Ling1101: Introduction to Linguistics

Prof. Aparicio
 Types of Distributions

Contrastive distribution: Sounds X and Y can occur in the same

phonetic environments and produce different meaning

Complementary distribution: Sounds X and Y cannot occur in

the same phonetic environments and do not change the meaning.

Free variation: Sounds X and Y can occur in the same

environments but the choice does not affect the meaning of the
word
contrastive
distribution
complementary
/x/ /y/
same distribution
environment
[x’] [y’] /x/

[x’] [x’’]

free variation
different
/x/
environments
same
environment
[x’] [x’’]
 Phonological Rules

The mapping between phonemic and phonetic elements can be

described using phonological rules.
 Phonological Rules

phonemic form / /

rules

phonetic form [ ]
 Phonological Rules
The format or phonological rules:

X à Y/ C__ D
environment in which the rule applies
(conditioning environment)

the result of the application of the rule

the sound affected by the rule

 Phonological Rules
The format or phonological rules:

X à Y/ C__ D
environment in which the rule applies
(conditioning environment)

the result of the application of the rule

the sound affected by the rule

 Phonological Rules
The format or phonological rules:

X à Y/ C__ D
environment in which the rule applies
(conditioning environment)

the result of the application of the rule

the sound affected by the rule

 Phonological Rules
The format or phonological rules:

X à Y/ C__ D
environment in which the rule applies
(conditioning environment)

the result of the application of the rule

the sound affected by the rule

 Phonological Rules

How is /t/ pronounced in

Seat Seated
Loot Looted
Matilda Natalie
[t] [ɾ]

Generalization:
/t/ is pronounced as [ɾ] after a stressed vowel and before
an unstressed vowel
[t] everywhere else
 Phonological Rules
The format or phonological rules:

/t/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

/t/ à [t] / everywhere else

 Phonological Rules
How is /d/ pronounced in:

seed seeded
[d] [ɾ]

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

/t/ and /d/ are alveolar stops. In fact they are the only oral
alveolar stops in English. They are the natural class of alveolar
stops.
 Phonological Rules
How is /d/ pronounced in:

seed seeded
[d] [ɾ]

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

/t/ and /d/ are alveolar stops. In fact they are the only oral
alveolar stops in English. They are the natural class of alveolar
stops.
 Natural Class
A natural class is a group of sounds in a language that share one
or more articulatory or auditory property, to the exclusion of all
other sounds in that language.

All and only the sounds in a language that share a particular

property or set of properties.
 Natural Class
Two very useful natural classes are:

obstruents: oral stops, fricatives, affricates

sonorants: nasals, liquids, glides, vowels

Sonorants are LOUDER than obstruents!

A sonority hierarchy or sonority
scale is a ranking of speech sounds by
amplitude. For example, vowels
produce a much louder sound than
stops.

Sonority hierarchies are especially

important when analyzing syllable
structure.
 The
A sonority hierarchy or sonority Sonority
scale is a ranking of speech sounds by Hierarchy
amplitude. For example, vowels
produce a much louder sound than vowels
stops.
glides
Sonority hierarchies are especially
important when analyzing syllable liquids
structure.
nasals

fricatives

stops
 The
which of the following sets Sonority
of sounds is listed in order Hierarchy
of increasing sonority
vowels

glides
A.  [s], [r], [t], [a], [u], [n]
B.  [a], [w], [l], [n], [s], [p] liquids
C.  [t], [r], [a], [u], [n], [s] nasals
D.  [s], [p], [l], [n], [w], [a]
E.  [p], [s], [n], [l], [w], [a] fricatives

stops
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
Classification of Phonological Rules
what types of changes
A → B / X __ Y in what environments?

insertion/epenthesis Ø à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y




•  /i/ becomes voiceless between [p] and [s], [k] and [s],
and [k] and [t]
•  /u/ becomes voiceless between [p] and [k], and [s] and
[p]
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
The voiceless allophones occur between the consonants p_s, k_s,
k_t, p_k, and s_p, and nowhere else. The only vowels that have
voiceless allophones, /i/ and /u/, belong to the class of high
vowels. Thus, we can make a complete statement of the vowel
allophones of /i/ and /u/ as follows:

In Mokilese, voiced vowels are basic (underlying). The high

vowels have voiceless allophones between voiceless consonants,
and voiced allophones elsewhere

phonological rule:
high vowels become voiceless between two voiceless consonants
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
The voiceless allophones occur between the consonants p_s, k_s,
k_t, p_k, and s_p, and nowhere else. The only vowels that have
voiceless allophones, /i/ and /u/, belong to the class of high
vowels. Thus, we can make a complete statement of the vowel
allophones of /i/ and /u/ as follows:

In Mokilese, voiced vowels are basic (underlying). The high

vowels have voiceless allophones between voiceless consonants,
and voiced allophones elsewhere

phonological rule:
high vowels become voiceless between two voiceless consonants
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
The voiceless allophones occur between the consonants p_s, k_s,
k_t, p_k, and s_p, and nowhere else. The only vowels that have
voiceless allophones, /i/ and /u/, belong to the class of high
vowels. Thus, we can make a complete statement of the vowel
allophones of /i/ and /u/ as follows:

In Mokilese, voiced vowels are basic (underlying). The high

vowels have voiceless allophones between voiceless consonants,
and voiced allophones elsewhere

phonological rule:
high vowels become voiceless between two voiceless consonants
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
The voiceless allophones occur between the consonants p_s, k_s,
k_t, p_k, and s_p, and nowhere else. The only vowels that have
voiceless allophones, /i/ and /u/, belong to the class of high
vowels. Thus, we can make a complete statement of the vowel
allophones of /i/ and /u/ as follows:

In Mokilese, voiced vowels are basic (underlying). The high

vowels have voiceless allophones between voiceless consonants,
and voiced allophones elsewhere

phonological rule:
•  high vowels become voiceless between two voiceless
consonants obstruents (oral stops, fricatives, affricates)
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
V à V / C ___ C
high high obstruent obstruent
voiced voiceless voiceless voiceless

V V / C ___ C
+high +high son son
+voice voice voice voice
 Distribution of Mokilese Voiceless Vowels
V à V / C ___ C
high high obstruent obstruent
voiced voiceless voiceless voiceless

V à V / C ___ C
+high +high −son −son
+voice −voice −voice −voice

Read carefully section 3.5 for more instructions

on how to solve phonology problems.
 Rule Interaction
Sometimes two or more rules interact

And the order in whichØthey

insertion/epenthesis
apply matters
à A / X__Y

deletion A à Ø / X__Y

assimilation A à [+f] / [+f]__

dissimilation A à [-f] / [+f]__

metathesis AB à BA / X__Y
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
midvowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong / / is pronounced as [ ]
when it occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel / / is “raised” to the mid vowel [ ]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For speaker with this rule the vowels in the following words
are different:

write [ɹ t] ride [ɹ d]
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
mid-vowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong / / is pronounced as [ ]
when it occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel / / is “raised” to the mid vowel [ ]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For speaker with this rule the vowels in the following words
are different:

write [ɹ t] ride [ɹ d]
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
mid-vowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong /ɑɪ/ is pronounced as [əɪ] when it
occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel / / is “raised” to the mid vowel [ ]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For speaker with this rule the vowels in the following words
are different:

write [ɹ t] ride [ɹ d]
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
mid-vowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong /ɑɪ/ is pronounced as [əɪ] when it
occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel /ɑ/ is “raised” to the mid vowel [ə]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For speaker with this rule the vowels in the following words
are different:

write [ɹ t] ride [ɹ d]
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
mid-vowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong /ɑɪ/ is pronounced as [əɪ] when it
occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel /ɑ/ is “raised” to the mid vowel [ə]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For a speaker with this rule the vowels in the following
words are different:

write [ɹ t] ride [ɹ d]
 Rule Interaction
•  Diphthong-raising (Canadian raising)
•  This rule “raises” certain diphthongs from low vowels to
mid-vowels before voiceless consonants.
•  For example, the diphthong /ɑɪ/ is pronounced as [əɪ] when it
occurs before a voiceless consonant.
•  The initial low vowel /ɑ/ is “raised” to the mid vowel [ə]
before a voiceless consonant.
•  For speaker with this rule the vowels in the following words
are different:

write [ɹəɪt] ride [ɹɑɪd]

