The Worship of Heaven and Earth during the Qing Dynasty

Piero Corradini
THE WORSHIP OF HEAVEN AND OF EARTH DURING

THE QING DYNASTY
1. State rites and legitimation.

In imperial China state worship of Heaven and of Earth was necessary for the
legitimation of imperial power I. This worship was performed outside the
walls of the capital city and for this reason the rites were calledjiao si ~ßfE. or
"peripheral rites".
The sacrifices to Heaven (Tian ~) were held in the southem suburbs of
the capital, on the occasion of the winter solstice, while those in honor of the
Earth (Di ±lli) were held in the northem suburbs, on the occasion of the sum-
mer solstice.
The origins of these ceremonies can be traced back to the Zhou JffJ period
and they took on a definitive ritual form during the Han i~. The Zhou Li JffJf!
[Rites of the Zhou] speaks about a sacrifice to Heaven on a round mound
(Yuan Qiu 15lJ5-.) to be held at the winter solstice and of a sacrifice to the
Earth on a square mound (Fang Qiu 1J JT.) to be held on the summer solstice2 •
Emperor Chengdi' nlG*
of the Han inaugurated his accession to the throne in
Chang'an -K1C with the celebration of the worship of Heaven on an altar in
I Professor Franke has clearly explained the importance of these rites for the legitimation of a
dynasty. especially if it was of barbarian origin (Franke 1978. See also Mcdermott 1999).
2Zhou Li Zheng zhu }il(J1~l!Ilä, [The Rites of Zhou commented by Zheng (Xuan 1{)], Sibu
BeiYQo IZ!-Igß{ifij~ edition, reprint 1990,j. 22, p. 7a; Biot E 1851, vol. II, pp. 34-35.
3 Personal name Liu Ao !lU~, ruled with the reign name Jianshi ~~il, 32-29 B.C.; Heping *11
->jL, 28-25 B.c.; Yangshuo I~~)j, 24-21 B.c.; Hongjia iJ.~~, 20-17 B.c.; Yongshi jk~il, 16-13
B. c.; Yuanyan )rJ!, 12-9 B. C. and Suihe #~fU, 8-7 B.C.
Piero Corradini
the southern suburbs (from which the name flan jiaa "WJ;~ for the sacrifices to
Heaven) and on an altar in the northern suburbs for the worship of the Earth
(from wh ich the name bei jiaa JL;~ for the sacrifices to the Earth)4.
These ceremonies were considered of equal importance as those devoted
to the worship of the ancestors of the imperial household and expressed the
special relationship that linked the Emperor to Heaven and Earth. They al-
lowed the Emperor to announce his assumption of power and to make his le-
gitimacy evident. Within the first three years since his accession to the throne
he had to personally conduct a sacrifice at these altars.
This essay deals with the worship of Heaven and Earth during the Qing
iW Dynasty. The "Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty" (Da Qil/g Liclzaa
Shilu :A1# J1fljiJ1 !9Jff;), which for every year (with few exceptions that we
shall note below) records the days of fasting, the celebrations and the names
of the celebrants. In most ca ses the celebrant was the Emperor himself but in
other cases, depending on the circumstances, the celebrants might be a Minis-
ter, an official of the Imperial Household and, especially at the end of the Dy-
nasty, a Prince belonging to or, in any case, connected with the Imperial fam-
ily. They were always of Manchu stock with only two exceptions: the MongoI
Minggandari 5 (Chinese: Ming'andali Q)j 12ii*l) in Shunzhi 66 (1649) and the
Chinese Shang Zhilong 7 i'~~1Ii in Kangxi 42 8 (1702).
4 Wechsler 1985, pp. 109-10.
5 Minggangdari (? -1669) was a MongoI 1'rom the Silut (Chinese: Xilute ]Jli~tl) clan, be-
longing to the MongoI Plain White Banner (Menggu zheng bai qi ~ -~ iI ß lllt), whose father
had joined Nurhaci. He had a brilliant military career and fought against the Ming, Li Zicheng
*~gI.G and Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong ~r;J&J)J). He was also, subsequently, Minister of War
~fl71: (Li/an Yuan Shangshu J!!l.~fl71: iiU",lf), Minister of the Personnel (Libu Shangshu
). In 1664 Emperor Kangxi honoured hirn with title 01' Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparcnt
*
(Bingbu Shangshu JUW,'.I1 ,lj:), member of the Yiz.heng clw, ~i&I€, head of the Li/an Yuan J!!l.
;";fH.'ü 14
(Taizi Taibao Ä'fÄf;rc, Hucker 1985, no. 6195; ESLS, p. 1222; biography in QSG, j. 228,
liezlntall yUf~[Biographiesl 15, pp. 307-308).
6 SHIZUSL,j. 44, p. 2a.
7 Shang Zhilong was a Chinese from Liaodong ~*, the 7th son of Shang Kexi fEtPJ~, one
of the first Chinese generals who surrendered and collaborated with the Manchus. The dates of
bit1h and death of Shang Zhilong are not known (ESLS, p. 1231; there are only a few biographi-
cal details of his own, attached to the biography of his father, in QSG, j. 234, liez/wan 21, p.
434).
8 SHENGZUSL,j. 212, p. 8a.
18
The Worship 0/ Heaven and 0/ Earth
2. The rites at the Tangzi
In the early years of Manchu power we do not find any trace of the state cults
and rites of the Chinese tradition.
The only rites worshipping Heaven were those performed in the Tangzi9
3t-=f, a sort of family temple of the ruling Aisin Gioro ~fJTJ.;':~ family.
We find the first mention of the Tangzi in the "Veritable Records of the
Qing Dynasty" (Da Qing Lichao Shilu) on the 2 nd month, day jiachen ftI J& of
the year guiwei ~* of the 11 th year of Wanli J;J1t (March 14, 1583 10 ). Ac-
cording to this record 11 the sacred place seems to have been a place of meet-
ing and prayer. In fact on this occasion Nurhaci (Chinese: Nuerhaqi ~mflf5-
~), the future Taizu 12 XfR., gathered the descendants of the "Six Ancestors"
of his c1an l3 (tollgzu Ilingguta zhu zu ZiSl/Il fPlßx~-8*~taR. -=ff/~) to pledge
(shi if) an alliance against Nikan Wailan l4 fI~Jflif;rffi.'.
9 In Manchu the name of this temple was Tanse. Other sources use the homophones or near-
homophones Tangse :W;ii/tl and Tangse ~i~~ (Chinese transliterations) (Bai Hongxi 1996, p. 78).
Unfortunately Bai Hongxi does not indicate the sources from which he has taken these transIit-
erations_ The author thanks Prof. Giovanni Stary of Venice University for having forwarded hirn
this and other Chinese articles concerning the Tangzi.
10 The dates of 1583 before October 5, 1583 are according to the Julian calendar because the
Gregorian calendar was introduced only starting from that date.
I! TAIZUSL,f I, p. Ilb,
wards Gao Huangdi i%'i!_ *,

