.5 .wp.apda
w w w w w
ab
ww Mass of electron ww me = 9.1 × 10 kg ww ww ww

13. During a thunder storm, the movement of
Charge of proton, e = 1.6 × 10 C –19
water molecules within the clouds creates
Tonfind: t t t t .entet tet bottom part of .ni.entet
il.ai. en e il.ani. e n e il.anifriction, partially causing il.ani.enthe ia
d ad
l a
saas a. Time of flight dofadan l a
saaselectron te = ? d ad
l a
saas the clouds to become d ad
l a
saasnegatively charged. d This
adsaaslal
aa p.apa aa a
wp.ap bottom of the cloud .wp.apathe
w.wp.p 1w.w w.wp.p implies that w.the wand
ur
ww w w
s = ut + at , initial velocity (u) = 0
2 w w w w
ground act as a parallel plate capacitor. If the w w
2
electric field between the cloud and ground
Solution: exceeds
a
t
il.ani.ene 1
t
2s a il.ani.ene
t t
a .entet 6 the–1dielectriclaibreakdown
il.ani(3 l.ani.ente
t of the air
a
t t
il.ani.ene
a l
adsas s = at2 ⇒ t = adaadsas a l a
adsas
l × 10 Vm ), lightning
adsasa will occur. adsas a l
.s
w .wp.apda 2 w .wp.p a w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda

ww Fw
w ww ww ++++++++++++++++++++++ ww
a = (according to Newton's II law) + Positive charge
m
t t [F = ma]
w
t t t t t t t t
a l a
F
il.a ni.en-eforce due to electric a l a il.ani.ene
field a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda ∆
w V
.wp.apdad5 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww F = Ee, Ew=w = ww ww ww
∆d 10 −3
w
– Negative charge
– – – – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – –
Ee 2sm
∴a e
n tet
= ∴t = e ntet etet ni.entet is 1000 m above lail.ani.entet
asl aila. ni . m asl ailEae
. n i . (a)
a sl ail .aniIf.nthe bottom part of athe
sl ail.acloud a
s
daada s = h distance.pof.apdseparation s
aada = 1 × 10–3 m.p.apdaad
sa the ground, .determine
s
daada the electric potential daadsas
w
. p.ap p a
. p . p.ap
ww ww ww difference ww ww
ww ww ww 2 hme wwthat exists between the wwcloud and
∴t2e = ground.
∆V
.e
(b) nIn
.ai.entea typical lightninglailphenomenon, around
t t ∆d t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il .ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas −3 10 −3daadsaas 25 C of electrons adare
saas transferred from cloud sas
apdaada t2e = D dx 2.wph.ampdeaa=da2 ×10 × 9.1×10−19 ×.w
−31
.wp. p.ap to ground. How

.wp apdamuch
. electrostatic p apdaada
potential
.w .
w w w w w
ww ww ∆Ve 5 ×1.6 × 10 ww ww
energy is transferred to the ground?
ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww Ans. Given: ww ww ww on capacitor a = q = w
Charge
w
C.V.
a
a. Electric field between ground and cloud qa = 24 µC
te t te t te t In case of capacitor t
einteseries the charge i.ni.entet
a il.ani.n ail.ani.nE = 3 × 10 Vm saslail.ani.n flowing through
e e 6 –1 e
a l a l a l ail.ani.n is same.
capacitor lala
a da
s
ada s Distance betweena da
s s
adaground and the cloudadaada a da
s
ada s
a daadsaas
w.wp.p w.wp.p dw=ww
.wp.p
1000m w.wp.qpa = qd = 24 µC ww.wp.p
ww ww ww w
m
To find: Electric potential between ground But across b & c, the charge is not same
since they are in parallel.
t and the cloud V =n?.entet ni.entet ni.e6ntet ni.entet
a il.ani.ente V a il.a i a il.a a il.a a il.a
sas l l
dsaa=s E.d. sas
l Charge on b a s= asqb = × 9 × 10
l –6
sas l
apdaada Formula: E = d.wp.a⇒ daaV apdaada apdada 3 apdaada
co
w .wp. p .wp. .wp . .wp.
ww ww ww
ww
w = 18 µC ww
w
E = 3w× 106 × 103 = 3 × 109 V w
2
b. The amount of electrons transfered from Charge on c = qc = × 9 × 10–6
t t et 3t t
il.ani.ene cloudi.anto i.entground q = 25 C .entet
il.ani il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a a l a l a l a = 6
a l a µC a l a
adsas Electrostatic aP.E. as
astransfered from cloudato asas asas asas
.wp.apda p.pdad p.pdad .apdad p.aapdad
s.
.w .w b. Potential .wpdifference across capacitor.w
ww
w ww
w ground
ww U = ?
w
ww
w
ww
w
Solution: qa 24 ×10 −6
1 Va = C = = 3V
ente t U = CV2 t t t t a 8 ×10 −6 tet t t
ok
il.ani. 2 il.ani.en e e
il.ani .en Potential difference ni.en
il.aacross il.ani.ene
asl a a sl a asl a asl a capacitor b asl a
adsa qp.apdad
asa asa adsa −6 s
apdaada
.wp.apda .w 1 .wp.apdad q .wp .apda18 × 10 .wp.
ww
w C = ww V
w ∴U = q.V ww w w w
=w = 3V ww
b
2 Vw =
b
Cb 6 ×10 −6
Unit 1
1 75
tet U = × 25 × 3 ×.n10 9tet etet Potential difference across etet capacitor c etet
o
e n en = × 109
s asl a il.ani . 2
s a sl a il a i . 2
s asl ail.ani.n q 6 ×
s 10
asl a−6il.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada = 37.5 ×ad10a 9 J. ada c ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Vc = w C .wp=.apda2 ×10−6 = 3V w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww
14. For the given capacitor configuration [QY-2019]
ww ww c ww
Potential difference across capacitor d
(a) Find the charges on each capacitor qd 24 ×10 −6 entet
n e
. ntet n .en tet n .entet .ni. .ani.ente
t
asla(b) il.a potential differenceaacross
i l a il.a i them l a il.a i V = C = l a −il6a = 3V l a il
s adsas sas d 8 s×a10
s sas
apda ada (c) energy stored.wpin apdaada apdaada apdaada
d
.wp. .apdaeach capacitor .wp. .wp . 1 .wp.
ur
w w w w w
ww ww 6µF ww c. Energy ww stored in a Ua = CVw2w
2
b 1
t t t t

t t Ua = × 8 × 10–6 × 3 ×t3 t= 36 µJ t t
il.ani.ene nene il.ani.ene 2 il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a l a c alail.adi. a l a a l a a l a
adsas ss
aada 8µF adsas Energy stored asb
asin asas
.s
8µF
.wp.apda a w.w p.apd2µF
.wp.apda .wp.apdad .wp.apdad
ww
w
ww ww
w w1
w w w
Uw = × 6 × 3 × 3 × 10–6 = 27wµJ
+ - b
2
9V [Cb = 6 µF]
w
Ans. etet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.n 6µF b a l a il.anib.en&eC d a l a il.ani .ene Energy stored inaclail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsaa s s s s s s s
.wp.apda 8µF c .wpd.apda 8µF . p.apdaada 1 .p.apdaada . p. apdaada
w w 8µF w w U = w ×
w 2 × 3 × 3 × 10 –6
= 9 µJ w w
ww 2µFww ww8µF wc w
2 ww
w
a 8µF [Cc = 2 µF]

9V t Energy stored in d
t parallel so C = (6 +n2)
&i.enCteare t = 8µF
teµF etet etet
l a
Bi.n
l a l a il.a i .en
l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s a
ada Now all a, b & c, d aare
s s a
adina series.
s s
ada as 1 s as
da–6 × 3 × 3 = 36 × 10–6p=.apd s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.pda1 1 1 1 3 w.wp.ap8da Ud = × ×aa10
.wp8.apd .w 6aJ
w
ww
w
ww
w 2
w w
Effective capacitance = + + = ww∴Cs = ww ww = 36 µj
Cs 8 8 8 8 3
a. teCharges t on each capacitorte: t 15. Capacitors tet P and Q have tet identical cross .ni.entet
i . ni e
. n
a Total charges on capacitor i . ni .en
a =q=C. i . ni .en
a sectional areas A and n e
.
separation
i .a i n d. The spacealaila
saasla l saaslal saaslal saaslal ss
apdaada
a a s a a
. p. d
apa d
. p . d
apa d 8 . p. d
apa d between the capacitors
. p . d
apa d is filled with a dielectric. p.
w w w w V= × 9 × 10 w=w24 µC
–6
w w w w
w figure.
ww ww 3 w ww constant εr as shown w
of dielectric inwthe
Ph:9600175757 / 8124201000 adsas
l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
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w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww Calculate the wwcapacitance of capacitors ww
P and Q. wwconstant for second medium
Dielectric ww = K2
[PTA-4] [direction K2 = εr]
etet etet .entet n.eεnteKt A 2 ε K A etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.aniCapacitance of first s=asCla1 il=.ai 0 1 = 0 1 s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada d dpapdaada
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda . .
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w 2 ww ww
m
ε0 K 2 A 2 ε0 K 2 A
For second Capacitance = C2 = =
.ani.ente
tP
. ni e
. ntet Q . ni e
. ntet .ni e
. ntet d d .ani.ente
t
Ans. l ai
(i)
l air l a i
dielectric
l a l a i
l a l a i
l a la i
l
sas sas sas sas 2 sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada of the capacitor .wp.apdaada
co
w .
w p.
A/2
w .wp. A/2 C w.wp. If C is the capacitance
w .
w p. w
ww Cw
w 2 1 ww ww ww
1 1 1
εr = 1 εr = +
tet arrangement is equivalent t t to parallel Ct t C1 C2
t t t t
The
il.ani.engiven il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a la a l a a l a d  1 a1 l a d  K1 + K 2 adsas
al a
adsas combination of theacapacitorasas each plate of adaadsas = asas
.wp.apda p.pdad pK.apda+dK  = 2ε A .  KwK .wp.apda
s.
.
w .
w p.p 2 ε A w
.
w w w
areas = w A w w
w w w
w w0 w  1 2  0 
w w 1 2 
2 1 d 1 + ε r 
Platetoft separation = d =
t t eCnt t 2ε 0 A  ε r  i.ni.entet t t
ok
i . ni en
. e i . ni en
. e i . ni . e il.ani.ene
a slaThel a medium of one dielectric
asl a l a constant = K , asl a l a asl a l a asl a
adsa adsa 1
asa
=apd1ad
s
2ε 0 A .p.apεdarada asa
.wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad
Electrostatics
er = 1 (air) K.w1p. C = w . .w
w w w w w
ww wwof other dielectric constant ww = K , wwd 1 + ε r  ww
R
The medium 2
i.e, K2 = er
t t .entet Model Questions etet etet
o
The e t
capacitance
e for K = C e te
asl ail.ani.n 1
asl a1il.ani.n asl ail.aniPTA asl ail.ani.n & Answers saslail.ani.n
s
ada The capacitance foradKaad=a C s εA aas s
ada ada
.wp.apda .wp.p 2 [C = .w p.apda]d .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w 2 w w w
ww d
ab
ww Aww ww ww 1 mark
ε 0 . K1 ε K A Choose the Correct Answer
C1 = 2 = 0 1
t t 1. An air-core capacitor is charged t by a battery.
l a il.ani.e nte d 2d
l a il.ani.ente l a il .entet disconnecting lit
.aniAfter a il i.ente the battery, a lail.ani.ente
.anfrom
t
sas A sas sas dielectric slab isdfully sas dsaas
. p.apdaada ε 0 . K 2 .w p.apdaada . p apdaada
. . p.apaada inserted in between . p.apdaaits
w C2 = 2www= ε 0 K 2 A w w w
ur
w w plates. Now, w w
ww ww ww which of the following wwquantities
d 2d remains constant? [PTA-1]
If C is the capacitance of the capacitor. then (a) Energy (b) Voltage
ent eCt + C
Cil.an i.= il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani(c)
t
.ente Electric t
i.enteCharge
il.an(d)
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a 1 2 a l a a l a field a l a a l a
adsas asas asas adsas adsas
.s
.wp.apda ε 0 K1A .εp0.aK pda2 dA = ε 0 (K1 + K 2 )Aw.wp.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda

[Ans. (d) Charge]
w = +
w w w w
ww 2dww 2d 2d ww w
2. The unitwof permittivity is: ww [PTA-2]
ε 0 (1 + ε r )A (a) C2 N–1 m–2 (b) N m2 C–2
w
C n.= t t t t .entet m–1 t –2 –2 t t

l a il.aiene 2d l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani(c) H l a i.enteN C m
il.an(d) l a il.ani.ene
as
adsa For capacitor Q. adaadsa as adsaas adsaas [Ans. (a) C N ad
2 –1
madsa]
–2 as
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda 3. A coil of area w .apdacross-section
.wpof 0.5 mw2 .w p.pa10
with
ww ww d/2 w
w
turns is
w
in
w
a plane which is parallel
wtowa uniform
w
(ii) dielectric C1 εr
electric field of 100 N/C. The flux through the
t ε = 1 C air
d/2
t
t t .entet is:
plane i.ente
t etet
2
e e r
e e [PTA-2]
asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani(a) 100 V.m asl ail.an(b) 500 V.m asl ail.ani.n
ada This is equivalent to
s aadseries
sa combination of two s
ada s
ada s
ada
w
w capacitors w w (c) 20 V.m w (d) zero w

ww ww ww
ww ww
[Ans. (b) 500 V.m]
d
Plate of separation
t 2 t t t t
l a il.ani.ente
Dielectric constant forlafirst il.ani.entemedium = K1 lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
asaas asaas [air K1 =p.aεpd
as
]adsa asaas asaas
w.w p.apdad w.w p.apdad w.w ra
w.w p.apdad w.w p.apdad
ww ww ww ww ww
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p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
4. Dimensionw and unit of Electricw flux is
w ww ww
Very Short Answer questions 2 marks
_________ [PTA-3]
(a) MLt T A , Nm C
2 3 –2 2 –1 t 1. The electric field outside a conductor is perpendicular
l a il.ani.ente 3 –3 –1 l a i
l.ani.ente la i
l .enteitst surface. Justify. lail.ani.entet
.anito [PTA-1]alail.ani.n
etet
s
ada as (b) ML T A , Nm 2
C –1
aa s as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada s
w.wp.apda (c) ML 2 –1 –2 .p.a
T A ,
w Nm
w p2dCa–1d w .wp.apda Ans. (i) The electric w .wp.apdafield outside the conductor
w .wp.apda
ww w
(d) ML–4T–3wA–2, Nm2C–1 ww w
is wperpendicular to the surface ww of the
m
[Ans. (b) ML3T–3A–1, Nm2C–1] s
t t t conductor and has aetmagnitude t of
5. aAt
ente
il.aniinfinity,
. the electrostatic i.ente
ail.anpotential is[PTA-4] ail.ani.
ente
ail.ani. n e ε 0 ail.ani.entet
l l l sla saasla
a daadsaasa(a) infinity adaadsaasa a daadsaasa aadsaasurface
where σ isapdthe charge density
a daadat
co
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. w.wp. p
ww ww
(b) maximum ww that
wwpoint. ww
(ii) If the electric field has components parallel
(c) minimum
to the surface of the conductor, then free
t t
(d) zero t
ente[Ans. (d) zero] entet electrons on the surface entetof the conductor i.ani.entet
lal ai.ni.ene ali .ani . lal i .ani . lal i .ani . la l
d adsaas Five balls marked a1,da2,
6. aasl4 and 5 are suspended
ads3, d adsaas would experience
d adsaas acceleration. d adsaas
s.
p.ap a p. p p.ap a p.ap a p.ap a
w.w .
ww w The pairs (1, 2)w(2,
.
4)wand (iii) This . w.w
ww wthat the conductor is notwinwequilibrium.
ww by separatewthreads. ww wmeans
(4, 1) show mutual attraction and the pairs Therefore at electrostatic equilibrium, the
(2,3) and (4, 5) show repulsion. The number of electric field must be perpendicular to the
t t t t t t surface of the conductor. t t t t
ok
balln
il.ai e
.n e
marked as 1 is n
il.ai .en e [PTA-5] n
il.ai .en e il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
asla asl a asl a asl a asl a
adsa (a) positive adaadsa s
apdaada2. State the law of asa
conservation of electric charges.
apdaada
s
.wp.apda .
w p. p .
w p. .
w p.apdad .p
w .
ww
w (b) negative w w
w
ww
w ww
w w
ww [PTA-2]
Ans. The
total electric charge in the universe is
Unit 1
(c) neutral
constant and charge can neither be created
(d) encan’t ntet (c) neutral]
tet determine[eAns. .entetbe destroyed. In any t tet
o
l a i
l.ani. la i
l .ani. l a i
l .aninor l a i
l i.ente
.anphysical process, thealail.ani.en
s as
ada The resultant capacitance s as
ada of four plates, each s
ada as s
aa as s
ada s
7. net change in.pcharge
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w w .apdad will always be w zero.
.wp.apda
is having an
wwarea A, arranged as shown ww above, 3. Define the
ab
ww wwphysical quantity whose wwunit is Vm,