 Rule Interaction
•  But what happens in the related words writer and rider?
•  Recall that these word also involve flapping:

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

•  We have flapping and raising – do we apply them in any

order?
•  No.
•  In dialects that have rising writer is pronounced as [ɹ iɾəɹ].
How do we get this result?
 Rule Interaction
•  But what happens in the related words writer and rider?
•  Recall that these word also involve flapping:

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

•  We have flapping and raising – do we apply them in any

order?
•  No.
•  In dialects that have rising writer is pronounced as [ɹ iɾəɹ].
How do we get this result?
 Rule Interaction
•  But what happens in the related words writer and rider?
•  Recall that these word also involve flapping:

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

•  We have flapping and raising – do we apply them in any

order?
•  No.
•  In dialects that have rising writer is pronounced as [ɹ iɾəɹ].
How do we get this result?
 Rule Interaction
•  But what happens in the related words writer and rider?
•  Recall that these word also involve flapping:

/t, d/ à [ɾ] / V ___ V

stress

•  We have flapping and raising – do we apply them in any

order?
•  No.
•  In dialects that have rising writer is pronounced as [ɹəiɾəɹ].
How do we get this result?

English flapping and vowel raising
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹ t -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 45

English flapping and vowel raising
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
ɑɪ t+əɹ/ ɹ d+
t/ əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹ t -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 46

English flapping and vowel rising
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
ɑɪ t+əɹ/ ɹ d+
t/ əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹ t -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 47

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
t+əɹ/ ɹ d+
əɹ/
A. flapping ---- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹ t -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 48

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
t+əɹ/ ɹ d+
əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹ t -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 49

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹ t] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 50

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
ɹ d+
əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹ ɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
/ɹ t/ ]/ /ɹ d/ ]/
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 51

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹ ɾər [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] ]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 52

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 53

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] ]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 54

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 55

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 56

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 57

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹ t/ / /ɹ d/ /
ɹ t+əɹ ɹ d+
/ əɹ/
A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
] 58

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹ t ɹ təɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹ t] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

59

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹ iɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

60

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

61

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹ iɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

62

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹəiɾəɹ] [ɹ d] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

63

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹəiɾəɹ] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

64

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹ ɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹəiɾəɹ] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

65

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹəiɾəɹ] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹ ɾəɹ
]

66

English flapping and vowel lengthening
Write Writer Ride Rider

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/
A. flapping -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
B. rising ɹəɪt -- -- --
[ɹəɪt] *[ɹɑɪɾər] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

/ɹɑɪt/ /ɹɑɪt+əɹ/ /ɹɑɪd/ /ɹɑɪd+əɹ/

A. rising ɹəɪt ɹəɪtəɹ -- --
B. flapping -- ɹəiɾəɹ -- ɹɑɪɾəɹ
[ɹəɪt] [ɹəiɾəɹ] [ɹɑɪd] [ɹɑɪɾəɹ]

67
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis:
-Deletion: Ø V / C __ C #
Ø / __ #

When we apply these rules to underlying forms
/melk/ /qara / /deʃ /

We get:

[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #

ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
-Deletion: Ø / __ #

When we apply these rules to underlying forms
/melk/ /qara / /deʃ /

We get:

[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #

ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #


When we apply these rules to underlying forms
/melk/ /qaraʔ / /deʃ ʔ /

We get:

[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #

ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #


When we apply these rules to underlying forms
/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

We get:

[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #

ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #


When we apply these rules to underlying forms
/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

We get:

[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

How do these rules have to be ordered to get these results?


More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #

/melk/ / /deʃ / /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

qara /
ʔ-deletion qara deʃ
epenthesis melek deʃe
epenthesis melek deʃ
-Deletion qara deʃe
[melek]
[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

[melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives not the correct
the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #

/melk/ / /deʃ / /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

qara /
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
epenthesis melek deʃe
epenthesis melek deʃ
-Deletion qara deʃe
[melek] [qara] *[deʃ]
[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #

/melk/ / /deʃ / /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

qara /
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
epenthesis melek deʃe
epenthesis melek deʃ
-Deletion qara deʃe
[melek] [qara] *[deʃ]
[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #

/melk/ / /deʃ / /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/

qara /
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
epenthesis melek deʃe
epenthesis melek deʃ
-Deletion qara deʃe
[melek] [qara] *[deʃ]
[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ / /deʃ / /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
qara /
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
epenthesis melek deʃe
epenthesis melek deʃ
-Deletion qara deʃe
[melek] [qara] *[deʃ]
[melek] [qara] [deʃe]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/ /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
epenthesis melek deʃe ʔ-deletion qara deʃ
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃe epenthesis melek deʃ
[melek] [qara] [deʃe] [melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/ /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
epenthesis melek deʃe ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
ʔ-deletion qara deʃe epenthesis melek deʃ
[melek] [qara] [deʃe] [melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/ /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
epenthesis melek deʃe ʔ-deletion qara deʃ
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃe epenthesis melek deʃ
[melek] [qara] [deʃe] [melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/ /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
epenthesis melek deʃeʔ ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃe epenthesis melek deʃ
[melek] [qara] [deʃe] [melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives not the correct

the correct forms form
More rule interactions
Tiberian Hebrew has two interacting rules

Epenthesis: Ø à V / C __ C #
ʔ-Deletion: ʔ à Ø / __ #
Correct forms are [melek] [qara] [deʃe]

/melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/ /melk/ /qaraʔ/ /deʃʔ/
epenthesis melek deʃeʔ ʔ-Deletion qara deʃ
ʔ-Deletion qara deʃe epenthesis melek deʃ
[melek] [qara] [deʃe] [melek] [qara] *[deʃ]

only this order derives

only this order derives not the correct
the correct forms
the correct forms form
This is a wug
two wugs
This is a gak
two gaks
This is an octatch
two wugs

two gaks

two octaches
two wugs

two gaks

two octaches
Are these sounds the same?

two wugs

two gaks

A.  yes
B.  no
C.  not sure
 two wug-[z]

two gak-[s]

A.  yes
B.  no
C.  not sure
More rule interactions
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
More rule interactions
Underlying pl. form /z/
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
More rule interactions
Underlying pl. form /z/
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
1.  lip + /z/ lip [s]
laugh + /z/ laugh [s]
More rule interactions
Underlying pl. form /z/
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
1.  lip + /z/ lip [s]
laugh + /z/ laugh [s]

2.  pil + /z/ pil [z]

cove + /z/ cove [z]
More rule interactions
Underlying pl. form /z/
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
1.  lip + /z/ lip [s]
laugh + /z/ laugh [s]
3. pass + /z/ pass [əz]
2.  pil + /z/ pil [z] judge + /z/ judge [əz]
cove + /z/ cove [z] watch + /z/ watch [əz]
More rule interactions
Underlying pl. form /z/
Three forms of plural: [s], [z], [əz]
1.  lip + /z/ lip [s]
laugh + /z/ laugh [s]
3. pass + /z/ pass [əz]
2.  pil + /z/ pil [z] judge + /z/ judge [əz]
cove + /z/ cove [z] watch + /z/ watch [əz]

voicing assimilation:
/z/ à [s]/ C ___
−voice
ə-epenthesis:
∅ à [ə] / C ___ C #
sibilant sibilant
More rule interactions

•  Sibilance is a manner of articulation of fricative

and affricate consonants, made by directing a
stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp
edge of the teeth, which are held close together.

•  Sibilants are characterized by a hissing sound.

•  English sibilants: [s] [z] [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ʒ]

Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
Rule ordering matters
phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəz ʤʌʤəz
voicing assimilation lɪps -- -- --
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] [pæsəz] [ʤʌʤəz]

phonemic form /lɪp-z/ /pɪl-z/ /pæs-z/ /ʤʌʤ-z/

voicing assimilation lɪps -- pæss --
ə-epenthesis -- -- pæsəs ʤʌʤəz
phonetic form [lɪps] [pɪlz] *[pæsəs] [ʤʌʤəz]
[h̃] is always nasal in this language
[h̃] is always nasal in this language

Vocoid (vowels and glides) à nasal / nasal __

[h̃] is always nasal in this language

Vocoid (vowels and glides) nasal / nasal __

 For Next Time

Read: Why Do Some People Have an Accent? posted

on Canvas

Through §1 of Chapter 4 (Morphology)