11 Personal name Aisin Gioro Nurhaci, posthumous name at first Wu Huangdi jft~_*, after-
temple name Taizu. Ru1ed with the reign name Tianming (Man-
chu: Abkai fulingga) from 1616 to 1626.
I) The ninggllta zu were the six sons of Fuman (Chinese: Fuman fliliHi). They are known also
as the "Six Princes" (litt wang ;\'f., Chinese translation of the Manchu ningguta beile *-6-Jit
J::!1iJJ). According to the genealogy of the Qing Shi Gao [Draft History of the Qing] (QSG,f I,
benji ;,j\:fo.tC[Annals] I, Taizu benji ::tI:fll:;jl:fo.tc [Annals of Taizu], pp_ 1-2) the first ancestor of
Nurhaci was Möngke Temür (Chinese: Mengge Tiemuer ~~'5fIPI",*Ij~) or Meng Temu :Ifu:t;'Ff~
who received by the Ming court, in 1412, the title of Dudu tfI)·jB' and died in 1433. Möngke
Temür had two sons, Cunsan (Chinese: Chongshan Jt~,t 1467) and Cuyan (Chinese: Chuyan
M~). Cunsan had three sons, the eldest of whom was Tolo (Chinese: Tuoluo 'll:Mi) and after
hirn Toimo (Chinese: Tuoyimo 'll:~0l) and Sibeoci Fiyanggii (Chinese: Xibaoqi Piangu &MN
jfifjWi~). Sibeoci Fiyanggii had one son, Fuman. He also received the litle of DlltU. Fuman had
six sons, Desiku, Liocan, Soocangga, Giocangga (Chinese: Jiaochang'an '1'l~'tC), Boolangga
(Chinese: Baolang'a 8eßßiiJ) and Boosi (Chinese: Baoshi H'-en 1l1e sons of Fuman were
called ninggllta beile and also the "Six Ancestors" (liu zu 7\fll). The author thanks Professor
19
Piero Corradini
We find another record four months later l5 (the day xinhai **

