Problem Set in Cytogenetics

Deadline: 23:59 02 October 2020

Directions: Answer the following questions completely. Write all pertinent solutions that led
you to your answer. Encircle or box all final answers. You may submit scanned copies of
your solutions or photos of your solutions. Please ensure that your solutions are legible. You
may also opt to ship your solutions via courier to the CAHS Dean’s office. Should you decide
to ship them, please upload a scanned image or a photograph of the receipt from the courier
indicating that you shipped the papers before the deadline. Answers to the problem set will
be available right after the deadline passes.

1. What is the genotypic ratio and the phenotypic ratio of an AaBBNn x aaBbNn cross? Show the
answer by using a Punnett Square.
- Possible arrangements for AaBBNn
ABN ABn aBN aBn

- Possible arrangements for aaBbNn

aBN aBn abN abn

Punnett Square
ABN ABn aBN aBn
aBN AaBBNN AaBBNn aaBBNN aaBBNn
aBn AaBBNn AaBBnn aaBBNn aaBBnn
abN AaBbNN AaBbNn aaBbNN aaBbNn
abn AaBbNn AaBbnn aaBbNn aaBbnn

GENOTYPIC RATIO = 2:2:2:2:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1

AaBBNN – 1/16 aaBBNN – 1/16
AaBBNn – 2/16 aaBBNn – 2/16
AaBbNN – 1/16 aaBbNN – 1/16
AaBbNn – 2/16 aaBbNn – 2/16
AaBBnn – 1/16 aaBBnn – 1/16
AaBbnn – 1/16 aaBbnn – 1/16

Punnett Square
ABN ABn aBN aBn
aBN AaBBNN AaBBNn aaBBNN aaBBNn
aBn AaBBNn AaBBnn aaBBNn aaBBnn
abN AaBbNN AaBbNn aaBbNN aaBbNn
abn AaBbNn AaBbnn aaBbNn aaBbnn

PHENOTYPIC RATIO = 6:6:2:2

ABN – 6/16
ABn – 2/16
aBN – 6/16
aBn – 2/16

2. In sesame plants, both the number of seed pods per leaf axis and the shape of the leaf are
monogenetically controlled. The one-pod condition is dominant over the three-pod condition and
the normal-leaf condition is dominant to the wrinkled condition. The two characters are inherited
independently. The results of five crosses, each between a single pair of plants gave the results
shown in the table below. Determine the genotypes of the parents of each cross.
One pod (P) Normal leaf (L)
Three pod (p) wrinkled leaf (l)
Number of Progeny
One- Onepod Threepod Threepod
Cross Parents
pod wrinkled normal wrinkled
normal
1 one-pod normal x three-pod 318 98 323 104
normal
2 one-pod normal x one-pod 110 113 33 18
wrinkled
3 one-pod normal x three-pod 363 118 0 0
normal
4 one-pod normal x three-pod 211 0 205 0
wrinkled
5 one-pod wrinkled x three-pod 78 90 84 88
normal

a) One-pod normal x three-pod normal

Parental genotypes: PpLl x ppLl
✓ One-pod normal
✓ Onepod wrinkled
✓ Threepod normal
 ✓ Threepod wrinkled
PL Pl pL pl
pL PpLL PpLl ppLL ppLl
pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll
pL PPLL PpLl ppLL ppLl
pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll

`
b) One-pod normal x one-pod wrinkled
Parental genotypes: PpLl x Ppll
✓ One-pod normal
✓ Onepod wrinkled
✓ Threepod normal
✓ Threepod wrinkled
PL Pl pL pl
Pl PPLl PPll PpLl Ppll
Pl PPLl PPll PpLl Ppll
pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll
pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll

c) One-pod normal x three-pod normal

Parental genotypes: PPLl x ppLl
✓ One-pod normal
✓ Onepod wrinkled
Threepod normal
Threepod wrinkled
PL Pl PL Pl
pL PpLL PpLl PpLL PpLl
pl PpLl Ppll PpLl Ppll
pL PpLL PpLl PpLL PpLl
pl PpLl Ppll PpLl Ppll