will be (plate separation is d) [PTA-5] and state whether it is scalar or vector. [PTA-3]
d Ans. Unit
e tet tet e entet of Electric flux is Vmentor
et Nm2C–1 .ani.ente
t
asl ail.ani.n d dadsaasl
ail.ani.n Q asaas l a i
l .ani.
It is a scalar quantity. sasl a i
l .ani.
a l a i
l
s
adaadPa aa apdad 4. Can two equipotential apdaada surfaces intersect? daadsas
apGive
w.wp.p w.wp.p .
w p. .
w p. .wp.
ur
w d w ww w
w ww ww reason. w ww [PTA-5]
Aε 0 Aε 0
(a) (b) Ans. Since the electric field is normal to the equipotential
dt 2dt
l a n en t
il.ai. 2Aε 0e
l a n e nte
il.ai. 3Aε 0 l a .entet and also the potential
il.anisurface l a
t t
il.ani.enedifference betweenalail.ani.ene
t t
a
adsas (c) d adaadsas (d) d a adsas any two pointsaon
a athe
sas surface is nullified,dthe
a adsas
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.ap0da

2Aε intersection w is
.w pdadpossible.
p.not w .wp.apa
ww ww w
[Ans.w(c) ] 5. Define electric ww dipole.
ww [PTA-5]
d
Ans. Two equal and opposite charges separated by a
Cte=t C1+ C2 = 2C
w
te t .entet small vector distance. t t t t

a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a il.anivery a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsHint:
a s 2ε A apdaadsa s s
adsa6. Define electric apotential. adsa s adsa
[PTA-6] s
.wp.apda ∴C = 0w.w p. .wp.apda .wp.pda .wp.apda
ww
w
wwd ww
w Ans. It is defined ww as the amount of work
w
ww done in
w
w
moving a unit positive charge from infinity

8. An electric dipole is placed at an angle 30°
to that point.
with tan
e t electric field intensity tet2 × 105 N C–1.
of etet etet t t
a l . ni e
.n
aItilaexperiences a torque a l aila to 4 N m. The saslaila .n Answer questions
equal
. ni e
. n S hort . ni
a l ail.ani.n 3 marksalail.ani.ene
s
ada s s
ada s daada1. Four point charges s
ada s aas s
.wp.apda .wp.apda if the dipole length .wp.apda +q, +q, –q and –q .apdadto
.wpare
w
w charge on thewdipole w .wp.apis w w

ww 2 cm is w
w ww[PTA-6] ww respectively at the four
be arranged wwcorners of
(a) 8 mC (b) 2 mC a square PQRS of side r. Find the work needed
t
entemC t to assemble
t this arrangement. t [PTA-1] t
l a
(c)
il.ani. 5 l
(d)
a il.ani.e7nteμC l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas [Ans. (2 mC)] s The work done dtoadsarrange
saSol. as the charges indthe sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada corners of the.wp apa a is independent of .w
.
square p.
the
aada
apway
w w w ww w
ww ww ww they arewarranged. We can follow any wworder
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l l l l l
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.p a .wp.apda
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww (i) First,w
w
the charge +q is brought tow
w
the corner 3. Calculate wwthe force between electron ww and
P. This requires no work since no charge is proton in Hydrogen atom.(e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and
t already
t present, WP = 0n.entet ret=et0.53Å) etet [PTA-3] etet
l il.ani.ene
a(ii) l i
ail.athe l ail.ani.0n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada as Work required to
aa bring
s as charge –q to the s a s
a aSol. The proton andathe s as
adaelectron attract each aother. s
ada as
w.wp.apda corner Q =
w p.apda×dpotential at a pointwQ.wpdue
.w
(-q) .apdad The magnitudew pdathe
.wp.of electrostatic force
w .wp.pda
between
ww ww
to +q located at a point P.
ww these two ww
particles is given by ww
m
1 q 1 qt2
W e te t = –q × = e te e tet ke 2 9 ´109 ´ (1.6 ´10 e
-19 2
nte)t .ani.ente
t
l a il.ani .n Q
4 πε a l a4i
l .
πε
a ni . n a l a i
l .
a ni
F . n = 2
= l a
-
i
l
11
.
ani .2 la il
sas 0 sas 0 sas e
r (5.3´ sa10
s ) sas
apdaada (iii) Work required a
apdatoadbring the charge +q to apdaada
the apdaada apdaada
co
w .
w p. w .wp. w .
w p . w .wp. w .wp.
ww cornerwwR= q × potential at the point ww R due = 9 ´w2w.56 ww
× 10–7
to charges at the point P and Q. 28.09
t t 1  q q  1
t t q 2
 1  t t t t t t
i.ni.ene −1+  i.ni.ene= 8.2 × 10 N
–8
a Wi.ni.e=neq ×
 − +
a la   =
ala ala a i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
d a
dsaaslal R d asl 4πε 0 a 
4πε 0  a ads2aa 2 dadsaasl
4. Four point charges
d a
dsaaslare placed at the asaaslal
four
d d
s.
aa aa apa .wp.apa aa
w.wp.p w.wp.pto bring the fourth charge
(iv) Work required w.wp.–q cornerswofwawsquare in two ways (a) w.wp.p
ww ww ww
at the position S = q × potential at the point
wwand (b) as
shown in figure. Will the (i) electric potential
S due the all the three charges at the point and (ii) electric field, at the centre of the
t t t t .entet be the same lor t t
i. i P, Q and R i.ente in the two lail.ani.ente
ok
n e
.n e i.ni.ene il.aisquare
n il.andifferent
a la la
a
dsaaslal 1  q da qadsaasq  1 q  1  asa asl a
configurations aand
a sa
adswhy?
a
a
adsa
[PTA-5] s
d p.apdad .wp.pda .wp.apda
Electrostatics
a a WS = –q × p.a+p + = 2 − .w
w.wp.p ww
.w
0 a a 2a  4πε 0 awww 2  w w
ww w4πε A ww B A ww B
+q +q –q +q
r r
2. Two capacitors of unknown capacitances are connected r r
tet tet tet O (b) i.ni.entet O etet
o
in e
series
n and parallel. If net e
capacitances
n in two e n
s asl a il.an i .
s as la il.an i .
s
(a)
asl a il.ani .
s asl ala s asl ail.ani.n
ada combinations are 6aμF da 25 μF respectively,pfind ada r
.wp.apda .wp.pda
aand
.w.apda r
r
apdaada
.wp.–q r .wp–q.apda
ada
w their capacitances. w w w w
ww +q
ab
–q
ww ww[PTA-2] D ww C D ww C
1 1 1 C1 + C2 Ans. (i) Electric field at the centre of fig (b) will
Sol. = + =
C t Ct C C C t t t t t
l a il
e
.ansi. 1n e 2 1 2
l a il.ani. en e
l a il.ani.ente be zero becauselailsame .ani.ente charges on the lail.ani.ente
sas C1C2 p.apdaadsa
as sas diagonally dopposite sas corners of a square sas
. p.apdaada . . p.apdaada give zero . p .apaada field at the centre whereas
electric . p .apdaada
w ⇒Cs = w But CP = C1 + C2
w w w w
ur
w w w w
ww C1 +wwC2 ww ww be 'non zero' in fig (a). ww
it will
C1C2 CC (ii) Electric potential will be the same in case of
Hence C = ⇒ 6 = 1 e2tet
il.ai.ene fig(a) and (b) because il.ani.ethere
ntet are two positive ail.ani.entet
e te t s C t t
l a n
il.ai. n P
l a il.a25i.
n n
l a n l a l
as a
adsas a
adsas and two negative adsascharges of same magnitude
a adsaas
adsa ∴ C1 C2 = 25 × 6 p
.s
a da =.ap
150
da a da at equal a da a d a
w.w p. p w.w w.w p. p wdistance
.wp . p from centres in both w.wfigures.
p . p
ww 150 ww ww ww ww
⇒ C2 = ; C1 + C2 = 25 Government Exam Questions & Answers
C1
w
t t t t t t n.entet
il.ani=.en150 = 25 ⇒ C 2 + 150
te te
C a l a a l a il.= en
ani.25 C a C
l ail.ani.ene the Correct Aanswer
hoose l a il.ani.ene 1 mark alail.ai
s
adsa 1 C1 1 asa
d s 1 adsa s asa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 1. When a point w .apdad of 6mC is movedwbetween
.wpcharge .wp.apda
ww ww (or) ww wwin an electric field, the w w
two points work done is
w
C1 – 25 C1 + 150 = 0 2
1.8 × 10–5 J. The potential difference between
C1n.– 2
10t C – 15 C1 + 150 = n.e0ntet the
.entetwo
t points is t [Govt. MQP-2019] etet
l ail.a(C iente 1 l a il.ai l ail.ani(a) l i.ente
ail.an(b) l ail.ani.n
C s as
ada 1 1 –10) – 15 (C – 10)
s as = 0 s as 1.08 V s as 1.08 mV s as
.wp.apda (C –10) (C w
1daada .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada ada
.apd3aV]
w
w .wp.apor
–15) C = 10 or 15 w (c) 3 V w (d) 30 V[ Ans.
w .wp(c)
w
ww 1 ww w1 1 ww w ww w ww w
if C1=10μF ; C2 = 15μF −5
W 1.8 × 10
tet C1=15μF ; C2 = 10μF tet V = =
e tet e Hint: e q 6.an×i.ente−t 6
10 .ani.ente
t
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l .
a ni . n
sasl a i
l sasl ail
adaada adaada apdaada = ap3daaVda apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
wp.
w w ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
2. Two pointwcharges A and B having wwcharges 2. A parallel wwplate capacitor has square ww plates of
+Q and –Q respectively, are placed at certain side 5 cm and separated by a distance of 1mm,
distance, tet apart and force acting between
t them is thent calculate the capacitance t of the capacitor. etet
l aF.il.anIfi.en25% charge of A is l a il.ani.ente
transformed to B, then l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente [QY-2019] l ail.ani.n
s
ada as aa s as s
ada as saas s
ada as
.wp.apda force between the .apdad becomes. [QY-2019]
.wpcharges .wp.apda Ans. The capacitance daad
.wp.apof the capacitor is .wp.apda
w w w w w
ww 16 ww 4 ww 9 ww ww
m
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) F e0 A 8.85 ´ 10-12 ´ 25 ´ 10-4
9 3 16 C = = -3
t t t t 9 t t d te1t ´ 10 t
a il.ani .en e
a il.ani e
. n e
[ Ans. (d) F] a il.ani .en e
a il.ani e
. n a il.ani.ente
16apdaadsa
sas l sas l asl = 221.2 l
sa×s10 F –13
sas l
apdaada apdaada apdaada× 10–12 F = 22.12 pF .wp.apdaada
co
w .wp. .wp. .wp . C =
.wp.22.12
ww 3. A cylinderwof ww radius R and length Lwisww placed ww
w
ww
w
in a uniform electric field E parallel to the Short Answer Questions 3 marks
cylinder t axis. The total flux for the surface of
t t t t t
ne t
il.ani.ecylinder ee t 1. i.niDefine
.ene and derive an expression
t
il.ani.ene for the energyalail.ani.ene
t
l athe is given bya lail.ani.n [QY-2019] l a l a l a
a
adsas adsas p asas density in parallel
a
daplate
adsascapacitor.[Govt. MQP-2018]
a asas
.wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad Ans. The total work p.apdadis
s.
(a) 2πR2E (b) R2 .w .wp.apdone to charge a .
capacitor
w
ww
w
ww
w E ww
w w
wwelectrostatic potential energy
w
ww in the
(c) (πR – πR)/E 2
(d) Zero stored as
capacitor
[ t Ans.
t (d) Zero]
t t .entet stored in the capacitor
il.aniEnergy
t t t t
ok
il.ani.en e il.ani.en e il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
4. a l aIn the given diagram aal apoint charge +q is a l a a l a a l a
adsa s adsa s adsa s 1 asa s daadsa s
w .wp.apda placed at the .wp.apda O. Work done in w
origin
w .wp.apda
taking UE = CV2w .w p.apdad w .wp.ap...(1)
ww ww charge –Q from point w w 2 ww w
another point A to point ε0 A w
This is rewritten as using C = & Vd= Ed.
E
Unit 1
B is : y [Mar.-2020] d
etet A etet etet etet etet
o
s asl ail.ani.n (0, a) s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.Un = 1  ε 0 A  ( Ed )s2 a=sla1il.anεi0.n(Ad ) E 2 ...(2) s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada E 2  d p.apdaada 2 ada
w .wp.apda +q w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww where Ad ww= volume of the spacewbetween w the

O B (a, 0) x
capacitor plates. The energy stored per unit
qt Q  a  volume of space is defined ast energy density
a(a)
il.ani.ente 2   (b) a il ntet
.ani.eZero a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente
t
sas l 4πε 0 a  2  adsaas l sas l U sas l sas l
.wp.apdaada .wp.apda .wp apdaada
. uE =
Volume . wp.apdaadaequation (4),
From .wp.apdaada
 qQ w 1 w w
ur
w  −qQ w1w w w w
ww (c)   2a (d)   2a ww ww
 4πε 0 a  We get uE = 1 ε 0 E 2 ...(3)
2
 4πε 0 a  2
entet ent[eAns.
t (b) Zero] entet 2 entet entet
aslail.ani. aslail.ani. a slail.ani. aslail.ani. aslail.ani.
s
a sa sa The energy density s
depends
a only on the electric s
fielda
.s
adaadVery Short Answer aQdaaduestions 2 marksadaad a