of the 6 th
month of the same year, July 19, 1583). Also in this case it was an oath, this
time against the envy (ji }~) of the military virtues (yingwu ~J1~) of Nurhaci
by the descendants of his senior uncles (bo zu 1SfJ3.) Desiku (Chinese: De-
shiku i!9;; ili ßti), Liocan (Chinese: Liuchan ~iJ~.lJ) Soocangga (Chinese:
Suochang'a ~~~5J) and of the junior uncle (shu zu ,)XiII) Boosi (Chinese:
Baoshi ~1f).
In 1593, the day renzi :1:+
of the 9 th month of the year guisi ~ B (21 st
year of Wanli, September 25, 1593) was a very difficult moment, when Nur-
haci was being attacked from three sides by an army of 30,000 men of a con-
federation composed of the Yehe (Chinese: Yehe ~Mn, Hada (Hada Ilfi":i!),
Dia (Wula }~U~~), Hoifa (Huifa ~~~), Mongoi Korcin (Keerqin ~41*J~L') from
the north of the river Nen (Bei Nenhe Menggu Keerqin ~t~hs~r!:iH1*J~G),
Sibei (Xibei m;~t), Güwalgiya (Guaercha 1J~1*J~), Juseri (Zhusheli **m)
Manchus of the Changbaishan (Manzhou Changbaishan suo shu Zhusheli 1ffl
;'JI1Rß wPJT~**m.), Nayin (Nayin ~P3~x). He gathered his officials in the
Tangzi and pronounced a speech l6 . However, according to the Manzhou Shilu
rffltHI]{"~ [Manchu Veritable Records], on this occasion Nurhaci visited only
t he T.angzl.
·17
In the 3 rd year of Tianming *$, the day renyin :f:~ of the 2 nd month
(March 8, 1618), before attacking the Ming Q)j, Nurhaci announced to Heaven
Giovanni Stary of Venice University for his invaluable help, having forwarded hirn the correct
transliterations of the Manchu names.
14 On Nikan Wailan and his relations with Nurhaci see Kennedy G. A., "Nikan Wailan", in
Hummel, pp. 591-92.
15 TAIZUSL,j. I, p. 12b.
16 The Chinese text of this speech of Nurhaci's in the Tangzi is in TAIZUSL,j. 2, p. 13b. For
the Manchu text see Stary 2000.
17 This is pat1ially recorded in Di Cosmo 1999, p. 380. However Di Cosmo does not quote the
entries of the Dong Hua Lu [Records of the Eastern Flower Gate) (Hang Liangqi ~ii ~,tm, Dong
Hua Lu *1ß~, reprint 1980), of the TAIZUSL and of the Manzhou Shilu to which he refers
but quotes only p. 190 of Mo Dongyin ~*m, Manzu shi [ul1cong ~~jj-*1:ilift~i [Collected Es-
says on Manchu History], 1958. Also, this quotation seems imprecise. The quoted book is a lun-
cong, that is, a collection of essays, and he does not say of which essay it is quoted from. Fur-
thermore it is very probable that Mo Dingyin, according to the usage of Chinese scholars,
quoted only the titles of the books without any other reference. The Dong Hua Lu (j. I, p. 4)
refers to the attack but does not mention the Tangzi.
20
The Worship of Heaven and of Earth
his "Seven accusations,,18 (Qi Da Hen --t:;k:'tR) and performed a sacrifice in