d) One-pod normal x three-pod wrinkled

Parental genotypes: PpLL x ppll
✓ One-pod normal
Onepod wrinkled
✓ Threepod normal
Threepod wrinkled
PL PL pL pL
pl PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl
pl PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl
pl PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl
pl PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl

e) One-pod wrinkled x three-pod normal

Parental genotypes: Ppll x ppLl
✓ One-pod normal
✓ Onepod wrinkled
✓ Threepod normal
 ✓ Threepod wrinkled
Pl Pl pl pl
pL PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl
pl Ppll Ppll ppll ppll
pL PpLl PpLl ppLl ppLl
pl Ppll Ppll ppll Ppll

3. A male plant with genotype AaBBccDdee was crossed with one heterozygous for all the genes.
a. Calculate the probabilities:

Possible arrangements for AaBBccDdee:

ABcDe ABcde aBcDe aBcde

Possible arrangements for AaBbCcDdEe:

ABCDE ABCDe ABCdE ABCde ABcDE ABcDe ABcdE

ABcde AbCDE AbCDe AbCdE AbCde AbcDE AbcDe
AbcdE Abcde aBCDE aBCDe aBCdE aBCde aBcDE
aBcDe aBcdE aBcde abCDE abCDe abCdE abCde
abcDE abcDe abcdE abcde
 i. Of getting a pollen with ABcDe genes.
- f(ABcDe)=1/4 =0.25 or 25%

ii. Of getting an ovum with all recessive genes

- f(abcde)=1/32 = 0.031 or 3%
 iii. Of a progeny with an ABCDe phenotype.

ABcDe ABcde aBcDe aBcde

ABCDE AABBCcDDEe AABBCcDdEe AaBBCcDDEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABCDe AABBCcDDee AABBCcDdee AaBBCcDDee AaBBCcDdee
ABCdE AABBCcDdEe AABBCcDdEe AaBBCcDdEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABCde AABBCcDdee AABBCcdde AaBBCcDdee AaBBCcddee
ABcDE AABBccDDEe e
AABBCcDdEe AaBBccDDEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABcDe AABBccDDee AABBccDdee AaBBccDDee AaBBccDdee
ABcdE AABBccDdEe AABBccddEe AaBBccDdEe AaBBccddEe
ABcde AABBccDdee AABBccddee AaBBccDdee AaBBccddee
AbCDE AABbCcDDEe AABbCcDdEe AaBbCcDDEe AaBbCcDdEe
AbCDe AABbCcDDee AABbCcDdee AaBbCcDDee AaBbCcDdee
AbCdE AABbCcDdEe AABbCcddEe AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcddEe
AbCde AABbCcDdee AABbCcddee AaBbCcDdee AaBbCcddee
AbcDE AABbccDDEe AABbbbDdEe AaBbccDDEe AaBbbbDdEe
AbcDe AABbccDDee AABbccDdee AaBbccDDee AaBbccDdee
AbcdE AABbccDdEe AABbccddEe AaBbccDdEe AaBbccddEe
Abcde AABbccDdee AABbccddee AaBbccDdee AaBbccddee
aBCDE AaBBCcDDEe AaBBCcDdEe aaBBCcDDEe aaBBCcDdEe
aBCDe AaBBCcDDee AaBBCcDdee aaBBCcDDee aaBBCcDdee
aBCdE AaBBCcDdEe AaBBCcddEe aaBBCcDdEe aaBBCcddEe
aBCde AaBBCcDdee AaBBCcddee aaBBCcDdee aaBBCcddee
aBcDE AaBBccDDEe AaBBccDdEe aaBBccDDEe aaBBccDdEe
aBcDe AaBBccDDee AaBBccDdee aaBBccDDee aaBBccDdee
aBcdE AaBBccDdEe AaBBccddEe aaBBccDdEe aaBBccddEe
aBcde AaBBccDdee AaBBccddee aaBBccDdee aaBBccddee
abCDE AaBbCcDDEe AaBbCcDdEe aaBbCcDDEe aaBbCcDdEe
abCDe AaBbCcDDee AaBbCcDdee aaBbCcDDee aaBbCcDdee
abCdE AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcddEe aaBbCcDdEe aaBbCcddEe
abCde AaBbCcDdee AaBbCcddee aaBbCcDdee aaBbCcddee
abcDE AaBbccDDEe AaBbccDdEe aaBbccDDEe aaBbccDdEe
abcDe AaBbccDDee AaBbccDdee aaBbccDDee aaBbccDdee
abcdE AaBbccDdEe AaBbccddEe aaBbccDdEe aaBbccddEe
abcde AaBbccDdee AaBbccddee aaBbccDdee aaBbccddee
 iv. Of a progeny with an AaBbccddEe genotype.