.apdadof the plates of the w .wp.apda
ad
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p and not onw
.wpsize
the
w w capacitor.
w w
1. Show graphically w
the variation of electric field w w
2. State the rules followed while drawing electric
E (y-axis) due to a charged infinite plane sheet
fieldt lines for the representation of electric field.
w
with
n.entdistance
et d (x-axis) from
n.ethe
ntet plate. ente entet tet
a i
l.a i a i
l .
a i a i
l .
a n
i . a i
l .
a ni . [QY-2019] lail.ani.en
adsaasl a
adsa sl [Govt. MQP-2019] adsaasl
asa asl
adsaas
w .wp.apdaAns. It is independent w .apdathe
.wpof distance. It is a straightw .wp.apda Ans. The following w .wprules
.apdadare followed whilewdrawing .wp.apda
ww w ww electric w field
w lines for charges. ww
line parallelwto x-axis.
w
y (i) The electric field lines start from a positive

charge and end at negative charges or at
en tet E e ntet entet en tet etet
s asl aila.n i .
s asl aila. ni .
s asl aila. ni . infinity.
s asl .
aila n i .
s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada (ii) The electric ada vector at a point in aspace aa
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdafield p.pdad
w
w w w w .w
is tangential to the electric field w .w
ww ww ww ww wwline at that
0 distance - d x point.
(iii) The electric field lines are denser (more closer)
te t tet .entet in a region wherelthe t t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
l .
a ni.en
l a i
l .
a ni a il i.ente field has larger lail.ani.ente
.anelectric
sas sas sas magnitudeaand as dense in a region where
daadsaless sas
. p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p . p . p.apdaada
ww w ww w ww w the electric
ww field is of smaller magnitude.
w ww w
w w w w w
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww (iv) No two wwelectric field lines intersect ww each ww Gauss law to the cylindrical
Applying ww surface,
other. If two lines cross at a point, then Q
e tethere
t will be two different
e te t electric field etet fE = ∫ E ⋅ dA = encl etet ...(2) etet
.ni.n lail.ani.
n .ni.n ε .ni.n ail.ani.n
a
dsaaslaila vectors at the same adsaaspoint. ads
a aslaila Curved
surface
a
d s
a as0laila s
ada asl
ada (v) The number ada .apda ada .wp.apda
w.wp.p w.wp.pof electric field lines w.wpthat w.wp.p w
ww w
emanate from the positive charge or end at
w w w w w + ww
m
a negative charge is directly proportional to E +
+
tethe
t magnitude of the charges.
.en tet
e e tet + tet e .ani.ente
t
Ls as
ongl ail.aniA nswer Questions s aslail.ani.n 5 marks s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
+
sasla i
l
adaada apdaada apdaada adaada apdaada
+
co
w w.wp.p 1. State Gauss wLaw w.wp.in electrostatics. w.wp.an
Obtain
w w w.wp.p +
w .
w p.
w w w w + r ww
expression for Electric field due to an infinitely + L
+
long charged wire. [Mar.-2020] E
+
t t nteat charge Q is t t t t t t
Ans. a(i)
a l il.ani.eneGauss’s law statesalthat a il.ani.eif a l a il.ani.ene a
+
l
+ a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas enclosed by aan as
daadsarbitrary closed surface, ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada E apdaada
ss
.wp.apda
s.
p +
then the . p. . p. . p . . p.
ww total electric flux ΦE through ww the
w w w w w w w + w w
ww ww ww
closed surface is +
+
→ → Q
φEe=te∫ 
t E .d A = encl t t t t Cylindrical Gaussian t t
il.ani.enesurface
t t
ok
asaaslaila
.in . n ε0
a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a a l a il.ani.ene
d asa s asa s s
asa Q = λL. asa s
.wp.apda p.apdadthe charges within .apdad (vi) Since E .isp.a pdad
constant, p.apdad
Electrostatics
w where Q denotes
w .w w .wpthe w w enc l
w .w
ww closed surface.
encl w
w ww ww λL ww ...(3)
E ∫ dA =
 λ - Linear charge density of an infinitely long, Curved ε0
.ani.entuniformly
et charged wire, n
.ari.e-ntdistance
et between t surface entet etet
o
i i i .ani.ente dA il.ani.curved ail.ani.n
s
ada asl a l wire and point ‘P’ s
ada asl a l s
ada asl a l But ò =Total areas
ada of
asl athe surface = 2πrl.s
ada asl
w .wp.apda  A1, A2 twowcharge .wp.apda elements. w .wp.apda w .wp.apdaλL w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww 'E' due to A and A , w w ∴E ww . 2πrL = ww

 The resultant 1 2
act radially ε0
outward and is same at all points.
t L radius & length of ncylindrical 1 λ
 . ni e
.ntr
e& . i e
. ntet Gaussian . n
i e
. ntet E= ni.entet
.a(or) .ani.ente
t
l a i
l a l a i
l a l a il a 2 πε rl a il l a il
sas surface of radius 'r'.sas sas s0 as sas
adaada adaada adaada apdaada1 λ ∧ adaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.→ w.wp.p
ur
w w +
+ w w +
+ A2 w w w
In vectorw form E = r and w w
is true for an
+
+ λ
+
+ 2πε 0 r
+ +
+
Q R + infinitely long wire.
t t + +
t t entet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene +
+
r
P
E
a l a il.ani.ener
+
+
P E
a N
la i
l .
a ni .
umerical P roblems
a l a il.ani.ene 3 marks a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas +
adsas adsas adsas
.s
+
S
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp10.apda .wp.apda
+ +
+ +
w w w w w
ww w ww w+ wwat each of
+ +
+
+
w +
+
A 1 1. Chargeswof × 10–9 C are placed
+ +
λ 3
the four corners of a square of side 8 cm. Find
+ +
+ (a) + (b)
w
t t i.ente
t t
.entepotential t t t t
a la il.ani.ene Electric field due a l a il.aninfinite
to a l a il.anithe at the intersection
a l a il.ani.ene of the diagonals.alail.ani.ene
adsa s s s adsa s asa s asa s
.wp.apda long aada wire
.wp.apdcharged .wp.apda p.aæpd1ad 1 1 1 ö
q.w
[QY-2019]
. p.apdad
w
ç + + + ÷ w
w w w Ans. V = ww w w
ww (ii) The total ww electric flux ww 4pe0 è r1 r2 r3 r4 ø w
w
8
→ →
10 4
.ani.ente E ∫
tΦ = E ⋅ d A = 2
.ani[q × 10–9.C]
t .entet ni.entet 2 t t
l a il l a il.ani.ente l a il 3 l ai l a 4
l a il.ani.ene
s as s as s as s as 8 s as
ada → → →a a → → → ada a
10p.apdaad –9 4 apdaad8a
.wp.apda p∫.apEda⋅ ddA + ∫ E ⋅ d A .wp.apda
w
w 
∫ E ⋅ d Aw
+.w w = 9
× 10 9 w.w
× × 10 2 w .wp2.
ww Curved w
w top bottom ww ww 3 4 ww
surface ...(1)
×q
surface surface
→ → → → 8
(iii)e tefor t the curved surface, Eet||etA and E ⋅d A t t t t t
l a il n
.ani. = E dA. For the toplaand il n
.ani. bottom surfaces, lail.ani.ç æ
en e 1
+
1
l+ail.ani. en1e +
1 ö
÷ l ai l.ani.ente
saas saas saas è 4 2 ´ 10
-2 -2
4 2 ´ 10saas 4 2 ´ 10 -2 -2
4 2 ´ 10 ø saas
adaad → → a
pdad→
a→ adaad adaad adaad
w w.wp.p w.wp.E ⋅d A = 0
E ⊥rwAwand w w.wp.p V = w w.wp.p× 103 V.
2.1216 ww.wp.p
w w w w
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w w
2. A dipole iswformed by two charges ofw5 mC and –5 mC at a distance ww of 8 mm. Find the electric ww field at
a) a point 25 cm away from center of dipole along its axial line.
b) eatepoint t 20 cm away from center
t t of dipole along its equatorial
t t line. t t [HY-2019] etet
Given
a l ail.a:niq.n= 5 μC, E along axial a l il.ani.enate 25 cm = ?, E along
aline a l il.ani.ene line at 20 cm a=la?il.ani.ene
aequatorial a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w.wp.apdaSolution : a) dipolewmoment .wp.apda p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww = 2qd ww= 2 × 5 × 10–6 × 8 × 10w –3 w
= 80 × 10–9 cm ww ww
m
E along axial line at 25 cm
tet 1 2p t 80×10−9
te2× t t t
l ai l.ani e
.n E = = 9 × l10
a il.9ni.e
a × n 3 l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente la i
l.ani.ente
sas
apdaada
3
4πε 0 r dadsaas
apa 6 (25×10−2 ) apdaadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
co
.
w p. = 0.09216 .wp . .wp. .wp. .
w p.
ww × 10
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
= 9.2 × 104 NC–1

b) E along equatorial line at 20 cm
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene 1 p a l a il.ani.ene80×10−9 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsas
ada E= 3 =d 9as×as109 × 3 = 0.09 asas× 106 = 9 × 104 NC–1adaadsas adsas
4πε 0wr.wp.apad (20×10−2 w ) .wp.apdad .wp.apda
s.
w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww w ww w ww w ww w ww
additional questions and answers
t t t t t t t t t t
ok
adsa s
.wp.apda Choose the Correct
adsa s
.wp.apdaAnswer
1 mark
.wp.apda
adsa6. The relative permittivity
s
. p.
s
apdaada
s of water is _____ daadsa
p.ap
s
w ww
w w w
ww
w (a) εr = w
70
w w w 75ww.w
(b) εr = w
1. Based on Franklin's convention amber rods (c) εr = 80 (d) εr = 85
Unit 1
are _______ t [t Ans. (c) εr = 80]

tet t etet
o
l a i
l.ani.en
(a) positively charged lail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.n
s as
ada (b) negatively charged s
ada as s a
ada7. ______and Coulomb's
s s a
a a law form fundamental
s s
ada as
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda principles of
w p.apdad
electrostatics
.w w .wp.apda
(c) neutralw w
ab
ww ww ww ww
(d) none of the above (a) Newton's law of gravitation
[Ans. (b) negatively charged] (b) tSuperposition principle t
. ni e
.n tet . ni e
.ntet . ni .ente Ohm's law .ani.ente .ani.ente
t
l a i
l a l aila l a i
l a (c) l a i
l l a i
l
sas The electrostatic force
2. sobeys
as _______ sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada (a) Newton's I law .wp.apdaada (b) Newton's II law .wp.apdaada (d) Kepler's law
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
ur
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww [Ans. (b) Superposition wwprinciple]
(c) Newton's III law (d) none of the above
[Ans. (c) Newton's III law] 8. The figure shows two parallel equipotential
tet t t .entet A and B kept ni.entaet t t
3. a l In
a n e
. n
il.aielectrostatics if the a l a il.ani.eneare in motion, alail.anisurface
charges a l a il.aat a l a il.ani.ene
adsas another force named adsas asas small distance a'r'daaapart
dsas from adsas
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda _______ comes into w p.apdad

.wplay w .wp.p rw .wp.apda
ww in additionwto w coulomb force. ww ww A point change of
each other. ww
(a) Lorentz force (b) Repulsive force Q coulomb is taken from the B
surface A to B. The amount A
w
(c)n Attractive
te t force te t te t te t t t
a la il.ai.en
(d) electromagnetic force
a l a il.ani.en a l a .en
il.aniof net work done willa be
l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda [Ans. (a) Lorentzwforce] .wp.apda −1
w .wpq.apda 1w .wp.a
qpdad
ww ww ww (a) W =ww (b) W =ww
w
4. The value of constant 'K' in coulomb law is 4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 2

(a) 0.9 tet× 10
9
Nm2 C2 (b) 9t ×t10–9 Nm2C2 −1 q
l (c)
a il.n
a i e
.n
9 × 10 9
Nm –2
C –2
l (d)
a il.ani.e9ne× 109 Nm2 C–2 l a il .ente tW =
.ani(c) ni.entet
2 alail.a(d) zero l ail.ani.n
etet
sa
ada s s
ada as s
da as 4 πε 0 r s
ada s s
aa as
–2 a [Ans. (d)
.p.apda .p.apda[Ans. (d) 9 × 10 Nm .pC.apda] .p.apda .p.azero]
pdad
w
9 2
ww ww w ww w ww w ww w
ww ww ww w = (V – V ) q
wW ww
5. The electrostatic force is always greater in A B
magnitude than gravitational force for ______ Hint: ∴ VA = VB for equipotential surface
t t t t t 0ni.entet t
l
object
a i
l
e
.ani. n e
l a i
l
e
.ani. n e
l a i
l .ani.ente W = O × q a=il.a
l l ail.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
. p.apdaada (a) bigger size . p.apdaada (b) smaller size .wp.apdaada . p.apdaada .p.apdaada
ww
w w (c) medium wwsize
w w (d) all the above
ww
w
ww
w w
ww
w w
[Ans. (b) smaller size]
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 9. The given figure ww is a plot of lines of force ww due to 13. Which one ww of these is a vector quantity? ww
two charges q1 & q2. Find out the sign of charges (a) Electric charge (b) Electric field
t t t t (c) t Electric
t flux (d) t Electric
t potential etet
a(a) both negative
e
il.ani.n e e e e e il.ani.ene
s asl s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl a[Ans. (b) Electric field]
s asl ail.ani.n
ada (b) both positive adaada apdaada aa aa
w.wp.apda w .wp.p w qp.
.w w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad
(c) upper positive and lower negativeww q 14. The electric ww field created by a _____ wwis basically
1
ww ww
m
a non-uniform electric field.
2
(d) upper negative and lower positive

entet [Ans. (a) both negative] (a) Test charge (b) Positive charge
e ntet entet t
i.entePoint charge .ani.ente
t
l a il.ani . l a il.ani . l a il.ani(c)
. Negative charge l a il.an(d) l a i
l
sas An uncharged metal
10. sphere
sas is placed between sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada [Ans. (d) Point charge] apdaada
co
w .wp. two equal and w .wp .
oppositely charged metal w. wp.
plates. w .
w p. .
w p.
ww ww ww 15. Eight mercury ww droplets having wa radius of
ww
The nature of lines of force will be
+ − + −
1 mm and charge of 0.066 pC each merge to
t +
t −
form one droplet. Its potential t is
t t .entet i.ente1.2 V t t
+ −
+ e
il.ani.en
(a) − (b) il.ani.e++ne il.ani.ene
+ −
a l a +
−
a l a −
−
a l a il.ani(a) 2.4 V a l a il.an(b) a l a
adsas + −
adsas + − ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
.wp.apda .wp− .apda
+ −
s.
w + w w . wp. (c) 3.6 V w .
w p. (d) 4.8 V w .
w p.
ww + ww −− +
+ ww −−− ww ww(a) 2.4 V]
[Ans.
(c) ++ − (d)
−
+
+ −
+ + −
4
+ − + −
+ −
t t t t t t 8 × volume of one entet of Hg = πR3
droplet t t
ok
a la il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene++ −
−
a l a il.ani.ene a l a i
l .
ani.
3 a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa [ adsa s adsa s 4 apdaad3sa s 4 adsa s
.wp.apda Ans. (b) +++ .wp.apda]
+ −
.wp.apda .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w w
−
− p. π r = π R3
8 ×w.w w
ww ww ww −
Hint: ww 3 3 ww
11. An isolated metal sphere of radius 'r' is given a 23 × r3 = R3
charge 3
t'q'. The potential energy oft the sphere is t t ( 2r ) 3 = ( Re)tet etet
o
i.ani.ente 2 i .ani.ente il.ani.ene .ni.n .ni.n
s sl a l
ada (a) q adaada (b)
a s asla l q s
ada asl a
dsas
apdaaR = 2r
alaila [ r = 1 amm]asas alaila
.wp.apda .wp.p .wp.apda w.wp. pdad
w.wp.
w 4πε r w 4 πε r w
ab
ww 0 ww 0 ww ww 1 ww w
q q2 R = 2× × 10 m (or) 2 mm
–3
q
(c) (d) [ R etet q = ne]
n.en8teπε 0 r
t
.ai. tet 0 r
nen8πε .ani.ente
t
.ani.n .ani.ente
t
i.ai i q 2 i i i
saasla l sasl a l
[Ans. (d) sasl a l s1aas q
l a l sasl a l
aad a
d apdaada 8πε arpda]ada ∴V = apda4adπε × apdaada
w.wp.p .wp. .wp . .wp. R .
w p.
ur
w w 0 ww 0 ww
ww ww ww w w
1 9 × 109 × 0.066 ×10 −12 × 8
P.E = CV2 [C = 4πε0r] V =
entet 2 entet entet 2.en× t −3
te10 t t
l a il.ani . q l a il.ani . l a il.ani . V = 2.4 V l a il.ani l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas V = asasa a
adsas a a
daadsas ss
apdaada
.s
.wp.apda Hint: pda0dr

