Ankit pratap singh Assignment 4 Roll no -04

QUES 1:- Describe ESPRIT-CIM OSA Model in detail

ANS:- ESPRIT - CIM OSA MODEL European Strategic Program for

Research and Development in Information Technology (ESPRIT) is
an industrially oriented R&D program with the aim of improving
the competitiveness of the European Community industries. The
ESPRIT strategy has been the creation of an environment in which
multi-vendor production systems can be implemented at
reasonable cost. (OSA refers to Open System Architecture). CIM-
OSA was developed by AMICE (a consortium of 30 major European
vendors and users of CIM systems (e.g. IBM, HP, DEC, Siemens, Fiat,
and Daimler-Benz) for ESPRIT. Within the framework of the CIM-
OSA concept, it is possible to construct CIM architectures for
various manufacturing industries and applications from basic
building blocks according to defined guidelines. An integrating
infrastructure is provided to organize and schedule the enterprise
activities. Fig.1 shows CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure. Since
activities, information and control are treated as three different
entities, it is possible to make changes in one entity without
greatly affecting another one. The dynamic feature of the model
enhances the flexibility of an enterprise to quickly adapt to
changing material and information flow.

Fig.1 CIM-OSA Integrating Infrastructure

CIM-OSA separates functions using two interrelated concepts.

• The CIMOSA Modeling Framework in which specific and

generic functions are clearly separated.
• The CIMOSA Integrating Infrastructure supporting execution
of generic functions and linking specific functions. It is

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effectively the communication system, which interconnects

all of the functions in the CIM system.

CIMOSA defines four modeling views of the enterprise functions:

• The Function View describes work flows

• The Information View describes the Inputs and Outputs of
Functions
• The Resource View describes the structure of resources
(Humans, machines, and control and information systems)
• The Organization View defines authorities and responsibilities

An enterprise consists of engineering and operation functions. The

CIM-OSA model provides a mechanism for preparing and
structuring the planning and control activities of these functions
and for changing structured information between them. With the
help of a computer, a planner is able to consult the CIM-OSA
reference architecture to construct an operating environment for
his application (Fig.2).

Fig.2 Operating Environment to Apply CIM-OSA Model

The manufacturing operation can be described with the help of

requirements description language to draft the enterprise model
and the specification of the basic capabilities to define the
compliant components. With the available CIM-OSA reference
architecture, user describes the basic capabilities, which are
needed for building the system. The user also specifies a set of
standard services to execute the task of the enterprise using
modules of the physical system. With this information, the system
selects the necessary modules from the library of compliant
components, which forms the basic building blocks for configuring
the physical manufacturing system.

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The CIM-OSA model has a hierarchical structure to describe

an enterprise, and the intermediate and implementation levels to
define sub-functions.

QUES 2:- Explain in detail NIST-AMRF Hierarchical Model.

ANS:- At National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST,

Germany), an Advanced Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF)
was built and operated to work out the hardware and software
standards for computer controlled manufacturing system. A
hierarchical computer and sensor system is assumed to plan and
control the manufacturing operations. Like the other models, the
NIST model greatly facilitates the configuration of a control
system for manufacturing. The model is of particular value to
small and medium sized batch operations.

The model consists of three columns, a management

information system, a control system and a design and planning
system (Fig.3). The design and process planning system prepares
the manufacturing documents. Information about an order is
entered and global goals and strategies are decided. The order
initiates the manufacturing, design and process planning
activities. At each lower level the processing of the order is refined
successively until a set of primitive control instructions is
generated to directly operate the manufacturing equipment.