the Tangzi l9 • This Tangzi was in Hetu Ala (Chinese: Hetu Ala äil~ilJUA!~), the
first capital of the Manchus. According to the Chinese scholar Li Guojun
~1~ the Tangzi of Hetu Ala was built around 1535 and was outside the city,
*
two Chinese miles (hua Li ~ l±!.) more or less outside the Eastem Gate (Dong
-*
Men wai F5 j7~), at the southeastem comer20 .
Most probably this first Tangzi was only a tent if, in 1603, another one was
built in the same place 21 . This one should be the "Temple for worshipping
Heaven" which the Korean envoy Yi Minhwan 22 *E~~ referred to, in the
year 1619.
In the 10th year, 3rd month of Tianming, the day gengwu ~q:.(May 13,
1625) Nurhaci transferred the capital to Mukden 23 (Ming and present Shen-
yang i;t~~), which in the 8th year of Tiancong ~~\!!, the day xinyou $@' of
the 4th month (May 2, 1634) received the name of Shengjing 24 ~~.
He ordered to build a Tangzi here as weIl. We know very littIe about this
Tangzi. The Qing Shi Gao iW stW [Draft History of the Qing] says only that
it was at the east of the city, outside the Neizhi Men 25 l*Jif:lF5 gate. The Qin-
ding Shengjing Tongzhi ~}: JE ~:m i!l1 ;.1;; [Imperially Authorized Shengjing
Gazetteer] gives the same information but does not add anything about when
18 Stary 1988, pp. 43-55.
19 QSG,j. I, benji I, Taizu benji, p. 9.

20 Li Guojun 2002, 4, 613, pp. 60-78. see at p. 60.
21 Bai Hongxi 1996, p. 79. The SOUl'ce from which Bai Hongxi takes this information is not
clear: he quotes only the Jianzhou wenjian tu itHI rm5\!.~ [Records of Things Heard and Seen
among the Jianzhou] by Yi Minhwan (translated into Italian in Di Cosmo 1982, pp. 146-60) but
this text does not record any date. See also Li Guojun 2002, p. 61.
12 Di Cosmo 1999, l. c.; Di Cosmo 1982, p. 150; von Mende "Chaekchong illok, Tagebuch
aus der Gefangenschaft von Yi Minhwan (1573-1649)", in Stary 1996, pp. 111-55.
2) QSG,j. 1, benji 1, Taizu benji I, p. 13.
2.\ QSG,j. 2, benji 2, TaiZOllg benji **:If>:ft.tc[Annals ofTaizong]1, p. 37; QSG, j. 55, zhi;-&
[Treatises] 30, dili ±li!.I_Ijl. [Geography] 2, Fengtian *X, p. 1707. At the same time Hetu Ala
took the name of Xingjing E~*.
25 QSG, j. 55, zhi 30, dili 2, Fengtian, p. 1708.
21
Piero Corradini
and how it was built 26 . From the map included in the book we can deduce that
it was a complex of many buildings of different dimensions (FIGURE 1).
The walled city of Mukden had eight gates, two on each side. On the
northern side there were the Dadai Men *~F5 (western) and the Fusheng
Men ;fM~F5 (eastern). On the southern side there were the Tianyou Men *-
ftF5 (western) and the Desheng Men 1}~\~F5 (eastern). On the western side
there were the Wairang Men jH~F5 (northern) and the Huaiyuan Men t~m
F5 (southern).
On the eastern side there were the Neizhi Men (northern) and the Fujin
Men iJ!\li:i5: F5 (southern). In the 19 th year of Kangxi ~~~ (1680-81) a new ex-
ternal wall (Guan cheng ~m~) was built, 7 chi Rand 5 Cl/Il -T high and with
a perimeter of 32 Li l±!. and 48 steps (bu ZV). Also this wall had eight gates,
two on eaeh side27 (FIGURE 2).
After the conquest of Peking in 1644, Prinee Dorgon 28 (Chinese: Duoer-
gun g:; jij .:tt), who acted as regent for the child Emperor Shunzhi 29 JIIM€!, with
the title of "UncIe Prince Regent" (Shufu Shezlzeng Wallg ~:x: in'll jEJ<:=f.)
deemed it necessary to build a Tangzi in this eity also.
The Peking Tangzi was completed on the day jilzai of the 9 th month2*
of the 1SI year of Shunzhi (Oetober 14, 1644)30. It was loeated at the east of
26 Agui and Liu Jinzhi 2000, j. 19, pp. 8a-b.