.wp4.aπε .wp.apda 16. A force of 40 .wpN.apis . p.
w
ww 1
w 2w w acting betweenwtwo w charges
w w
ww  q ww  ww
P.E = × (4πε0r) ×  in air if the space between them is filled with
2 2  4πε 0 r  glass e = 8. Then the force between them is
t P.E = q t20 rN
w
te te t (a) te (b) te t N
10 t t
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
8πε r a l a n
il.ai e
.n
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s da0adsa s adsa s (c) 5 N adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda12. In a hydrogen atom w .wp.apthe electron revolves w .wp.apda
around (d) the same w wp.apdadoes
.and not change w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
the proton in an orbit of 0.53 Å . The potential
w
[Ans. (c) 5 N]
produced by the electron on the nuleus is
tetV ntet V etet 1 q1q2etet etet
a l il.ani.en
a(a) 6.8
a l il.ani.e13.6
a(b) a l ail.ani.n Fa = as⋅lail.a2ni.n a l ail.ani.n
s s
ada (c) 54.4 V adaada (d) 27.2 V s s s
ada s 4aπε
da0 r
s s
ada s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda 1 .wp.apda
w
w w .wp.p w w q q w
ww ww [Ans. (d) ww27.2 V] w =
w F ⋅ 1 2 ww
g
4πε 0 ε r r 2
Hint:
 1 q F
. ni e
. nte t V =   . ni.ente t
. ni e
. ntet g = 1 = 1 .ni.entet . ni.entet
l a il a  4 πε  r l a il a l a il a F ε l8a il a l ai l a
sHint:
as 0 sas sas a r sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp .apdaada1.6 ×10−19 . wp.apdaada .wp .apdFaada40 .wp.apdaada
w =w(9w× 109) × wwV
=w27.2 ww = a = w
ww w w F =5N ww
0.53 ×10 −10 g
8 8
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 17. The concept wwof 'Field' was introducedwby w 22. What will wwhappen if two conducting wwspheres are
(a) Faraday (b) Gauss separately charged and then brought in contact?
(c) (a) Total charge on the twoen spheres is conserved
.ani. Maxwell
entet (d) .ani.eNone
ntet .entetThe total energy islaconserved t etet
l a il l a il l a il.ani(b) il.ani. te l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada a s [ Ans. (a) Faraday] s
ada as s a s s as
.wp.apda18. The force experienced .wp.apda by a unit charge iswcalled .wp.apda (c) Both charge daadaenergy are conserved
.wp.apand .wp.apda
ada
w w w w
ww ww ww (d) Thew w potential is the mean of
final wwthe original
(a) Electric potential (b) Electric flux
m
potentials.
(c) Electric field (d) Static electricity [Ans.
n en te t [ Ans. n (c)
e ntetElectric field] n entet (a) Total charge .on n e ntthe
et two sphercs is i.ni.entet
lala i . i . lalai . i . lalai . i . conserved] lalai i . lala
a daadsaas The expression foraelectric
19. da adsaas field in vector formaisdaadsaas a da adsaas a daadsaas
This is
w.wpin. accordance with the law
p. of
co
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p p w.w p
ww 1 qw∧w −1 qw∧w Hint: ww ww
(a) r (b) r conservation of charge.
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 23. A condenser is charged to a potential of 200V and
t −t1 q t 1t q .enteat charge of 0.1C. The t t t
l a(c) n
il.ai. e n e ∧
r l n
il.ai.
(d)
a
e n e ∧
r l a il.anihas l a .ani.ente stored in it is
ilenergy l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas 4πε 0 r 2 a
adsas 4πε 0 r 2 a
s s (a) 1 J a
s s (c) 10 J ssa
.wp.apda .wp.apda apdaada (b) apda2adJ a (d) aadaJ
apd20
s.
. p . . p. . p .
ww
w
ww
w lw q r
w w ww w w [w
Ans.w w
w (c) 10 J]
[Ans. (d) w ]
4πε0 r2
20. The electric potential V as a function 1
t t t t of distance t Energy
t stored, U = en CV
tet2 t t
ok
n e
. n e n e
. n e n .en e n2 . il.ani.ene
asl ax il.a(metres)
i is given by Va s=
l a i(
l.a 5x
i 2
+ 10x –9) volt. a sl a il.a i
as l a il.a i
asl a
adsa The value of electric adsa asa adsa 1 daadsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdafield at a point –1x = 1m w .wis
p.apdad w .wp.apda U = (CV)V[Qwq.wp=.apCV]
ww (a) 20 Vm w –1 w (b) 6 Vm ww Hint: ww 2 ww
Unit 1
(c) 11 Vm –1
(d) – 23 Vm –1
1 1
U = qV = × 0.1 × 200
etet [Ans. (a) 20 Vm –1
]
n.entet n.entet n2.entet 2 n.entet
o
.i n.n .i .i lail.ai .i
a
d s
a aslaila a
d s
a aslaila d V a
d s
a aslaila adU s
a as= 10 J adsaaslaila
ada We know apda E = .wp.apda ada ada
w.wp.p w.wp.that, dx www w.wp.p w.wp.p
ab
ww ww w w w w
24. Increasing the charge on the plates of a
V = 5x2 + 10x –9 capacitor means
t Differentiating w.r. to ‘x’ on
t both sides (a) increasing the capacitance
i .ani.ente d V i .ani.ente i .entet
.ani(b) i et
.ani.entdifference i .ani.ente
t
saasl a l l a l
daadsaas = 10x + 10 = E daadsaas l a l increasing the potential
sas l a l between sas l a l
. wp.apdaadHint: . wp.ap dx .wp.ap the plates.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
ur
w wwAtw a point, x = 1m, w wwand (b) above w

ww ww (c) bothw(a) ww
dV (d) none of the above
= 10(1) + 10
t t dx t t t (b) increasing then.epotential
[tAns. ntet difference t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.endeV l a il.ani.ene l a il.ai between the plates] l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas ∴E = a
adsas = 20 Vm adsas
–1 a a
adsas a
adsas
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apda dx .wp.apda 25. A positivelywcharged .wp.apda body ‘A’ has beenwbrought .wp.apda
w w w
ww 21. Two condensers ww (capacitors) of capacity ww C and ww cylinder ‘B’ mounted
near a brass wwon a glass
1
C2 are connected in parallel. A charge Q given stand as shown in the figure. The potential of
‘B’t will
t be
w
to.nthen te t is shared. The ratio of the

te t charges Q is t t t t
l a ilai.en l a il.ani.en l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa (a) C2
as asaa s C1 asaas asa as B asa as
.wp.apda .wp.apdad (b) .wp.apdad .wp.apdad .wp.apdad
w C1 ww w C2 ww w w w
+
+
+
ww ww ww
+
+
+ + ++
+
+
w
1
+
+
A
+
(c) C1 . C2 (d)
C × C
+
+
etet ete1t 2 etet etet etet

+
+
ail.ani.n ail.ani.n C1 aslail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n

+
+
+
l l l l
+
+
a
ada
s s s
ada as [Ans. (b) da ]a a
s s
ada as aas as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .ap d .wp.apda p.apdad
w
w w w .wpC (a) Zero w (b) Negativew.w

ww ww ww 2
ww
(c) Positive ww
(d) Infinite
As they are in parallel, the potential is
same across the two, [Ans. (c) Positive]
.ni.netet ∴ Q = C V and iQ t
.ani2.en=teC2V .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
Hint:
aslaila 1 1
a l a l l a i
l l a i
l l ail
s Cdaadsas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada Q
=p.ap 1
∴ w1w.w .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
w w w w
ww wQ 2 C2 ww ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 26. Four plates ww
each of area ‘A’ are separated ww by 31. The magnitude ww w
of electric dipolewmoment of
a distance ‘d’. The connection is as shown in water molecule is
figure.e n What
tet is equivalent capacitance
entet between (a)
e tet6 × 10–30 Cm (b)
e te6.2
t × 10–30 Cm etet
s asl .ni .
aXilaand Y? s asl .
aila ni.
s asl . ni. n –30 . ni . n
aila (c) 6.1 × 10 Cm saslaila(d) 5.9 5 10–30 Cm saslail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada daada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda 1 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda [Ans. (c) 6.1 × 10 w p.pCm]
–30a
.w
ww ww d 2 ww 32. The expression ww for electric potentialwdifferencew
is
m
X 3 d Y P P
.entet∫ + E.dr t
lal i.ani.ene
t t d
lal
4 i.ani.entet
lal i.ani(a) i.ente − ∫ E.dr
i.an(b) lal
t t
i.ani.ene lal
a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas R
a daadsaas ∞
a daadsaas
co
w.wp. p ε A w.wp. p 2ε A w.wp. p w.wp. p .p. p
ww (a) 0
ww (b) 0 ww
P
ww
P w w w
w
d d (c) ∫ E.dr (d) ∫ − E.dr
3ε A 4ε A ∞ R
(c)
i. ni entet 0
. (d)
i . ni entet0
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
P
i .ani.ente
t
saslal
a d saslal
a d l a l a [Ans. (d) ∫ − E.dr l a l
ada ada 2 ε.0pA.apdaad
sas
a a
adsas adsa] s
a
s.
[Ans. (b) R
ww d ]
w w w w w w
ww ww ww(i.e r = ∞), the electrostatic
33. At Infinity ww potential
(V) is
They constitute two parallel tplate capacitors
Hint:i.ni.entet enet .entet i.ente
t t t
ok
asla la in parallel with eachasla l.
other.
i ani .
a l a il.ani(a) ∞ a l a il.an(b) maximum a l a il.ani.ene
adsa asa adsa s (c) minimum adsa s (d) zero adsa s
.wp.apda27. Charge per unit .apdad is called .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w w .wpvolume w w w
ww ww ww ww ww (d) zero]
[Ans.
(a) Linear charge density (l)
(b) Surface tet charge density (s) t t 34. The tpotential due to a single point
t charge falls as etet
o
l (c)
a il.ani e
. n
Volume charge density la il.ani.ene
(r) l a il.ani.ente 1 l a il.ani.ente 1 l ail.ani.n
s
ada as adas as s
ada as (a) 2 (b)
ada s a s s
ada as
w .wp.apda (d) Electric flux w .wp.apda w .wp.apda r w .wp.apda r 3
w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww (c) Volume charge density

[Ans. ww (r)] ww ww
1 1
28. The expression for the electric field due to a (c) (d) –
surface
n e
. n t
te of total charge ‘Q’ is.ngiven e
.n t
te by n .ente tr
n e
. ntet r [Ans. (c) 1 ] .ni.entet
i .a i i a i i . i i . i r alaila
saaslal saaslal slala The unit for electric
saa35. slalais
saaflux ss
d
apa ad 1 σd A d a d
apar (b) E = 1 ρd A d
apraad d
apa a d apada
d a
.wp. (a) E = ∫w r 2
.wp.
4πεw0w∫ r 2
.wp. .wp. .wp .
ur
w w (a) C2 Nw–1wmw–2 (b) Nm2wCw–2w

ww ww
4πε 0
1 λdl 1 dq (c) Nm2 C–1 (d) Nm–2C–1
(c) Ete=t
il.ani.en 4πε 0 r
∫ 2 r (d) E =
t t
il.ani.ene 4πε 0 r
∫ 2 r t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.en[eAns. (c) Nm C ]alail.ani.ene
t t 2 –1 t t
a l a a l a a l a a l a
adsas apdaada
ss s The electric flux
asa36. sas negative, if the angle
apdaadis apdaada
ss
.s
.wp.apda . p. 1 σd.wA.apdad
p w
.wp. . p .
ww
w
ww
w w [Ans. (a) E =
4πεw 0
∫ r2 r]
w w betweenwdA w and E is ww
w w
(a) Less than 90° (b) greater than 90°
29. The dipole is called point dipole when the
(c)t equal to 90° (d) equal to 0°
w
distance t t t t t
i.ente
t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene [ Ans.
a l a il.an(b) greater than 90°] a l a il.ani.ene
adsa (a) 2a approaches ainfinity
s asa and q approaches zero
s adsa s adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda (b) 2a approaches
w pdadand q approaches infinity
.wp.zero w .wp.apda 37. The time w .wp.apda by a conductor w
taken to pdad
.wp.areach
ww ww ww ww ww
(c) 2a approaches zero and q approaches zero electrostatic equilibrium is in the order of
w
(d) 2a approaches infinity and q approaches (a) 10–18 (b) 10–14 s