ABcDe ABcde aBcDe aBcde

ABCDE AABBCcDDEe AABBCcDdEe AaBBCcDDEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABCDe AABBCcDDee AABBCcDdee AaBBCcDDee AaBBCcDdee
ABCdE AABBCcDdEe AABBCcDdEe AaBBCcDdEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABCde AABBCcDdee AABBCcdde AaBBCcDdee AaBBCcddee
ABcDE AABBccDDEe e
AABBCcDdEe AaBBccDDEe AaBBCcDdEe
ABcDe AABBccDDee AABBccDdee AaBBccDDee AaBBccDdee
ABcdE AABBccDdEe AABBccddEe AaBBccDdEe AaBBccddEe
ABcde AABBccDdee AABBccddee AaBBccDdee AaBBccddee
AbCDE AABbCcDDEe AABbCcDdEe AaBbCcDDEe AaBbCcDdEe
AbCDe AABbCcDDee AABbCcDdee AaBbCcDDee AaBbCcDdee
AbCdE AABbCcDdEe AABbCcddEe AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcddEe
AbCde AABbCcDdee AABbCcddee AaBbCcDdee AaBbCcddee
AbcDE AABbccDDEe AABbbbDdEe AaBbccDDEe AaBbbbDdEe
AbcDe AABbccDDee AABbccDdee AaBbccDDee AaBbccDdee
AbcdE AABbccDdEe AABbccddEe AaBbccDdEe AaBbccddEe
Abcde AABbccDdee AABbccddee AaBbccDdee AaBbccddee
aBCDE AaBBCcDDEe AaBBCcDdEe aaBBCcDDEe aaBBCcDdEe
aBCDe AaBBCcDDee AaBBCcDdee aaBBCcDDee aaBBCcDdee
aBCdE AaBBCcDdEe AaBBCcddEe aaBBCcDdEe aaBBCcddEe
aBCde AaBBCcDdee AaBBCcddee aaBBCcDdee aaBBCcddee
aBcDE AaBBccDDEe AaBBccDdEe aaBBccDDEe aaBBccDdEe
aBcDe AaBBccDDee AaBBccDdee aaBBccDDee aaBBccDdee
aBcdE AaBBccDdEe AaBBccddEe aaBBccDdEe aaBBccddEe
aBcde AaBBccDdee AaBBccddee aaBBccDdee aaBBccddee
abCDE AaBbCcDDEe AaBbCcDdEe aaBbCcDDEe aaBbCcDdEe
abCDe AaBbCcDDee AaBbCcDdee aaBbCcDDee aaBbCcDdee
abCdE AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcddEe aaBbCcDdEe aaBbCcddEe
abCde AaBbCcDdee AaBbCcddee aaBbCcDdee aaBbCcddee
abcDE AaBbccDDEe AaBbccDdEe aaBbccDDEe aaBbccDdEe
abcDe AaBbccDDee AaBbccDdee aaBbccDDee aaBbccDdee
abcdE AaBbccDdEe AaBbccddEe aaBbccDdEe aaBbccddEe
abcde AaBbccDdee AaBbccddee aaBbccDdee aaBbccddee