Fig.3 NIST-AMRF Mode

Each level of control obtains only that information which is

pertinent for the fulfillment of its assignment. Every information
needed for making the product like material selection,
determination of machining operations and sequences (process

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plan), calculations of machining parameters, part scheduling, part

routing etc., is generated. The management information system
knows the order priorities, status of manufacturing equipment,
material availability, on-line processing status, quality of products
etc. The sensors in the shop floor level collect status information
about the manufacturing process and send this information
upwards to provide feedback to all levels. Components can be
added and deleted with a minimum of effort and disturbance to
the activities on the shop floor. The central database contains a
complete state description of the factory at any given time, and
thus the system can respond immediately to any production
change or disturbance.

QUES 3:- Discuss the Siemens model of CIM

ANS:- The Siemens model of CIM comprises the main functions of

planning, sales, purchasing, production planning and control,
computer aided design, computer aided quality control and
computer aided manufacture interconnected by intensive
information flow. The requirements for a factory wide data
processing system as envisaged in this model are:

• What kind of data is generated?

• What kind of data is needed and where are they used?
• Who administers and maintains the data?
• Who is responsible for what data?
• What data are kept in common database?
• Where must data be obtained from and where must data be
sent?

In order to be able to process the data in a comprehensive

manufacturing system, a hierarchical model of an enterprise is
used. Each hierarchical level has its own data processing
requirements and there exists a steady flow of instructions from
the upper levels to the lower ones. In order to control and
synchronize parallel activities on each level, an intensive
horizontal data flow takes place. Siemens model also incorporates
a Computer Aided Organization (CAO), which comprises
accounting, personnel and finance. The Siemens CIM concept is
shown in Fig.4 with structured details of every major module. For
each module, its sub modules are defined and their
interconnections are explained. A description is given on the
required interfaces for the data exchange and the contents of the
data, giving special considerations to batch and mass production.

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Various layouts of production systems and assembly stations are

also considered.

Fig. 4. Siemens Concept of CIM

QUES 4:- Describe IBM Concept of CIM

ANS:- The IBM CIM architecture facilitates the integration of an

enterprise’s business processes and information requirements and
introduction of technologies and practices like downsizing,
distributed processing, and client-server implementation. The
investments made in the existing systems are preserved and
leveraged through provisions for sharing existing data and
applications.

Figure 5 illustrates the main components of IBM CIM

architecture. This defines a level of common services for CIM
solutions and enablers, which assist in the integration of data and
processes among applications, including those on platforms in
different geographical locations. Enablers are of two types:

i. Systems enabler: This simplifies integration by establishing an

infrastructure of common system services to store and
manage data, send and receive data, present data view to
users and applications, and manage workflow among
applications.
ii. Application enabler: The application enablers provide a
broader range of integration of services. They provide

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additional services for families of applications that can be

based on the services provided by the system enablers at the
enterprise level. This provides a high degree of independence
from computing platforms and applications in data sharing.

Fig. 5 The IBM CIM Architecture

REPOSITORY AND DATA STORE

The IBM CIM architecture uses operational depositories and

data stores to manage an enterprise’s data. This contains shared
data elements, and data definitions recognized throughout the
enterprise. Operational repositories provide access to shared data
for users and applications. They also enable the creation of
enterprise-level information store and provide knowledge for
benchmarking and continuous improvement.

LEVELS OF INTEGRATION

There are four levels of integration.

a) Integration within application families: The objective of this

level is to optimize each application family within itself. This
helps to promote a focused approach to the implementation
of a solution to a specific class of business problems. These
are functionally organized around strategic business
functions such as engineering, R&D, production planning,
manufacturing, etc. Figure 6 shows the structure of an
application family. The application solutions integrated
within the family have a shared data model

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Fig. 6 An Application Family

b) Interoperability among application families: The objective of

this level is to take advantage of distributed computing,
client-server technology and database management. This
reduces workload and improves efficiency in the use of
multiple application families. It supports the automation of
the most frequently used interaction between application
families. The application families assume client and server
roles as appropriate for the interaction between them. The
use of open communication mechanism at this level allows
heterogeneous systems to share the data. This level also
supports data modeling. Data modeling enables the users to
store information about their data and information about
the relationship between the data. This will help the
enterprises to become more flexible and respond dynamically
to changing application requirements.
c) Data and workflow integration: Integration of data and
processes enables automation of non-computer resources
and application functions. This is illustrated in Fig. 7. Task
control is extended to the complex business processes based
on process models. At this level the system can assist users
to efficiently accomplish their tasks between application
families.