t t t t t t t etet
l ail.ani.n
e e
infinity.
l ail.ani.n
e e
l
e e
.n 10–16 s lail.an(d) 10
ail.ani(c) i.ente –20 s l ail.ani.n
a
ada
s s [Ans. (b) as
adaapproaches zero andadqaada
2a s s as ada s a s aas as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda [Ans. (c).w .apdads]
p10 –16
w
w w approaches w .wp.p
infinity] w w
ww ww ww 38. A non-conducting ww material whichwhas no free
w
30. The magnitude of torque on dipole is
maximum if electrons is called
t t t t .entet t t
l (a)
a il
e n e
.ani.q = 0° l (b)
a il
en e
.ani.q = 90° l a il.ani(a) capacitor l a il i.ente
.an(b) Dielectric l ai l.ani.ente
sas sas sas (c) conductor dadsaas (d) Inductor sas
. p.apdaada (c) q = 180° . p.apdaada (d) q = 180° .wp.apdaada . p.apa . p .apdaada
w w w w [Ans. (b) w qw= 90°] w w [Ans. (b) w w
ww ww w ww wwDielectric]
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l l l l l
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 39. The unit for ww
electric susceptibility isw
w 44. Two charges ww are kept at a distance ww in air
(a) Nm2 C–2 (b) C2 N–1 m–2 what should be the relative permittivity
ente–2tNm2 t of the medium in which the
t two charges
l a(c)
i
l .ani. C l a l.ani.ente–1 m–2C2
(d) N
i la i
l .entet be kept at thelailsame
.anishould .ani.ente distance so that lail.ani.ente
t
s a
ada s s as
ada [Ans. (b) C2 N–1 ma–2da]ada s as s
ada as s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.p .wp.apdahalf of the force which
they experience daada
.wp.apthey
w w w w w
ww 40. In the given wwcricuit the effective capacitance ww ww in air?
experienced ww
m
between A and B will be 1 1
(a) t (b)
i.ni.ene
t t 3µf 6µf i.ni.ene
t t
i.ni.ene 2
t t t
i.ni.ene 0.2
t t
i.ni.ene
lala lala lala lala saaslal
a
daadsaas daadsaas daadsaas (c) 2 daadsaas (d) 0.2 [Ans. a(c)
daad2]
a A a a a
co
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p
ww ww wwB ww ww
F F
2µf 2µf = er ⇒ Fm = (given)
t 36t t Fm 2t t
(a) 3mf t (b) te mf t t t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.en13 a l il.ani.ene F
Hint:
a a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsas (c) 13 mf adaadsas (d) 7 mf adsas = e a⇒dsaser = 2 adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apdar
( ) .wp.apda
s.
w w .wp.p w F w w
ww ww ww(a) 3mf]
[Ans. w2w ww
 3 × 6  2 × 2 45. An uniformly charged conducting shell of
entet C =   + i.a ni.entet  entet entet t t
ok
la i
l .
a ni . 3 + 6 l a l 2 + 2 l a i
l .
a ni .
2cm diameter has a i
surface
l a l .
ani.
charge density of l a il.ani.ene
adsHint:
aas asa
1d
as a
adsa s asaas asaas
w.wp.apda = .w
w +pda
2p.a
w .wp.apda 80mC / m2. w pdad on the shell is w.wp.apdad
.wp.acharge
The
ww ww
C = 3mf ww ww ww
(a) 100.48 nC (b) 100.48 mC
Unit 1
41. The direction tet of electric field at teat point on the (c) te 100.48
t C (d) te100.48
t × 10–12 C etet
o
e n en e n e n
s asl .
ila ni .
aequatorial line due to an
s as la n
electric
ila. i . dipole is
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl . ni .
aila[Ans. (a) 100.48 nC] s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda (a) along the equatorial
w .wp.apda line towards the w .wp.apda
dipole. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ab
ww (b) along the wwequatorial line away fromwthe w

dipole. ww Q ww
(c) parallel to the axis of the dipole and opposite s = ⇒ Q = sA
A
t
tethe direction of dipole.nimoment. te t t
te = (80 × 10.–6n)i.en×te4pR t 2 t
l a il.ani e
. to
n
l ai l a .en
l
Hint:
a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a il a l a il.ani.ente
sas a
daadsaofs the dipole and in.pthe sas aas10–6) × 4 × 3.14 × (1×10
daads× –2 sas
.wp.apdaada (d) parallel to the .wp .
axis
ap w .apdaada Q = p.ap(80
. w .wp.apdaad)a
ur
w direction w w w w
ww wwof dipole moment. ww ww = 100.48 × 10–9 C = 100.48 ww nC
[Ans. (c) parallel to the axis of
tethe
t dipole and opposite tto t the direction 46. Intetuning t
radio we use,
t t t
l a n
il.ai.e n
l a n
il.of
a en e n
i.dipole moment.] lail.ai(a) capacitors .en
l a i.ente
il.an(b) transistors l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a a a
daadsas (c) diodes adsas (d) LEDs adsas
.s
w .wp.apda42. The lower comb w .apdavan

.wpof de graaff .wp.apis
generator
ww ww ww ww w
[Ans. (a)wcapacitors]
maintained at a positive potential of
(a) 10 tkV (b) 107tV 47. Dielectric constant for the metals is
w
. ni e
. nte . ni ente3
. .n i entet
. . ni entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a sla i
(c)
l a 100 V a sl a i
(d)
l a 10 V a sl ail a (a) Zero a sl a i
l a (b) >1 a sl a
adsa adsa asa adsa asa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda [Ans. (a) 10
w .apdad
.wpkV] (c) <1 w .wp.apda (d) Infinite w.wp.apdad
ww ww ww ww w
[Ans.w(d) Infinite]
w
43. The negative gradient of potential is

48. If tCtis the capacitance of an tair
(a) torque
.ni.entet
(b) electric
. ni.entet
current
. .ene C' is the capacitance
niand . et filled capacitor i.ni.entet
ni.enof
a i
l a a i
l a a i
l a ail a dielectric filledaslala
adsaas (c) electric field intensity
adsaas (d) electric force adaadsaas capacitor, thenadaadsaas
l l l l
d d daadsa
w
p.a
p a p.ap a p. p p. p p.ap
.
ww [Ans.
w w (c) electric field intensity]
. ww. .
ww ww w
.
ww ww ww ww wC
(a) C′ = erC (b) C′ =
εr
t t t ε t t
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ente C′
.ani(c) = r l a i
l i.enteC′ = e0er C
.an(d) l ail.ani.ente
sas sas sas C sas dsaas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada w
earaC]
[Ans. (a) C′.p=.apd
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
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a
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w p
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a
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w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 49. The capacitance ww of a parallel platewcapacitor w w
54. Which wof the following statement ww on
increases from 5mf of 50mf when a dielectric equipotential surface is wrong?
t t .entet t any two .ni.entet
l i.ente between the plates.
aisil.anfilled l i.entepermitivity of lail.ani(a) The
ail.anThe
potential difference
l
etebetween
ail.anisi.nzero. laila
as
ada the dielectric is adaada
s s a s s
ada as points on the surface,
s
ada as adsaas
a da a d
a a da a da
w.wp.p (a) 8.854 ×w10 w.wpC.2pN–1 m–2
w–12 w.wp.p (b) The electric .p.p
ww w field is always perpendicular
.p.p
ww w to
ww ww w
the surface.
w
m
(b) 8.854 × 10–11 C2 N–1 m–2
(c) 10 (c) Equipotential surface is always spherical.
tet× 10 C N m
–12 2 –1 –2
en entet .entetNo work is done in t
.ani.ente a charge along lail.ani.ente
t
l a i
(d)
l.an i .
12 × 10 –12
C 2
N –1
m –2 l a il.ani . l a il.an(d)
i l a ilmoving
sas aas
daads8.854 sas sas sas
apdaada ap(b) –1 p.a a]ada
–2d the surface. apdaada [Ans. (c) Equipotential apdaada
co
w .wp. [ Ans.
w .wp. × 10 –11
C 2
Nw .wm p .wp. .wp.
ww ww ww www surface is always w
wwspherical]
 C  55. Two identical metal balls with charges +2Q
e = e0er  εr = 2  and
. n i entet
. . ni .entet  C1  . ni .entet –Q are separated iby . ni ensome
. tet distance and .ni.entet
i a i a i a exerts a force F on each other.
a They are joinedaslaila
d adsaaslal d ad
al
saasl–12  C2  d adsaaslal by a conductingdwire, ad
l
saaslawhich is then removed. adsa
.wp.apa Hint: = 8.854
.wp.apa× 10 ×  C  .wp.apda
s.
w w w .wp.apa w .wp.apa w
ww ww 1 ww The force wwbetween them will now.ww
−6
50 × 10 (a) F12 (b) F (c) F (d) F 4
= 8.854 × 10–12 × −6 8
tet t5et× 10 t t t t t t
ok
l a il.ani.en = 8.854 × 10 l a
–11 ani2.enN–1 m–2
il.C l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene F l a il.ani.ene
adsaas adsaa s adsaas [ adsaas Ans. (b) dadsa ]as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apa8
Electrostatics
w 50. An electricwdipole w placed at an anglewin w
w a non- 56. A spherical w w
ww w ww equipotential surface iswnot w possible
uniform electric field experiences
(a) for a point charge (b) for a dipole
(a) neither t a force nor a torque t t t etet etet
o
e te e e e te
s asl il.ani.n
a(b) torque s a sl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani(c)
.n inside a spherical capacitor
ada (c) both force andatorque ada ada (d) inside a uniformly ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda charged sphere w.wp.apda
(d) force only ww[Ans. (c) both force and wwtorque]
ab
ww [ ww Ans. (b) w for

w a dipole]
51. Two copper spheres A and B of same size are 57. Charge Q is divided into two parts which are
charged
.ani.ente to same potential. .ani.eAnteis hollow and lail.anithen
t t .entet kept some distancelaapart. t t
l a il l ai l i
l .ani.enteThe force between lail.ani.ente
sas B is solid. Which of dthe stwo
as holds more charge? sas them will be maximum sas if the two parts aredadsaas
apdaada (a) Solid sphere.w apaadahold any charge .wp.apdaada apdaada aa
. wp. cannot
p.
Qw .wp. Q w.wp.p
ur
w ww ww
ww w
(b) hollow sphere cannot hold any charge w w
(a) each
w (b) each w w
2 5
(c) both have zero charge
(d) both
tet have the same charge t t .entetQ and 2Q lail.an(d) t
i.ente Q and 3Q t t
l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani(c) l a il.ani.ene
adsas
a [Ans. (d) both adsahave
as the same charge] a
adsas 3 3 adsas a 4 4 apdaadsas a
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .p.

ww
w 52. A bird sitting w
wwon a high power line ww
w
w w w
w w w Q
w
[Ans. (a) each ]
(a) gets killed instantly 2
(b) gets a mild shock 58. In a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance c,
w
n entet
. n entet
. n .entet n entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
asl a i
(c)
l.a i is not affected practically
asl a il.a i
asl a il.a ia metal sheet is inserted
asl a i
l .a i between the plates, asl a
adsa (d) gets a fatal shock adsa adsa adsa asa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda parallel to them.
w .wp.apdaThe thickness of thew.sheet p.apdadis
w
ww [w w (c) is not affected practically]
Ans. ww half of theww separation between the wwplates. The
w
capacitance now becomes

53. Two conducting charged spheres x and y
t tet C C
l a il.ani.ente unequal chargeslaare
having il.ani.enconnected by a
l a il .entet
.ani(a) 2c (b) (c)
l a i
l i.ente
.an4c
t (d)
l ail.ani.n
etet
as
ada wire. Which of theafollowing
s s
ada as is true? s
ada as 4
adas as 2 s as
.wp.apda .wp.pda .wp.apda .wp.apda aada
p.apd2C]
w
w (a) charge is conserved

w w w [Ans.w .w
(a)
ww ww ww ww ww
(b) electrostatic energy is conserved 59. When 4V emf is applied across a 1F capacitor,
(c) both the charge and electrostatic energy are it will store energy of
n e tet
conserved
n n e ntet n .entet2J (b) t
.ani.ente6J (d) .ani.ente
t
l a il.a i . l a il.a i. l a il.a i(a) 4J (c) l a i
l 8J l ai l
sas saas sas sas adsa]as
.wp.apdaada (d) neither of these .wp.apdisaadconserved .wp.apdaada [ .wp.apdaada Ans..w apda8J
(d)
p .
ww [Ans. (a) charge is conserved]
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
Ph:9600175757 / 8124201000 adsas
l l l l l
p
w.w
a
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 60. Value of k w
w
in Coulomb’s law dependswupon
w 68. A charge wwQ is placed at the corner wwof a cube.
(a) magnitude of charges The electric flux through all the six faces of the
(b) e distance
t et between charges e te t cube
etet is etet etet
l il.ani.n
a(c) l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n Q Q l ail.ani.n Q Q l ail.ani.n
s
ada as both (a) and (b) adas as s
ada as (a) (b) s a s
ada (c) (d) ada s as
w.wp.apda (d) medium .wp.apda two charges
between
w w .wp.apda 3ε o w .wp.apda6ε o 8ε o w .wp.apdaε o
ww w
[Ans.w(d) medium between twowcharges]
w ww ww
Q
m
61. Region around a charge q in which it exerts force [Ans. (d) ]
ε0
oni . niae
.n et charge is called i.ni.entet
ttest
i . ni .entet
i . ni .entet
i .ani.ente
t
l a l a l a l a 69.
l a l a Which graph shows the
l a l a variation of electric l a l
sas sas sas dsaas spherical conductor sas
apdaada (a) electric flux .intensity apdaada (b) electric force.wp.apdaada field E due to apadaahollow apdaada
co
w .wp. (c) electric field w wp. w w .wp . w .wp .
ww ww ww of radius wwR as a function of distance ww from the
(d) Coulomb’s force [Ans. (c) electric field] centre of the sphere?
62. Which tof the following cannot be the units of
t t t .entetE .entetE t t
a l a il.ani.ene field intensity? alail.ani.ene
electric
a l a il.ani(a) a l a il.ani(b) a l a il.ani.ene
adsas (a) Nc–1 adaadsas (b) Vm–1 adsas adsas adsas
s.
w w .wp.p w w w
ww (c) Jc /m −1
ww (d) Jc –1
ww wR
w dist w
R
w dist
[Ans. (d) Jc–1]
63. The telectric flux through a tsurface will be
enet when the angle between enet E and A is .entetE
il.ani(c) .entetE
il.ani(d)
t t
ok
a l a il.an
minimumi .
a l a il.ani .
a l a a l a a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa (a) 90° asa s asa s adsa s adsa s
.wp.apda (b) .p60°
.apdad (c) 0° (d) .p45°
.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w [Ans. w w R w dist w
ww(a) 90°]
R dist
ww ww ww ww
64. One Joule per Coulomb is called
Unit 1
(a) Gauss tet (b) ampere tet tet [Ans. tet (a) E ]
etet
o
e n e n en en
s asl a(c)
il.ani . farad
s asl (d)
a il.ani .volt
s asl a il.ani .
s a sl a il.ani .
s asl ail.ani.n
ada [ ada Ans. (d) volt] ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
R
.wp.apdadist
65. When three capacitors are joined in w series,
w the 70. Which graph ww shows that in a hollow ww spherical
ab
ww ww
total capacitance is shell potential (v) changes with respect to
(a) Equal to the sum of the capacitance distance (r) from centre? t t
(b) . ni e
. n tet
greater than the value . ni e
of
.n t maximum
tethe . ni .entet .ani.eneQ .ani.ente
t
l a il a l a il a l aÈil a Q l a il 1 ˘ l a il
sas capacitance adaadsaas sas aaoutside
s = r ≥ R , Vadaad˙saas
p.apdaada p. p p.apdaada ÍÎVinside = 4peo R r.wp£.ap Rda,adsV
4 pe r .p.ap r
ww w ˚
.w (c) less thanw the .
w value of the minimum capacitance
w .w
ur
w ww ww o
ww w
(d) none of the above [Ans. (b) greater than
w w w
the value of the maximum capacitance]
66. The tet ni.entetR and r have lail.ani.entet .entetV t t
l a il.ai. concentric
n e n spheres ofi.radii
l a l a (a) l a il.ani(b) l a il.ani.ene
adsas similar charges with
a equal
adsas surface densities (a
a s).adsasa a
adsas adsas a
.s
V
w .wp.apda what is the electric w .wp.apdapotential at their common w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww centre? w
w ww ww ww
d d
σ σ
(a) t (R – r) (b) t (R + r)
w
t t t t t t
il.ani.enεeo il.ani.enεeo
t t
l a l a l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaas σ s as s as (c) V s a s (d) V s as
.wp.apda (c) R .wp.apdaada (d) σ .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp apdaada
.
ww
w ε o ww w εo ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
σ
w
[Ans. (b) (R + r)] d d