27 QSG,j. 55. zhi 30. dili 2, Fengtian. p. 1708; Agui and Liu Jinzhi 2000,j. 18, p. 2b.
28 Dorgon (1612-1650). prinee of the I SI class Rui (Rui Qinwang ~ff&l), was the 14 th son of
Nurhaei. After the death of Hong Taiji, his eider brot her, Dorgon lOok the reins of the govern-
ment, on the name of his nephew, Emperor Shunzhi, who was still a ehild, and eontinued the
eonquest of China. After his death in 1650 he was posthumously denounced for having usurped
power, humiliated other princes and having acted as if he were the Emperor. All his suppot1ers
were harshly persecuted (Fang Chao-yin, "Dot'gon", in Hummel, PP. 216-219; biography in
QSGJ 218, liezhuan5, zhuwang atl':E [Princes]4, Taizu zhuzi 1I:flliiti-=f [Sons ofTaizu] 3, PP.
103-114).
2~ Personal name Aisin Gioro Fu Lin (Chinese: Fulin ;fi'll~I;l,), posthumous name Zhang Hu-
angdi :I[i:Qff,-, temple name Shizu 1!Hll, ruled with the reign name Chongde for apart of 1643
and Shunzhi (Manchu: Ijishün dasan) from 1644 to 1661. He was the 9 th son of Hong Taiji and
was born on March 15, 1638. He died on February 5, 1661 (Fang Chao-ying, "Fu-lin", in
Hummel, pp. 255-259). When he ascended the throne he was barely six years old. Note that the
emperors of the Qing Dynasty, after the conquest of Peking, are commonly called with their
reign names.
30 QSG, j. 4, benji 4, Shizu benji illfflJjl:fo.:c [Annals of Shizu] I, p. 72.
22
the Jade River Bridge (Yuhe qiao dong 3i.1iiJ:f~*)31, outside the Chang'an
Left Gate 32 (Chang'an zuo men~3(ftF~) a gate that today no longer exists,
in the old Legations' Quarter (FIGURE 3). In the Qinding Manzhou Jishen
Jitian Dianli 33 jÄ JE 1ffi 13+1 ~H$ ~ U~. [Imperially Authorized Canon of the
Manchu Enshrined Deities] there is a map of this temple (FIGURE 4).
This Tangzi was abandoned in 1901, as a consequence of the 190 I Peking
Treaty. As a result of the treaty, the Legations' Quarter was enlarged, includ-
ing the Tangzi in its perimeter. Due to the extraterritoriality granted to the
Legations' Quarter, the Imperial authorities, and even the Emperor, could no
longer access it without the permission of the Dean of the diplomatie corps.
However, Chinese protocol forbade the Emperor for asking for such permis-
sion. Therefore a new, small Tangzi was built on the other side of the
Chang'an Dajie34 -ECt2:.ki:!'j, north of the southern mouth of the Nanheyan
Dajie35 "WI~iiJtJ-:Ai:!,j, and west of the first block of the Peking Hotel (Beijing
Fandiall ~t]Jt~&)b') that at the time had not yet been built. Arlington and
Levisohn, in their In seal'eh 01 Old Pekillg, give a short description of the
temple and note the presence of yellow tiles on the roof, symbol of an impe-
rial building. At the time when Arlington and Levisohn were writing (1937),
the building was private property36. It has since been demolished to make
place for additions to the Peking Hotel. Now there is no longer a Tallgzi in
Peking.
However, as stated before, the Tangzi was not an official temple of the
state cult but only atempie used for the shamanic ceremonies of the ruling
dynasty.
31 SHIZUSL.j. 8, pp. 7b-8a .
.12 RIXIA, Chengshi J~m [The City], Neiclleng Nancheng pg~~J~ [The Southern Inner
City],j. 49, p. 773 .

.1.1 Qinding ManZ/lO!I Jishen Dian/i, 2000, j. 6, at the beginning of the chapter, without page
numbers.
34 Beijing Shi Wenwu Shiye Guanliju (ed.) 1988, p. 235, pp. 81-82.
*
35 The Nanheyan Dajie goes from the Donghua Men Dajie
Dajie k'ii::k1lJ (Wang Bin ed. 1987, pp. 73-74) .