4. A plant in heterozygous for two genes, Aa and Bb. The genes are inherited independently.
a. What is the probability that the pollen grain will contain:
AaBb x AaBb
Possible arrangements for AaBb
 AB Ab aB ab

i. An allele A?
- There is a 50% chance the pollen will acquire an allele A
- f(A)=2/4=0.5 or 50%
ii. An allele A and b?
- There is a 25% chance the pollen will acquire an allele Ab
f(Ab)= ¼ = 0.25 or 25%
iii. The allele B and the allele b?
- There is no chance at all that a pollen will acquire an allele B and b
iv. iv. The allele A or the allele a?
- 50% chance pollen will acquire an allele A and 50% for allele a
f(A)=2/4=0.5 or 50%
f(a)=2/4=0.5 or 50%

b. If pollen grains of this plant are used to fertilize the eggs of a plant with the same
genotype, determine the probability that:
AaBb x AaBb
Possible arrangements for AaBb
AB Ab aB ab
AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

i. The seed embryo will contain two A alleles.

f(AA)=4/16 = 0.25 or 25%
There is 25% chance a seed will contain 2 A alleles.
ii. One A allele and one a allele.
f(Aa)=8/16 = 0.5 or 50%
There is a 56% chance a seed will contain one A allele and one a allele.
iii. Two A alleles and two b alleles.
f(AAbb) = 1/16 =0.06 or 6%
There is a 6% chance a seed will contain 2 A alleles and 2 b alleles.
iv. Produce plants with the phenotype Ab if the seed is planted.
F(Ab)= 3/16 = 0.19 or 19%
19% has the phenotype Ab
 v. The genotype AaBb if the seed is planted.
F(AaBb)= 4/16= 0.25 or 25%
25% has the genotype AaBb

5. In cats, an X- linked pair of alleles, B and b control the color of the fur. The allele B, yellow, is
incompletely dominant over b for black, giving tortoise-shell, a splotchy mixture of yellow and
black hairs.

a. A genetics student and his friend were strolling when they saw a tortoise-shell cat
from a distance. The student immediately said it was female. The friend doubted
his statement. Will you also doubt him? Explain you answer.

- No, because male cats only have 1 X chromosome so they either get yellow or black color
and having a tortoise-shell color is mostly common to female cats.

XB Y
XB XB XB – yellow female XB Y – yellow male
Xb XB Xb – tortoise shell female XbY – black male

Xb Y
XB XB Xb – tortoise-shell female XB Y – yellow male
Xb Xb Xb – black female XbY – black male

b. A yellow male cat is crossed with a tortoise-shell female. If the female has a litter
of 6 males, what colors might they be?

The male cats’ color could be a solid yellow or black color.

XB Y
–
XB B B
X X yellow female XB Y – yellow male
Xb XB Xb – tortoise shell female XbY – black male

c. A yellow cat has a litter of 2 tortoise-shell and 1 yellow. What is the probable sex
of the yellow kitten? Explain your answer.

If male parent cat possesses an X chromosome that has a dominant allele for the color
yellow, the yellow colored kitten could be a male or female. But if the male parent cat possesses
an X chromosome that has a recessive allele, the yellow colored kitten could be just a male.
XB Y
–
X B B B
X X yellow female XB Y – yellow male
Xb XB Xb – tortoise shell female XbY – black male

Xb Y
XB XB Xb – tortoise-shell female XB Y – yellow male
Xb Xb Xb – black female XbY – black male
d. A tortoise-shell female has a litter of 7, 2 which are yellow females, 2 which are
tortoise-shell females, one black male and two yellow male. Give the genotypes of
the parents.

Parental genotypes:
XBXb x XbY
✓ Yellow female
✓ Tortoise-shell female
✓ Black male
✓ Yellow male
XB Y
–
XB B B
X X yellow female XB Y – yellow male
Xb XB Xb – tortoise shell female XbY – black male
The genotype of the parents is XBXb (tortoise-shell female) x XbY (yellow male)
because their probable offsprings are yellow female, tortoise-shell female, black
male, and yellow male. If the Tortoise-shell female was crossed with a black
male their probable offspring would be a tortoise-shell female, black female,
yellow male and black male which does not match with the description above.