ε0
t tet of a cube. etet etet etet
i.ente Q mC is placed at
67. laAil.ancharge l .ani.encenter
ailthe l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s as
ada The flux coming out s
afromas
da any surface will pbe aas as aas a s aa s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .apdad p.apdad p.apdad
w
w w Q ww w .w w .w w .w
ww Q ww ww [Ans. (b) V
ww ]
(a) (b)
24ε o 8ε o
Q t Qt t t t
l a(c)
il.ani.ente × 10–6 l (d)
a il.ani.ente × 10–3 l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente d
l ai l.ani.ente
sas 6ε o sas 6ε o sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada Q .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp apdaada
.
w w w w w
ww [ ww Ans. (c) ww × 10–6] ww ww
6ε0
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
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a
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 71. What physical ww quantities may Xwwand Y 74. A condenser ww of 2mF capacitancewwis charged
represent? [Y represents the first mentioned steadily from 0 to 5 coulomb. Which of
quantity].
n.entet n.entet .entet following graphs
the t represents i.ni.entet
.i
aslaila
.i
aslaila lail.anithe l a il.ancorrectly
i.ente lala
a
dsa Y a
d s
a s
ada as variation ofdad potential
s
a as difference acrossadsaas
ada ada a d
a a a a d
a
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.prespect to the charge
its plateswwith .p the
w.wpon
ww ww ww w ww
m
condenser [Q = C V ]
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
. ni e
. ntetV .ni e
. ntet 5 .ani.ente
t
l ail l a i
l l a i
l a (a) l a i
l a (b) la i
l
sas sas X sas sas V
sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada 2.5
apdaada apdaada
co
. p. (a) k.E - velocity. p. . p. . p. . p.
ww of a particle
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww wwQ 5 ww
(b) pressure - temperature of a given gas 2.5 Q
V
(constant
tet volume) entet entet5 t t t t
a la i
l.anen
i .
a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a i
l .
a n(c)
i . (d)
a l a il.ani.eneV a l ail.ani.ene
adsas (c) capacitance - acharge asas to give a constant asas asas asas
.wp.apda p.pdad p.apdad p.apdad p.apdad
s.
w potential w .
w w .
w w .
w 2.5
w .
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Q 5 Q
(d) potential - capacitance to give a constant 5
tet
charge entet t t t t t t
ok
en
lail.ani. lail.ani. l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene V l a il.ani.ene
as a a s a
adsa [Ans. (d) potentialad-aacapacitance
dsa a
adsa s a
adsa s [ Ans. (a) s]as
.wp.apda to give
.wp.apdaa .wp.apda apdaada
Electrostatics
w w .wp.p w w w .
wp.
ww wwcharge]
constant ww ww 2.5 w
w
Q 5
72. During tetcharging a capacitor variation

tet of potential 75. Intetwo concentric hollow tspheres of radii r
.en t R (>r), the charge ni.enisetdistributed such lail.ani.entet
o
n e n n en .aniand
alaVilaof the capacitor with time alailtais shown as
. i . . i . l a i
l l a i
l .aQ
a dsaas adsaas
. p.apdaadsas .p a
.pdaadsas . p.apdaadsas that their surface . p.apdaadensities are same. Then
. p.apdathe
ww ww ww w
atwtheir common centrew isww
w
ab
ww (a) V ww (b) ww potential

ww
V
Q (R 2 + r 2 ) QR
o o t (a) (b) t t
( )
t
t t t t t
l a i
l
e
.ani. ne 4πε o R + r
l a i
l
e
.ani. n e R +r
l a i
l .ani.ente
sas
apdaada (c) V
sas
p.apdaada (d) V
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada Q ( R + r )adaadsaas
.p . . . p. (c) Zero . p . (d) .p.p2 )
w w w w 4πε (wRw2 w
ur
w w ww ww +r
ww ww w w w
o
o t
o t
Q(R + r)
[Ans. (d) ]
entet 4πε0(R + r ) i.ani.entet
2 2
t t tet V entet
il.ani.ene [a il.ani.en(a)
Ans. ] i .
a ni . i .
a ni .
a
adsas
l a l
adsaasa slal A point charge dqadissaasplaced
adsaa76.
lal alal
at a distanceapdaaad2sas
.s
.wp.apda p
w.w
a
.pda .
t w
p.apda . p.ap a p
w.w .
ww
w
ww
o
ww
w ww wthe centre of a square
directlywabove wwof side ‘a’.
73. Charge Q on a capacitor varies with voltage
The electric flux through the square is
V as shown in graph, where Q is along X-axis
w
t t t t .entet q lail.an(b) t t t
laand e
il.ani.enV along Y-axis. Theala area e
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l .ani.ente a i
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ok
a l a l ani .
a l ai l.ani .
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a l a il.ani .
The energy stored per
a l i
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a l.an i .
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s
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w w w defined as __________.
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s
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n
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14. Electrostatic force is stronger than gravitational 23. A closed system contains four charges –8.1C,
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a il.ani.e2.25 l a il .entethe
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. p.apdad said to be polarized?
. p.apdad
. . p.apdad
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w ww w
Ans. When an external electric field is applied, the centers 15. (i) Two insulated charged copper spheres A
Unit 1
of positive and negative charges are separated by a & B of identical size have charges qA and
small tdistance
t which induces dipole etetmoment in the etet –3qA respectively. When t they
t are brought in etet
o
l il.ani.ene of the external electric
adirection l l.ani.nThen the dielectric saslail.ani.n
aifield. l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as ada contact with each s
ada as other and then separated, s
ada as
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdaby an external electricwfield.
is said to be polarized .wp.apda what are
w .apdanew
.wpthe charges on them? w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww ww (ii) ww third sphere of same size w

When
w
but uncharged
8. What are Polar molecules?
Ans. (i) is brought in contact with first and then
enteInt polar molecules, the centers entet of the positive .ani.ente
t with second and finally tet
.ani.enremoved from both, i.ni.entet
l a i
l .
a ni . and negative charges lare
ail.
a separated.
ni . l a i
l l a il lala
sas sas sas what are the anew
saas charges? adsaas
p apdaada (ii) A permanent p apdaadamoment. H2O, N2O,.w
dipole p apdaada
HCl, apda d apda
. . . . . w.wp. qAw.w p.
ww on each sphere = qA −w3w
w w
ur
w NH3. www w
ww ww Ans. (i) Charge = − qA
2
9. Two field lines don't intersect each other why? qA
Ans. (i).ni .ente (ii)t t
New charge on A is entet
ila If it intersects, there will
il.ani.ebe
ntetwo
t t tangents at t t
l a l a l a il.ani.ene l a il.an2i. l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas that particular point. a
adsas a
daadsas s s qA + (2qB )
a a
adsas
aada
.s
.wp.apda (ii) Then the .wp.apda are supposed to move

charges .wp.apin .p.apdon
New charge
ww
B is .p.apda
ww
w w
ww in same time.
two paths ww
w
qA ww 4 www w
+ qB q q
(iii) Hence it is not possible. 2
Q tet 2 = A + B = qA + 2qB
w
t t t t 4 2 t t t t
10. l a
e
il.ani.en are induced dipoles?
What l a il.ani.en e
l ail.ani.en l a il.ani.en4e l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s asaa s adsaas qB = –3qAdadsa as adsaas
w .wp.apdaAns. When an external w .wp.apdad field is applied, thew
electric .wp.apda
dipoles
Q q =
w .wp.apa
–3q w .wp.apda
ww inside the polar wwmolecule tend to align in the ww direction wwB A ww
q − 6 q
w
of the electric field. Hence a net dipole moment is ∴ New charge on B1 is A A

induced t in it. Then the dielectric isesaid to be polarized 4
i
by .anane te
i.nexternal electric field and i .athe te t
ni.ndipoles are known lail.ani.entet 5 ail.ani.entet ail.ani.n
etet
sa sl a l s asl a l s as New charge on B = −s asl q s asl
ada as induced dipoles. adaada ada ada A ada
.p.apda .p.apda .p.apda 4 .p.apda
w
ww ww .p.p ww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
11. What is dielectric breakdown? 16. What is the electric flux through a cube of side
Ans. When the external electric field applied to a 1 cm which encloses on electric dipole?
t t t t .entetelectric flux is zerolabecause t t
l a l
e
dielectric
i .ani. n e is very large, it tears
l a i
l
e
.anithe
n e
. atoms apart so Ans. l a i
l .aniNet i
sas saas sas (i) It is independent sas sas
.
w p.apdaada that the bound charges .
w p.apdaadbecome free charges. Then
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada of the shape and size
.
wp.apdaada
ww
w the dielectric wwstarts to conduct electricity.
w
ww This is
w (ii) Net wcharge
ww of the electric dipolewis zero.
ww
called dielectric breakdown.
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l l l l l
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
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w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w w
17. A charge Qwµc is placed at the centrewof a cube 20. An electric ww dipole is held in a uniform ww electric
what would be the (i) flux through one face? field.
(ii) eflux passing through two opposite faces of (i)
l
ntet
il.ani.cube?
athe l
etet
ail.ani.n l .entet Show that the netlaforce
ail.ani(ii)
tacting
il.ani.ene
t on it is zero.
l
etet
ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as Q s
ada
a s The dipole is aligned
aas as parallel to the field.
s
ada as
w.wp.apda Electric flux .wp.apdawhole cube =
through
w w .wp.apda Find the
w .apdaddone in rotating itwthrough
.wpwork .wp.apda
ww ww e 0 ww w
thewangle of 180º ww
m
1 Q →
Ans. (i) ete
Electric flux through one face . µV Ans. (i)t t The dipole moment of dipole te P = q × 2a
i .ani
t
.n etet= i .ani . n 6 ε 0
m
i .ani .en e i .ani e
.→n t
i .ani.ente
t
sas l a l asl a l sas l a l Force on – qdat l a l
sAas= –q E sas l a l
apdaada (ii) By symmetry daadsaflux
apthe through each ofpthe apdaada apaada apdaada
co
. p. . p . . . . p . → . p .
w w w w w
w is w w w w
ww six faces
wwof cube will be same when wwcharge wwon + q at B = +q E →ww →
Force
placed at the centre. Net force on the dipole = q E – q E = 0
1 Q
il.ani(ii)
.ene Work done on dipole il.ani.enewhen it is rotatedalail.ani.ene
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene∴φE = 6 . ε
l a il.ani.ene l a l a
a
adsas 0 asas a asasa through 180º ssa ss
.wp.apda
d
.wp.apdaflux passing through .apdad apdaada apdaada
s.
w Thus electric
w w .wptwo . p .
W =wΔU = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2) w
w w w .wp .
ww wwfaces of the cube
opposite ww w w
= pE (cos 0º – cos180º)
1 Q
= t 2. . = pE (1 – (–1) t t
t 6 ε0 entet entet t t
ok
i . ni en
. e i . ni . i . ni . il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a sl a l a asl a l a a sl a l a W = 2 pE asl a asl a
adsa 1 pQ asa adsa adsa asa
.wp.apda .apdad .wp.apda 21. A sphere of w .wp.apda+Q is fixed. A smaller .apdad
Electrostatics
w φ = w .w. w charge w .wpsphere
ww ww 3 ε 0 ww ww ww
of charge +q is placed near the larger sphere
18. What orientation of an electric dipole in a and released from rest. The small sphere will
tet electric field corresponds tet to its .entet away from largelasphere t t etet
o
uniform
aila move il.ani.ene with
e n e n
a l aila. ni .
a l aila. ni .
a l . ni
a a l ail.ani.n
ada (i) stable and (ii) unstable
s s ada equilibrium? Depict
s s s
ada s a. decreasing velocity s s
ada & decreasing acceleration. s
ada s
w .wp.apda the .wp.apda
orientations.
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww velocity & increasingwacceleration.
b. decreasing
ab
ww ww ww w
Ans. (i) In stable equilibrium the dipole moment is c. decreasing velocity & constant acceleration
parallel to the direction of electric field. i.e.
t t d. increasing velocity & decreasing acceleration
l a il
e nt
.ani. θ = 0.
e
l a il.ani.ente l a il .entetincreasing
.anie. velocity
l a il
t
.ani.ente & increasing l a il.ani.ente
t
sas sas sas sas sas
. p.apdaada (ii) In unstable.wp.equilibrium, apdaada P.E. is max., so
. p .apdaada acceleration . p apdaada
. . p .apdaada
w θ = π. i.e. wdipole moment is antiparallel w to
w w w
ur
w w w
ww ww
electric field.
ww Which ww of the above statement wwis correct?
→ → Explain.
(iii) t θt= 0º P is parallel to E stable equilibrium Ans. (i)t t At a distance r, the forceton
il.ani.ene the small spherealail.ani.ene
t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene(b) unstable, θ = 180º. l a →
il.ani.ene
is antiparallel l a il.ani.ene l a
a
adsas adsas P
a a
adsas due to large sphere
daadsas
a adsas
.s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w1 .wp.apQq w .wp.apda

ww ww ww F =ww . 2 ww
–q +q → +q –q → 4 πε mr
E P 0
E (ii) If m is the mass of small sphere then its
w
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani .entet acceleration i .ani entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
asl a l asl a l a sl a l asl a l asl a
adsa s
aada do not have sudden adsa F .p.a 1pdaada
sQq asa
w .wp.apda19. (i) Electric w .wp.apdlines
field w .wp.apda a = w= w . w .wp.apdad
ww breaks ww why is it so? ww wm w 4πε mr 2 ww
w
0
(ii) Explain why two field lines never cross (iii) As the small sphere is pushed away (i.e. r
each other at any point.
l
e te t
il.ani .n Electric field line isalthe
a(i)
e
.n
ail.anipath
te t
l .entet increased) 'a' decreases.
ail.ani(iv) l ail.an i.ente
t
l ail.ani.n
etet
Ans.
s
ada as adas s of movement s
ada a s As 'a' is always saa+ve
s the speed of the smalls
ada as
.wp.apda .apdamoving .wp.apda aadincreasing.
.wp.apdon .wp.apda
w
w of a charge.w .wpA charge experiences w sphere w goes w

ww ww
a continuous force in an electric wwfield, so ww
(v) ∴increasing velocity andw decreasing
w
field line is always continuous acceleration.
(ii) e nteThe t field lines never intersect t since if t t t
l a il.ani. they cross, there will l a il.ani.en
be
te
two directions of l a il.ani .ente (d) is correct. l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
sas saas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada electric field.wp .apatdaadthe point of intersection, .wp .apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp .apdaada
w ww w w w
ww whichwis impossible. ww ww ww
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a
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a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
22. Graphicallywrepresent the variation of electric ww field 27. What iswthe w work done by the fieldwin w moving a
due to point charge Q with (a) magnitude of charge small positive charge from Q to P? Give reason.
e tet 1
i.n r and (c) 2 where lrais e t t Th

