Terna Engineering College

Computer Engineering Department

Program: Sem VI

Course: Artificial Intelligence

(AI)

Faculty: Rohini Patil

LAB Manual
PART A
Experiment No.4
A.1 Aim: To analyze IEEE/Springer/ACM paper on Expert /AI system.
A.2 Prerequisite: Concepts of Expert system,AI,searching

A.3 Outcome:

After successful completion of this experiment students will be

able to

To implement the concept of fuzzy, neural or expert system for any application.
Tools Required: Internet

A.4 Theory:
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-
making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems
by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than
through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and
then proliferated in the 1980s.Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms
of artificial intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems:
the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules.
The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference
engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities.

Architecture of Expert System:

Knowledge Base (KB): repository of special heuristics or rules that direct the use of
knowledge, facts (productions). It contains the knowledge necessary for
understanding, formulating, & problem solving.
Working Memory(Blackboard): if forward chaining used It
describes the current problem & record intermediate results
Records Intermediate Hypothesis & Decisions: 1. Plan, 2. Agenda, 3. Solution
Inference Engine: the deduction system used to infer results from user input & KB
It is the brain of the ES, the control structure(rule interpreter)
It provides methodology for reasoning
Explanation Subsystem (Justifier): Traces responsibility & explains the ES
behaviour by interactively answering question: Why?, How?, What?, Where?, When?,
Who?
User Interface: interfaces with user through Natural Language Processing (NLP), or
menus & graphics. Acts as Language Processor for friendly, problem-oriented
communication
 PART B
(PART B : TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

Roll. No.: 60 Name: Shubhankar Vijay Kanoje

Class: TE-A Comps Batch: A3

Date of Experiment: 04/02/2022 Date of Submission: 07/02/2022

Grade:

B.1 Write down Title Abstract and Introduction of your research paper on AI
Title: Natural Language Processing

Abstract: The ability to use a language for communication is what separates humans from
other animals. Humans master the complexity of spoken language. To understand speech is a
difficult task, especially because it requires processing of analog signals, which normally are
encumbered with noise. But even the simpler task of understanding a written text is very
difficult. To fully understand a written statement about a subject it not only necessary to
know a lot about the language itself (vocabulary, grammar, etc.) but also a lot about the
subject in question. Processing of natural language is an area of artificial intelligence, which
was initiated in the beginning of the sixties.

The area may be divided into the following subareas: • Text understanding • Text generation
• Speech understanding • Speech generation • Machine translation (translation from one
natural language to another) • Natural language interfaces for databases

B.2 Explain and Draw proposed methodology framework for expert system using hybrid
approach for your paper.
 Nuun phr‹lse

Noun phr‹l$e:

Noun

Verb phrase:

'Verb Noun phr‹isc

Article:

Noun:
 Noun phrase

Number: sin*ulur

Noun phrase

Noun:
Number: sin*uliir

fiPEECH: '.Article SPEECH: noun set EC H: noun SPEECH: arlicle SPEECH: noun

RDDT: the

i'vU MBER :
 dog: 11

object

dog: f1

object

dog

aimac

object
 In most applications the text or the speech is transformed into some internal representation.
Thus, transformation of sentences into an internal representation is central in natural
language processing. The goal of the present project is to implement the basic element of a
system for understanding sentences written in a natural language (for example, English or
Danish). The system might be realized by solving the following subproblems:

1. Morphological analysis
2. Syntactic analysis
3. Semantic analysis

The morphological analysis splits a sentence into words. Each word is looked up in a
dictionary in order to determine its word class and inflection. This information is used as
input for the syntactic analysis. The syntactic analysis checks that the words form a legal
sentence. The rules of which sentences are legal in the language are expressed in the form of
a grammar. In this project are used so-called extended state diagrams for the purpose. They
are also called ATN grammars (an abbreviation of Augmented Transition Networks). The
result of the syntactic analysis is input for the semantic analysis. The semantic analysis
determines the meaning of a sentence, among other things by looking up the meaning of the
individual words of the sentence.

B.3 Observations and learning:

In most applications the text or the speech is transformed into some internal representation.
Thus, transformation of sentences into an internal representation is central in natural language
processing. The goal of the present project is to implement the basic element of a system for
understanding sentences written in a natural language.

B.4 Conclusion:
In the present study, Natural Language Processing is proposed based on AI and the IoT, as
an attempt to verify to understand speech which is a difficult task, especially because it
requires processing of analog signals, which normally are encumbered with noise.

B.5 Question of Curiosity

1] Explain performance parameters that will be used to evaluate your proposed system.
 To give an impression of the method we sketch of an anaJys is of the sentence

Let the following state diagram represent ltte grammar nf a ximple subset of English.

Noun phmse:

lvoun

Verb_phrase:

Article:

Verb:

Now:

SPDEéH: aniWe SPRRCH: noun SmECH: noun SPRRCHk aniWe *** *" "°*
.