*:1M1:kt11 to the Dong Chang'an
.16 Arlington & Lewihson 1987, pp. 118-119.
23
Piero Corradini
3. The altars to Heaven and Earth of Mukden

On the eve of the great reforms of the Chongde 3iHw era, in the 10th year of
Tiancong, the day gengchen m:Jl[
of the 4 th month (May 10, 1636) Emperor
Taizong 37 **, on the proposal of the Ministry of Rites (Lihu 1~W), de-
cided to celebrate the rites in honour of Heaven and the Earth 38 in the form of
"Great Sacrifices" (tai/ao *2$0).
On that very day he ordered the change of
the dynastic name to Da Qing *i# and the adoption of the reign era of
Chongde39 .
He also ordered the building of a "Round Mound Altar" (Yuan Qiu Tan
~E.J:tE) and of a "Square Pond Altar" (Fang Ze Tan 1J~i!f) in Mukden to
"
perlorm the sacn'f'Ices 40 .
The "Round Mound Altar", afterwards called "altar to Heaven" (Tian Tan
:xJ:tEl), was outside the Desheng Gate41 , the southeastern of the eight gates of
Shengjing. Its shape was round and it had three levels. The upper level, the
circumference of which measured 1 zhang :si: and 8 chi, had 9 layers; the sec-
ond level had a circumference of 3 zhang and 6 chi and had 7 layers; the third
level had a circumference of 5 zhang and 4 chi and had 5 layers. The circum-
ference of the wall measured 113 zhal1g. It was 3 chi high.
The Qingding Shengjing Tongzhi contains maps of the altars (FIGURES
5 and 6).
We must note that the outer wall that surrounded the Altar to Heaven in
Mukden was round, while the same wall, in the altar of Peking (that already
existed at that time, used by the Ming emperors) was square.
37 Personal name Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji (Chinese: Huangtaiji 1#. j(j;ig) , posthumous name
Wen Huangdi xRfiJ, temple name Taizong. Ruled with the reign name Tiancong x!fJ!! (Man-
chu: Abkai sure, 1627-(635) and Chongde ,*H~ (Manchu: Wesihun erdemungge, 1636-1643;
Fang Chao-ying, "Abahai", in Hummel, pp. 1-3). Fang Chao-ying calls hirn by the name Aba-
hai, used by many authors until 1982. The researches of Professor Stary have demonstrated that
this name ne ver existed and that his correct name was Hong Taiji (Stary 1982, pp. 157-162,
Id.1999, pp. 259-265, Id. 2000, pp. 301-303).
38 TAIZONGSL,j. 28, pp. IOb-12a.
39 TAIZONGSL,j. 28, p. 12a.
40 QSG,j. 83, zhi 58, li 1~ [Rites]l,jili 1~11~ [Auspicious Rites]I, p. 2223.
4\ Da Qing Yitong Zhi Am--Mut [Unified Gazetteer of the Great Qing Empire], 2000,j. 35,
p.6b.
24
The map of the Shengjing Altar does not reproduce the many accessory
buildings requested for the sacrifices, such as the Hall of Abstinence (zhai
gong 'tf '8), where the Emperor spent the night before the sacrifice, the
Slaughter Tower (zaishellg fing *!J1'~), the Sacred Kitchen (shen chu f$!M)
and the Spirit Store (shen ku f$ )1$L).
The "Square Pond Altar" (FIGURE 6), called also "Altar to the Earth"
(Di Tan !lli:b~) was square and had 2 levels. Each side of the upper level was 6
zhallg long and the level was 2 zhang high. Each side of the lower level meas-
ured 8 zhang and the level was 2 zhang and 4 cun high. The perimeter of the
wall measured 133 zhang 42 . It was outside the Neizhi Gate 43 , the southem
gate of the eastem side of the city wall. We must note that this location is
quite strange, because the Zhou Li prescribed that the "Altar to the Earth"
should be at the north of the capital.
The ceremonies at these altars were considered of equal importance to
those devoted to the worship of the ancestors of the imperial household, and
expressed the special relationship that linked the Emperor to the Heavens and
the Earth. They allowed the Emperor to announce his assumption of power
and to make his legitimacy evident. Within the first three years of his acces-
sion to the throne he had to personally conduct a sacrifice in their honour.
The first sacrifices to Heaven and Earth were held on May 22, 1636 (the
day yiyou Z 1llI' of the 4 th month of the 10th year of Tiancong or 1st year of
Chongde), the same day of the change of era from Tiancong to Chongde and
the adoption of the new dynastie denomination 44 . This was the first step to-
ward the official adoption of Confucianism by the Manchus.
4. The worship in the Chongde period

At the arrival of the winter, the day yic/IOU ZB. of the 11 th month of the 1st
year of Chongde (December 21, 1636) Taizong held the first lailao in the
Yuan QiU 45 . On the occasion of this sacrifice the Emperor announced his ex-
pedition against Korea to Heaven and Earth.
42 QSG,j. 83, zhi 58, li I,jili I, p. 2224.