.n distance of the lail.ani.ente
e Ans. t
e work .entet
done by the field iis.ninegative. Q
etet
a l Qil.an(b)
a a i
l.anithe
a This is since the charge is
a l a
movedl a
against P a l ail.ani.n
s s r daadas s s s s s s s
adaada observation point .ap the charge. adaada adaada adaada
w.wp.p w.wpfrom w.wp.p w.wp.pby the field.
the force exerted w.wp.p
ww Ans. ww ww ww ww
m
28. A point charge Q is placed at point O.
E E E
t t .entet tet Is the charge i.ni.entet
l .ani.ente l a il.aniPotential difference VA – ViB.nisi.en
l a l a
positive.
lala
sas O θ
apdaada
sas
aprdaada
1
a daadsaas Q negative or positive? a daadsaas a daadsaas
co
.
w p. .
w p. r 2
.p. p .wp. p 1 Q ww.w p. p
ww
w (a)
ww
w
w ww w Ans. The wwpotential
electric
w V = . w
23. A positive charge +q is located at a point, what is 4πε 0 r
the work done, if a unit positive charge is carried
tet tet of radius r 1 t t
la
once
il.ani.enaround this charge along
l a il.ani.eancircle l a .entet
il.ani Vla=il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
adsas about this point? adaadsas
a a a
adsas The potential due ss r
a ssa
.wp.apdaAns. The potential at each .wp.apda aadaapoint charge decreases
.wp.apdto .wp.apdaada
with
s.
w w p on the circular pathw
.wp.point around w w
ww ww ww w
increasewof distance. ww
the charge is same i.e. potential difference between
the initial and final position is zero. VA – VB > 0 ⇒ VA > VB.
t t t t Hencet t the charge Q is positive. t t t t
ok
∴Work e
il.ani.en done W = V ×q =al0a×il.an1i.en e
= 0. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
l a l a l a l a
a
adsa s s
aada
s adsa29. The electric fieldaddue
a s sato a point charge depends
as
aadparallelly daadsa
a s
w .wp.apda24. What do you mean w .apdPotential
.wpby w .wp.apda
Energy of an electric on the distance w .wp.rpas indicate w .wp.apeach
how
ww dipole, when wwplaced in electric field? ww ww
of the following quantities dependswon r?
w
Unit 1
Ans. An electric dipole always tends to rotate itself along a. Intensity of light from a point source.
the edirection of electric field. Work has to be done
i.n orientation θ. lail.anib. .entetElectrical potentialladue to
t at point charge.
t t etet
o
te te
l i.n
ainil.anrotating the dipole to somel
e
ail.another il.ani.ene l ail.ani.n
s
ada as aas as aas
a s c. Electrical potential
daadas as at a distance r from centre s
ada a s
w .wp.apda This work donewin.w .apdad dipole gets storedwin
protating .apdad
.wpthe of a charged
w .wp.apmetallic sphere w .wp.apda
ab
ww dipole in thewform w of potential energy. ww ww ww

Given r < radius of the sphere.
25. Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii R
and . ni e
.n2teRtare given charges Q &.nQ i e
. n et
trespectively. The Ans. n(a)
. i .en tet I ∝ 12 .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a il a l a
1 il a 2 l a il a r l a il l a il
sas dsaasthe outer surfaces ofpthe sas saas sas
p.apdaada surface charge density p .apdaaon .apdaada 1 .p.apdaad p.apdaada
. shells are equal. . . (b) V ∝ww .
ww Determine the ratio Qw =Q
w w w. w w w
ur
w w w
ww 1 w 2 wr ww
Ans. Surface charge density σ is same
(c) V does not depend on r.
∴charge t Q1 = 4πR2σ t
l a
t
il.ani.eneQ2 = 4π(2R2)σ alail.ani.ene
charge
t 30.
l a .entet are the factors on
il.aniWhat l a ilwhich
t
.ani.ente the capacity of a lail.ani.ente
t
a asas parallel plate capacitor
a
daadsas with dielectric depend?
a a
R
adsas asas asas
.s
.wp.apda Q1 4πR 2 σw.w p.a1pdad .wp.apdad Ans. (i) Area ofwthe .wp.applates .wp.apdad
ww
w = w = w
ww 2R ww ww
w
Q 2 4π (4w R 2 )σ 4 (ii) Separation between the plates.
(iii) Dielectric constant of the dielectric between the
26. Twoeisolated metal spheres A &etBethave radii R &
w
t t t t nteat capacitor depend ail.ani.entet

a l a2R
n . n e
il.airespectively and sameacharge l a il.ai q. Find which of alail.ai.ene plates. The capacitance
n . n n
a l a il.ani.eof al
s
daadsa the two spheres have dsa s
daagreater daadsa s upon geometricaldaadsa dimension and the.pnature
s daadsas
ww. p.ap . p .ap energy density . just
p.ap of the . p.ap
dielectric between the plates. .ap
ww outside thewsurface ww w of the sphere. ww
ww
ww
w w
ww
ww
w
1 31. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery.

Ans. Energy density U = ε0 E2 After some time, the battery is disconnected and
e tet 2 e tet tet ni.entet equal to the lail.ani.ene
t t
l aila . ni . n
l a .
ila n i . n
l a ila a.endielectric
. ni slab with its l ail.athickness
s as
ada aσa Q
s
= dad =
as s
ada a s plate separationapdis s as
aadinserted
a between the plates. s
ada a s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
But E .w p.ap .wp.the

ww
w
ww
w ε 0 A ε 0 ww
w How willwwbew (i) capacitance of the
ww capacitor
w
1 ε0Q2 Q 2 (ii) potential difference between the plates & (iii)
∴U = . 2 ⇒ U = the energy stored in the capacitor gets affected?
t 2 A ε0 2An.entet2
t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ai Ans.
l a il.aniQ.en0te- charge, V0 - potentialladifference,
i l.ani.ente C0 - capacitance, lail.ani.ente
sas 1 adaadsaas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada U ∝ .wp .⇒p U > U .wp.apdaada U0 - energy stored, .wp.apdaadabefore the dielectric.wpslab .apdaadisa
w w2 w w w
ww wwA A B
ww inserted.ww ww
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww
(i) The Capacitance ww the
of the capacitor without ww of point P from infinitesimal
r → distance ww charge dq.
Ù
Q r Unit vector from dq to point P.
dielectric
t is C0 = 0 t
l ail.ani.n
e te V0 ail.ani.n
l
e te
l .entet For linear chargeladistribution
ail.ani(i)
t t
il.ani.ene : l ail.ani.n
etet
a
ada
s s When the battery as
ada is disconnected and
s s
ada as adas as s
ada as
w.wp.apda the .wp.apdisa inserted, the capacitance
dielectric
w w .wp.apda Linear w .wp.apda λ = Q C m–1.
density w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww L ww
increases from C0 to C.
m
i.e. charge per unit length. where Q is
∴C = εrC0, where εr is the dielectric constant. uniformly distributed e charge
nte t t t t along the wire t
l (ii)
a il.ani.e The electrostatic potentiall a il.ani.ente difference is lail.ani.ente of length L. For infinitesimal l a il.ani.nte length dq =λ dl. lail.ani.ente
sas reduced andad the sas sas sas sas
apdaada aadacharge Q0 will remain apdaada apdaadadistribution : apdaada
co
. p. constant, . p. p . p . (ii) Surface . p.
charge . p.
ww after the battery is disconnected.
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww wwQ ww
V0 s= Cm . –2
∴The new potential difference is, V = . A
t t t ε t t s → surface charge density
t t (charge per .ni.entet
i.ente
r
il.ani.en eThe energy stored inalthe
(iii) il.ancapacitor before the il.ani.ene il.ani.ene ia
d ad a
sas l a
insertion of the d
a
sas is,
dielectric
ad d ad a
sas l a
d a d a
sas l a unit area)
d adsaaslal
s.
aa aa aa .wp.apa aa
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p Q → wuniformly w.wp.p on
distributed wcharge
ww ww 1 Q02 ww ww w
U0= surface of area A.
2 C0 For infinitesimal area, dq =sdA.
n.enteAfter t the dielectric is inserted, ntet the charge .entet Volume charge distribution t t t t
ok
a l a il.ai Q remains constant a l a il.ani.ethe
but capacitance is a l a il.ani(iii) a l a il.ani.ene : a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s s s s s
apda–3ada apdaada
0
.wp.apda .wp.apadaresult, the stored energy .wp.apd Q .w
Electrostatics
increased.wAs isa p. .wp.
ww
w
ww ww
w ρ =ww C m .
w
ww
w
decreased. V
1 Q02 1 Q02 U 0 ρ → Volume charge density (charge per
t U = = = t t unit volume)
.entet → uniformly distribution t
o
l a il.ani.ente 2 C 2 εar C
l il.an0i.enteε r l a il.ani Q l a il.ani.ente of charge in a lail.ani.ente
s as s as s as s as s as
adaada adaada adaada adaada volumeadaada
w.wp.p Short Answer w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p V.
wwQwuestions w3wmarks
ab
ww w w ww w ww w
2. Deduce an expression for the electric field due
1. How do we determine the electric field due to a to the system of point charges.
continuous
. ni e
.n tet charge distribution? . n i e
. ntetExplain. . ni .ente t Suppose a number .aniof
t
.entepoint .ani.ente
t
l a il a l ail a Ans.
l a il a (i) l a il charges are l a il
adsaas Electric filed due to continuous
apdaAns. apdaada
sas charge distributiond:adsaas
apa
saas
daadspace. aada
apdfield
sas
. p. . p . . p . distributed . p .apin To find the electric
. p .
w consider the chargedw object of irregular shape.
w Itw w w
ur
w w w w
ww ww ww ww point P due to this collection
at some ww of point
is divided into large number of charge elements.
Δq1, →1t st charge element; r1p - distance of the charges, superposition principle is used.
t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.eneP from Ist charge alail.ani.ene
point l a il.ani(ii)
.ene The electric field due l a i.entaecollection of point lail.ani.ente
il.anto
a
adsas Δq → Second charge adsas a a a
daadsas charges at aan dsas
aarbitrary point is simplyaequal adsas
.s
w .wp.apda 2,
w .wpst.apda element; r2p - distance w .wp.apof w .wp.pda w .wp.pda
ww the point Pwfrom w 2 charge ww to wthe
wvector sum of the electricwfields w created
Δqn, →nth charge element; rnp - distance of the by the individual point charges. This is called
point entePt from n charge entet superposition of electric fields.
w
th
i .ani . i .
a ni entet
. i .ani . i .ani .ente t t t
il.ani.ene
asl a l
Then. electric filed at point
a sl aPl due to all asl a l (iii) Consider a collection
as l a l of point charges q , q ,asl a
adsa asa adsa daadsa 1 as 2a
w .wp.apda charge elements w is
.w pdad by
p.agiven w .wp.apda w .wpn.aplocated
q3,,..........q at various pointswin pdad
.wp.aspace.
ww ww ww Theww total electric field at some w
w
point P due to
w
→ 1  ∆q1 ∧ ∆q2 ∧ ∆qn ∧ 

E≈
4teπε
t  r 2 r1P + r 2 r 2 P + ........ t
+ 2 r nP 
rnP 
all these n charges is given by
e n 0 1P 2 P e nte entet entet etet
a l aila. ni .
a l aila. ni .
(1) a l aila. ni . → → →
a→lail.ani. →
a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s 1 n
∆qi ∧adaada s s s
ada s E tot = E1 +apEda2ad+aE 3 + .............. + E n apd
s s ...(1)
adas s
.wp.apda ∑ .wp.apda
w
w ≈ w2 .wpr.iPp w w .wp. w .wp. a

ww 4πε 0 tw = 1 riP
w ww ww wwq ∧ 
→ 1  q1 ∧ q2 ∧ q3 ∧
E tot =  2 1P r + r + r + ... + 2n rnP  (2)
For continuous distribution of charge, 4πε 0  r1P 2 2P
r2 P r3P 2 3P
rnP 
t 0 (= dq)
.ente→ t t t t
l a l a Lti.niΔq
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
sas → 1 as
dq p∧.apdaadsa sas sas sas
apdaada ∴ E . apdaada apdaada apdaada
ww
w .
w p. =
4πε 0ww ∫ rw2.wr
ww
w .
w p.
ww
w .
w p.
ww
w .
wp.
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l l l l l
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.p a .wp.apda
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w.w
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. pda
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww w
(iv) Here rw , r , r .........r are the distances wwbetween ww produces oscillating electromagnetic
(ii) Oven ww
1P 2P 3P nP
the point P and the charges q1, q2., q3 ......... qn fields and torque.
etet ∧ ∧ ∧ t ∧ (iii)
tet Due to this water molecule entet & rotate very i.ani.entet
ail.ani.n respectively. Also sas r1P ,lar2ilP.an,i.re3ntPe........ rnP
are the alail.ani.en fast and producealheat. ail.ani.Thus,
a l heat generated la l
da
s
ada s
unit vectors ada from q , q , q .........aqdaada
directed
da
s s da
s
ada s daadsaas
w.wp.p
a
w.wp.p
a 1 2 3 .p.p n is usedwto.p.cook
ap the food. .p.p a
ww respectively
ww to P. Equation (2) can bewre-written ww w w w w w ww w
5. Define potential difference and derive.
m
as,
Ans. (i) The potential energy difference per unit
.ani.ente
t → 1 n i.qnii.en∧tet t
.ani.ente charge is given bylail.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
sas l
ai l E tot =
4aπε
∑ l a
a  2 l a
daa0dsai =s1  riP 
r i P ...(3)
sas l a il
P daadsa
as sas la i
l
apdaada apdaada apdaada
( )
ap → →
co
. p. . p. p . p. . p. . p .
wwq ' ∫ − E . d r
w w w w w w w w w w
ww (v) For example ww in Figure, the resultant wwelectric P → ww
∆U → ...(1)
field due to three point charges q1, q2., q3, at = R = − ∫ E .d r
t t t q ' q' Rt t
t t t i.enteis independent of lail.ani.ente
a l a il.ani.enepoint P is shown. alail.ani.ene a l a .ene
il.ani(ii) The above equation
a l a il.an(1) a
adsas Note that the daadsas lengths of the electric adsas adsas asas
.wp.apda .wp.aprelative .wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad
s.
w w w w P→ w .w
ww ww for the charges dependwon
field vectors w relative q¢.wwThe quantity ∆U = − ∫ E .w w
→
d r is called
q'
distances of the charges to the point P. R
electric potential difference
entet entet entet entet between P and i.ani.entet
ok
il.ani . i
l .
a ni . i l.ani . R and is denoted asi l.an
Vi. – VR = ΔV.
d adsaasl a
d a d
a
saasl E2P d adsaasla
d adsaasla P
d adsaaslal
(iii) The electric
w.wp.p potential difference .wpis.apalso
a a a a E3P a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p E1P w.wp.p defined anwexternal
ww ww+ r ww ww as the work done byww
q3 force to bring unit positive charge from
Unit 1
3P
P Etot
+ r2P E point R to point P.
o
2P
.ni.n q2 r i.ni.n .ni.n .ni.n .ni.n
aslaila aslaila aslaila P → → aslaila
1P
+ lala
a
d s
a q1daadsaas E3P a
d s
a ads
VP.p−.apVdaR = ∆V = ∫ − E .d r
a adsa
ada a ada ada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p ww w.wp.p
ab
ww ww ww ww R ww
Etot= E1P+ E2P+ E3P (iv) The electric potential energy difference
t can be written as ΔUn.= q t¢ ΔV.
.ani.ente Superposition ofla Electric
.ani.ente field
t t t
l a i
l i
l l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .aiente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas What happens when
3. anaelectric dipole is heldadsaa
daadsas s Derive the expressions
6. sas for the potential energy sas
.p apdaada in a non-uniform
. . p.aelectric
p field? . p.apda . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w w w of a system of point charges.
w w
ur
w w w w w
ww ww
Ans. If the electric field is not uniform, then the
ww ww ww
Ans. (i) The electric potential at a point P due to a
force experienced by +q is different from that collection of charges q1, q2, q3…..qn is equal
experiencedt t by –q. In addition t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.eneto the torque, alail.ani.ene to sum of the electric
l a il.ani.enepotentials due toalail.ani.ene
adsas there will be net forceadacting
a sas on the dipole.
a adsas a
adsas
individualapcharges. adsas
.s
ada wp.ap
da .wp.apda .wp. da .wp.apda
w.wp.p w.→ w w w
w w w
w E
Non uniform →w w ww kq kq kq kqw
w
Vtot = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
+
+q
r1 r2 r3 rn
w
t t t t t t n qi.ni.ene
t t t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene 1 il.ani.ene
a
adsa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a

