ENHANCING THE QUALITY AND  Emphasizes giving special attention to

CREDIBILITY OF QUALITATIVE STUDIES negative or deviant cases for testing

By FIDELIZA U. COJUANGCO, RMT, LPT, PHD
4 DISTINCT ELEMENTS OF CREDIBILITY IN
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY
1) Systematic, in-depth fieldwork
2) Systematic and conscientious analysis of
data
3) Credibility of the researcher
4) Readers’ and users’ philosophical belief in
the value of qualitative inquiry
propositions.
 Works through one case at a time
 No case can be ignored
AVOIDING THE NUMBERS GAME
Qualitative methods are not weaker or softer
as compared to quantitative methods, it is just
DIFFERENT
QUANTITIZING

INTEGRITY IN ANALYSIS CAN BE ASSURED Numerical translation, transformation or

THRU: conversion of qualitative data, has
a) conscientious search for alternative become a staple of mixed-methods
themes research
b) divergent patterns
c) rival explanations

ANALYZING NEGATIVE OR DISCONFIRMING

EVIDENCE AND CASES Quantitized qualitative data are
What are negative cases? analyzed statistically, including using
In fact, qualitative researchers actively statistical significance tests
look for "negative cases" to support their (Collingridge, 2013).
arguments. A "negative case" is one in which 1. Dichotomizing
respondents' experiences or viewpoints differ 2. Counting
from the main body of evidence. When a
negative case can be explained, the general
explanation for the "typical" case is CONSTANT COMPARISON
strengthened
Use check of
ADVOCACY-ADVERSARY ANALYSIS IN comparisons to check
EVALUATION consistency and
 A formal and forced approached to engage accuracy of codes
rival conclusions on opposing perspectives
 Developed by Wolf (1975) to avoid
evaluators that could be biased in their Look explicitly for
differences and
conclusions
variations in activities,
 Strength: emphasizes contrasts and experiences, actions
opposite conclusions to the detriment of and so on that have
appreciating and communicating nuances been coded
in the data and accepting and
acknowledging genuine and meaningful
ambiguities An ongoing analysis
 Weakness: forces data sets into combat of similarities and
differences
with each other

PRACTICAL ANALYTICAL VARIATIONS ON A

THEME
 To arbitrarily create advocacy and
adversary teams only during the analysis
stage
 To organize data systematically into pro
and con sets of evidence
ANALYTIC INDUCTION: HYPOTHESIS
TESTING WITH NEGATIVE CASES
3 KINDS OF SAMPLING LIMITATIONS
TYPICALLY ARISE IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS:
1) There are limitations in the situations that
are sampled for observation
2) There are limitations from the time
periods during which observations
3) The findings will be limited based on
selectivity in the people who were sampled
 for observations or interviews or
selectivity in document sampling

10 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS STRATEGIES TO

ENHANCE CREDIBILITY AND UTILITY
1) Generate and assess alternative conclusions
and rival explanations
2) Advocacy-adversary analysis uses a debate
format for testing the viability of conclusions
3) Search for and analyze negative or
disconfirming evidence and cases.
4) Make constant comparison your constant
companion.
5) Keep analysis connected to purpose and
design
6) Keep qualitatative analysis qualitative
7) Integrate and triangulate diverse sources of
qualitative data: interviews, observations,
document analysis.
8) Integrate and triangulate quantitative and
qualitative data in mixed-methods studies.
9) Triangulate analysts
10) Undertake theory triangulation

4 TRIANGULATION PROCESSES FOR

ENHANCING CREDIBILITY
 Triangulation of qualitative sources
 Mixed-qualitative-quantitative methods
triangulation
 Analyst triangulation
 Theory/perspective

GOOD LUCK! MAPASAR KA!!

Vina Grazelle
 WRITING PROPOSALS TO GENERATE EVIDENCE
Lecturer: Fideliza U. Cojuangco, R.M.T, L.P.T, Ph.D
Research Proposal
 Research proposal sell the research ideas that a
problem exists and the significance in filling the
knowledge gap is important.
 Nursing research generates knowledge to improve
patient outcomes, refine health care policy and
validate the nurse roles.
 Presents and justifies the need to study a research
problem and to present practical ways in which
the proposed study should be conducted.
 Contain extensive literature reviews
Functions;
 Develop your skills in thinking about and
designing a comprehensive research study;
 Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review
of the literature.
 Improve general research and writing skills;
 Practice identifying the logical steps that must be
taken to accomplish research goals;
 Critically review, examine, and consider the use
of different methods for gathering and analyzing
data related to the research problem;
 Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within and to
help researchers become an active participant in
the process of doing scholarly research.
Questions all research proposals must address
regardless of the research problem being investigated
and the methodology you chosen;
 What does the proposal aim to accomplish?
 Why do you want to do it?
 How are you going to do it?
CONTENTS:
Major components of the proposal
1) Introduction/Background of the Study
2) Related Literature and Studies Review
3) Methodology
Proposals for Qualitative Studies:
A qualitative design is relevant where information
is required directly from those experiencing the
phenomenon under investigation and where time
and resources are limited.
Qualitative description research is sometimes
considered a less sophisticated approach for
epistemological reasons.
Another challenge when considering qualitative
description design is differentiating qualitative
description from other qualitative approaches.
The key attributes and value of qualitative
description research in the health care professions
aim of extend its usage
A dissertation proposal should generally include:
1. An introduction to your topic and aims
2. A literature review of the current state of
knowledge
3. An outline of your proposed methodology
4. A discussion of the possible implications of the
research
5. A bibliography of relevant sources
General steps in Theses and Dissertation Proposal
Writing:
 Step 1: Coming up with an idea
 Step 2: Presenting your idea in the introduction
 Step 3: Exploring related research in the literature
review
 Step 4: Describing your methodology
 Step 5: Outlining the potential implications of your
research
 Step 6: Creating a reference list or bibliography
Funding for Research Proposals:
a. International
b. National/Local
Tips on Proposal Development:
 Start Early
 Select an Important Problem
 Know your review committee
 Read successful proposals
 Create a strong research team
 Justify your choice of methodology
 Make your introduction interesting
 Follow instructions
 Make your presentation viable and interesting
 Have your proposal critiqued
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Common Mistakes to Avoid in Research Proposal
Writing:
1) Failure to be concise
2) Failure to cite landmark works in your literature
review.
3) Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of
your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.].
4) Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive
argument for the proposed research.
5) Failure to stay focused on the research problem
6) Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar.
7) Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough
detail on major issues

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