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Fig. 7 Data and Workflow Integration

Integration of data and workflow enables the co-ordination

of business processes in more than one family. At this level
users can share access to processes across the boundaries of
organizations, functions and disciplines, as well as
information.

d) Enterprise optimization: This level of integration combines

environments for modeling, application development and
installation, and run-time operations into a single
environment. Enterprise optimization anticipates that
repository technology will have evolved to the point where
enterprise level data and process integration can be
supported. Figure 8 shows enterprise optimization. At this
level of integration application families merge into a
common pool of function and resources.

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Fig. 8 Enterprise Optimization

QUES 5:- Describe Rapid Development and manufacture.

ANS:- A broad definition of rapid manufacturing is the use of

software automation and connected manufacturing equipment to
rapidly accelerate the manufacturing process. For mold makers
specifically, rapid manufacturing is on-demand, lowvolume
production of injection-molded plastic parts. However, rapid
manufacturing encompasses more than just molding. This
manufacturing automation is applied to 3D printing, CNC
machining and more.

Instead of waiting for weeks and months, and committing

to a high capital expense, they can get an aluminum tool typically
starting at a few thousand dollars that is capable of producing
more than 10,000 parts—often tens of thousands of parts. The
result is not only short-run parts in hand within a few days, but
quality plastic and metal parts.

Automated design for manufacturability (DFM) analysis is

another important benefit that software automation provides
customers of rapid manufacturing. They can upload a CAD model
online and have design feedback within 24 hours that identifies
exactly what needs to be adjusted in the CAD model to improve it
for manufacturability. This, in turn, reduces production issues and
ultimately saves production dollars.

When enabled with a rapid manufacturer, a company can reduce

product development cycles, reduce technical and supply chain risk
and reduce the total cost of development and inventory.

QUES 6:- Explain CIM Model of Digital Equipment corporation

ANS:- For the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) CIM is the

improvement of a manufacturing processes with the aid of the
computer and the integration of the information processing of all
enterprise activities. The entire control system is divided into
functional modules, which reflect the business and the data. CIM
design starts with the analysis of all manufacturing activities and
identifies their functions and data flow. This assists the layout of
physical system leading to a functional model and a physical
model of a manufacturing system and its subsystems.

The information support technologies described are:

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• The interface service to data sinks and data sources

• The data processing service
• The data storage and retrieval service
• The networking service for distributed systems.

shows a CIM model of DEC, which actually resembles the

Siemens model and has many identical features. A well-structured
information technology model supports the individual activities of
this model. The system integration is a strong effort within the
framework of this CIM model. The scope of integration comprises
the business functions, data structure, hardware-software
architecture and information systems. These are briefly explained
below:

Business function integration: Business function integration:

For this activity, the business functions are defined and all
computer programs are assembled to support them. Combining the
internal process functions and defining the data exchange mainly
achieve the integration.

Data structure integration: Data structure integration:

Successful system integration is achieved by organizing all data in
a defined physical database in which the logical associations are
well structured. An attempt is made to set up distinct data
structures for the various applications and to define algorithms,
which establish links between the data structures.

Infrastructure integration: Infrastructure integration: The

system architecture is conceived as a distributed environment
using heterogeneous hardware and software components. Features
included are transportable software and application packages,
device independent storage and retrieval, unhindered data
exchange, unique query languages, unified operating systems,
common networks and protocols, high modularity and possibilities
of adapting quickly to technology changes.

Information system integration: Information system

integration: System integration is considered to be an ongoing
incremental process, which adapts to the everpresent changes of
business functions, data structures and infrastructures.

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