=
4πε
∑ a sl a
adsai =1 ri
l a a
adsa sl a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda O w .wp.apda w .wp.a0pda w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww r1, r2, r3……. rn are the distances
(ii) where ww of q1,
w
→
– -q
q2, q3 ….. qn respectively from P (Figure).
etet etet etet etetP etet
sasl ail.ani.n s asl
Net totque, Net forceail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s a
r
sl ail.ani.n
1
s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa aa ada
q1
ada
.wp.apda p.apdad p.apdad .wp.apda r .wp.apda
w
w The dipole w .
w w .
w w w
ww ww in a non-uniform electricww field ww ww
2
r
4. What is principle used in Microwave oven?
n
r3
Explain. t t t
q2
qn
t t
Ans. l (i)
ail.ani .enteMicrowave oven works l a i
l .entethe
.anion principle of l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
sas saas electric dipole. Water sas sq as sas
apdaada torque acting aadan
on
apd apdaada apdaada potential due to .wp.apdaada
3
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .wp. w . p.
Electrostatic
w w
ww molecules
ww in food are permanent wwelectric ww collection of charges ww
dipoles.
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
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w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww 7. How is electric ww flux related to electricwfield? w 8. Derive w
w
an expression for electric wwflux in a
Ans. (i) Consider a uniform electric field in a region non uniform electric field and an arbitrarily
eteoft space. Let us choosei.aan tet A normal to
i.enarea shaped
t t area. t t t t
a l ail.ani.n the electric field lines a l aasl nshown la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
s
ada s s
ada s in Figure (a). s a
adaAns. (i) Suppose the
s s
a a
aelectric
s field is not uniform s
daada
as
w.wp.apda The w .apdafor
.wpflux
electric this case is w .wp.apda and the
w .apdadA is not flat (Figure),
.wparea w .wp.apthen
ww ww ww ww ww
ΦE = EA ...(1)
m
the entire area is divided into n small area
→ → → →
(ii) Suppose the same area A is kept parallel to the ∆ A , ∆ A , ∆ A .......∆ A
t t t segments t n, t
.ani.enteuniform electric field, .ani.enteno electric field lail.ani.ente such that each area i.ente .ani.ente
1 2 3
i i then i .anelement i
sas l a l sasl a l sas sas l a l is almost flat
sas l a l
apdaada lines pierce through
apdaada the area A , as shown apdaada apdaada field through each aada
apdarea
and the electric
co
.wp. .wp . .wp . .wp. .wp .
ww
w in Figure
ww (b). The electric flux for
w
wwthis
w case w
ww is considered to be uniform.
element ww
w
is zero.
(ii) The electric flux for the entire area A is
Φ t = 0 t ...(2) t approximately written as t
t E t
i.eneangle θ with the lail.ani.ente → → → →lail.an→i.ente → t t
a l a il.ani.en eIf the area is inclined
(iii) a l a il.anan
at a a → → a l a il.ani.ene
adsas daadsas asas f = E ⋅∆ A + Eada⋅∆ asas daandsas
.wp.apda field, then the component of the electric.p .apdad
field p.p2 dA 2 + E3 ⋅∆ A3 ...... Ewn.w ⋅∆
p.apA
s.
w w .wp.ap w w E 1 1 .w
w
ww ww
perpendicular to the area alone contributes ww to wn w→ → ww
the electric flux. The electric field component = ∑ E1⋅∆ A1 ...(1)
t parallel
t to the surface area will
t t not contribute t t i =1 t t t t
ok
e
il.ani.en to the electric flux.aThis e
il.aniis.enshown in Figure alail.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a sl a sl a s asl a asl a
adsa asa asa adsa adsa
.wp.apda .apdadthe electric flux w.wp.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda
Electrostatics
w (c). For this
w .wpcase, w w
ww Φ wwE
= (E cos θ)A...(3) ww ww ww
(iv) Further, θ is also the angle between the electric E Ei
field
t and the direction normal t to the area. t t etet
o
e te e te e te e te
s asl ail.ani.n Hence in general,sfor asl il.ani.n
auniform electric field, s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n i
s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa ada ada ada
w .wp.apda the electric
w .apdaisd defined as
.wpflux w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ab
w
ww w
ww → → ww w www w
ww
ΦE = E . A =EA cos θ
→ → ∧
t note that A is the area
Here, vector
t A=An t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.p
w apdaada (v) Its magnitude
. .
w p.apdaaisdasimply the area A.wpand ap∧daada
. .
w p.apdaada .wp.apdaada
ur
w w is along the unit vector

the direction w n ww flux for non-uniform w
ww ww ww Electric
w ww
perpendicular to the area as shown in Figure. electric Field
→ → →
t t tet φE = E . A , .entet By taking the limit nteti → 0 (for all i) ail.ani.entet
a l a il.ani.eneUsing this definition
a l a ilfor
.ani.enflux
a la il.ani(iii) l a il.ani.eΔA l
adsas adsas(2) can be obtainedaas
equations (1)apdand adsas the summation a
adsasin equation (1) becomes adsaas
.s
p a
. pda p. a p. pda p.apda p.apda
w.w special w.w .
ww w integration.
w.w The total electric w flux
w.wfor the
ww wwcases. →w
→ ww w
entire area is given by
In Figure (a), θ = 0º so φE = E . A = EA → →
→ → φE = ∫ E. d A etet ...(2)
w
i.ani enteInt Figure (b), θ = 90ºi.aso

. ni entφet = E . A = 0
. i .n
a i entet
. i .
a ni . n t t
il.ani.ene
a la l a l a l E a l a l a l a l a l a
adsa s asa s adsa s (iv) From Equation s
adsa (2), it is clear that the
adsa s
w .wp.apda p.apdad
Her .w
w w .wp.apda electric
w p.apdafor
flux
.w a given surfacew .wp.apda
depends
ww E ww E E w
w w
onwboth the electric field pattern ww on the
w
surface area and orientation of the surface

etet etet t t with respect to the electric t t field. t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
s
E co
l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l a l a l a
s
ada as s
ada as E sin E
ada9. Deduce electricaflux
s as a afor closed surfaces. adaada
s as s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda Ans. (i) A closed .pdad is present in thewregion
w
.wpsurface .p.p
ww
w
w w w
w w w
w w w
w w w of
A A A the non-uniform electric field as shown in
(a)Elect EA (c)Elect E cos
(b)Elect Figure (a). The total electric flux over this
The
l .entet flux for Uniform
ail.anielectric
t
i.ente field
ail.anelectric
l l
etet
ail.ani.n closed surface is written
etet
ail.ani.n as
l ail.ani.n
etet
l
d adsaasa d adsaasa d adsaasa → →asaasa
d d adsaasa
...(1)
d
ww
a
w.wp. p a
ww
a
w.wp. p a
ww
a
w.wp.p a
ww
wE.wp⋅.d A
φΕ = ∫ ap a
ww
a
w.wp. pa
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l l l l l
d adsaasa asaasa
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
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w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a
as a
s a
adsa s a
adsas
ww ww ww wwshape of the Gaussian surface
The ww to be
chosen depends on the type of charge
etet etet etet configuration and the etekind
t of symmetry etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n existing in that s as ail.ani.n configuration. The
charge
l s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada aa daadaa
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda electricw p.apdaisd spherically symmetric
field
.w w .wp.apfor
ww ww ww ww charge, therefore spherical
point ww Gaussian
m
(a)
surface is chosen. Cylindrical and planar
t t t Gaussian surfaces canenbe t chosen for other t
ai l.ani.ente a il i.ente
.andA a il.ani.ente a il.ani. te a il.ani.ente
sas l sas l sas l kinds of charge saconfigurations.
sl sas l
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaadaL.H.S apdaada
co
w .wp.
ww
.wp . w .wp . (iv) In w the
.wp . of wequation
.wp.
ww wdA ww ww → → Q ww →
encl the electric field E
φΕ = ∫ E ⋅ d A =
ε0
a l a n
il.ai. en
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a n
il.ai. en is due to charges present
a l a il.ani.eneinside and outsidealail.ani.ene
adsas adsas adsas the Gaussian asas sas
.wp.apda .wp.apda (b) .wp.apda p.apdadsurface but the charge p.apdQ
aad
s.
encl
w w w denotes w .w w .w
ww ww flux over a closed surfaceww
Electric ww the charges which lie wwonly inside
the Gaussian surface.
(ii) Note → the →difference between equations (v) t The Gaussian surface cannot pass through
t t entetintegration in ente any discrete chargei.abut entitetcan pass through i.ani.entet
ok
e
saasl a il.ani e
.n φE = ∫ E. d A and (1).
a il.an The
i .
saasl surface integration saasl a il.ani .
saasl a l ni .
sisaaslal
a daad equation (1) is
a daaadclosed a daad continuous a daacharge
d distributions. aIt
daad
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p because,w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww and forww each area element,→ theww outward ww very close to the discrete ww charges,
the electric field is not well defined.
Unit 1
normal is the direction of d A as shown in

t Figure (b). tet (vi) tet Gauss law is another form
tet of Coulomb’s .ni.entet
o
e ntethe e n en e n
laila . ni . aila. n i . laila . ni . law and it is alsolaapplicable .
ila ni . to the charges laila
a daadsaas (iii) The total electric a da aasl over a closed surface
adsflux a daadsaas in motion. a daadsaas of this reason, Gauss
Because a daadsas
a
ww. p. p .
can bewnegative,
ww p . p positive or zero. . p
wInwthe. p .wp . p . p.
w w lawp
law iswtreated as much moreww general
ab
ww w ww ww
Figure (b), it is shown that in one area than Coulomb’s law.
→ →
element,
t the angle between t d A and E 11. nWhat .entet
is dielectrics or insulators? t t
l a il.ani.enteis less than 90°, then l a il i.enteelectric flux is Ans.
.anthe l a il.ai(i) A dielectric is a l i .ani.ente
non-conducting
a l material l a il.ani.ente
sas dsaas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada positive and .wp .ain
p daaanother area element,.w p apdaada
the
. and has .wno
p . aadaelectrons. The electrons
apdfree .wp.apdaadina
ur
w ww → → w w w
ww anglewbetween d A and E is greater ww than ww
a dielectric are bound within wwthe atoms.
90°, then the electric flux is negative. Ebonite, glass and mica are some examples
(iv)
. ni enteInt general, the electrici.flux
. n i enteistnegative if the
. . ni .entet of dielectrics. t
.ani.ente field is applied, lail.ani.ente
t
l a il a
electric field lines l a l a l a il a (ii) When an external l a ilelectric
a
adsas adsaenter
as the closed surface asasa a
adsas adsas a
.s
w .wp.apda and positive

w .wp.aifpdathe electric field linesw.leave wp.apdad the electrons
w .wp.apdaare not free to move w anywhere
.wp.apda
ww ww surface.
the closed ww butww they are realigned in a wspecific w way.
A dielectric is made up of either polar
10. Write the special features of Gauss law. molecules or non-polart molecules.
w
enteThet entet the closed entet ni.enet t t

Ans.
a l (i)
a il.an
i . total electric flux
a l a il.an .
through
i 12.
a l a il.ani .
Explain the Lightning a l a il.aarrester or lightning a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s surface depends adsa s adsa s asa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda only on the charges w .wp.apda conductor. w.w p.apdad w .wp.apda
ww enclosed
ww by the surface and the wwcharges ww ww
present outside the surface will not Ans. Principle : action of points :
w
contribute to the flux and the shape of the (i) This device consists of a long thick copper
t t etet rod passing from top t building to the t t
l
e te
ail.ani.n closed surface cansabe l achosen
e te
il.ani.n arbitrarily. l ail.ani.n ground. The upper l i.of
ail.anend
entethe
l ail.ani.ene
as
ada (ii) The total electric
s aflux s
a is independent of the s
ada as s
ada as of the rod has adaa
s as
.wp.apda .apdadcharges inside the wclosed .wp.apda .wp.apdaor a sharp needle as wshown .wp.apda in
w
w location of
w .wpthe sharp spike
w
ww ww
surface.
ww ww ww
Figure (a) and (b).
→ → Q (ii) The lower end of the rod is connected to
(iii) enteTo t arrive at equation φΕ =ent∫etE ⋅ d A = encl a
l a il.ani . l a il.an i. ε 0 l a il.ani .entet the copper plate lwhich a il.ani.ente
t
is buried deep into lail.ani.ente
t
sas sas sas the ground. saas a negatively charged sas
.wp.apdaada spherical surface
.wp .apdaadisa chosen. This imaginary .wp apdaada
. .wp apdaadWhen
. .wp.apdaada
w w w cloud w ww
ww surfaceww is called a Gaussianwwsurface. ww is passing above thewbuilding, it
induces a positive charge on the spike.
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etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

2etet Current Electricity

w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda

etet etet etet etet etet

ww ww ww 1.7.4 ww Dielectrics or insulators ww

.wp.apda 1.5.1 Electrostatic .wp.apda Potential energy p.apdad

1.5.5 Relation between electric field and conductor

etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

w .wp.apda w .wp.apda  r w w .wp.apda

w .wp.apda point charge w .wp.apda O w .wpr.apda P 4 πεw .wp

charge experiences a repulsive force of 9 ×109 N.

w w : Processwof wwisolating a certain region w w

.wp.apda .wp.apda of producing . p. p . . p.

given to it raises its potential by 1 volt.

ww wwthe charged parallel sheets ww is zero. ww ww

w Produces similar w w w wwpro-

w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda

tet te t te t q1= C1V ; q2= C2V t t t t

Total potential V = V1 + V2 +V3

(3) et of ε = 8.854 × 10i.–12

et Electric field due toi.ani.edipole

(8) Electric field (E) = NC–1 or V m–1

apdaada is displaced a small apdaaddistance from the pointapdaada apdaada apdaada

respect to the displacement?

2. Which charge configuration produces a

ww (b) uniformly ww charged infinite line ww 80 qw

7. Two identical conducting balls having positive

.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda . p.apdaa .

11 the given system of charges in increasing

w w → ww Ans. (i) The w done to move a chargewqwbetween

t t .entet potential. lail.ani.entet t t

an infinitely long charged wire. [PTA-1]

ww ww ww = 4πr2 ww is constant within andwon

a 8µF [Cc = 2 µF]