43 lbidem.
44 QSG,j. 3, benji 3, Taizong benji 2, pp. 44-45.
45 TAIZONGSL,j. 32, pp. IOb-12b.
25
Piero Corradini
The following year (1637) the rite was performed on the day gengwu of
the 11 th month (December 21, 1637), this time without any announcement of
war and without any reference to the Earth 46 .
For the 3rd (1638) and the 4 th (1639) year of Chongde we do not find any
record of sacrifices to Heaven in the "Veritable Records" nor are they re-
corded in the QSG.
In the 5 th year (1640) the rites are recorded on the day bingxu jA];j(; of the
11 th month 47 (December 21, 1640)
In the 6 th year (1641) the rites were performed on the day jichou 2H of
the 11 th month 48 (December 19, 1641), but not by the Emperor. In his pI ace
he sent thc Director of Rites (Libu Chengzheng t! $ 7]( ll)l:) Mandarhan 49
(Chinese: Mandaerhan ~jlß~j'ij ~%).
In the i h year (1642) the Emperor was on a trip in the territory of the Na-
ran (Chinese: Nalan *P3F~) tribe. On the day bingshen Vi $ of the 11 th month
(December 21, 1642) he sent an officer to perform the rites. The record does
not specify the name and rank of this officer. However, on those days the
Emperor fasted and abstained from hunting because of the ceremonies con-
temporarily held in the Yuan Qiu 50 .
Taizong died at the agc of 52 on the day dingmao T Y/1 of the 8 th month
of the 8th year (September 18, 1643)51. Therefore he could not perform the
winter rites to Heaven.
46 TA[ZONGSL,j. 39, p. [2b.
47 TA[ZONGSL,j. 53, p. [3b.

48 TA[ZONGSL,j. 58, p. 17a.
4~ Mandarhan (? - [648), from the Nara (Chinese: Na[a *I'JI~U) clan, be[onged to the Manchu
Plain Yellow Banner (MGnzholi zheng hllGng qi iHiiJ'H fE ~1ilt). He fought bravely under Taizong
and on the day bingxu of the 7th month of the 3'd year of Chongde (August 14, 1638) he was
named Libu Chengzheng 1r'IM/}o[j( (QSG, j. 3, benji 3, TGizong benji 2, p. 53; ESLS, p. 1222;
biography in QSG,j. 228, liezhllGn 3iu1~ [Biographies] 15, pp. 305-307).
50 TA[ZONGSL,j. 63, p. 26b.
51 TA[ZONGSL,j. 65, p. 41a.
26
5. Worship during the reign of Shunzhi

On the day renyin of the 11 th month of the 8th year (December 22, 1643) the
new Emperor, who had not yet adopted a new reign name (nianhao if3»t),
sent the duke Tajan52 (Chinese: Tazhan *~) to perform the rites at the Yuan
Qiu 53 in Shengjing.
After the conquest of Peking in 1644 Emperor Shunzhi used the al ready
existing Yuan Qiu of the Ming. Located in the Chongwen qu *)([&, to the
south of the Tianqiao Dajie *1'~:ki!j and to the east of the Yongdingmen
Dajie 71<'J:E Ft}(m (FIGURE 9), it had been built with the name of Tian Di
Tan :7dilij::l:2[ by the Ming Emperor Yongle 54 7i<.~ in the 18 th year of his reign
(1420) when he transferred the capital from Nanking to Peking55 •
However, all the quoted sources are silent about the features of this build-
ing. The first sacrifices were performed jointly to Heaven and Earth on the
day jiawu ftI q:. of the 1st month of the 19th year of Yongle 56 (February 7,
1421).
Emperor Jiajing 57 #n*'rl of the Ming Dynasty reduced the altar to its pre-
sent form (FIGURE 7) in the 9th year of his reign (1530), when he renamed
the old Tian Di Tallg as Pavilion of the Great Sacrifices (Dasi dian Afl2W&)
and added the many buildings still extant 58 .
52 Tajan (? -1647), held the hereditary litle of duke (Gong). He was Grand Minister of the Im-
perial Household (Nei Dachen ,)gA!?.) under Taizong (ESLS, p. 1217; short biography in QSG,
j. 226, Iiezhua/l 13, p. 245).
53 SHIZUSL,j. 2, p. lOb.
54 Personal name Zhu Di *f4!, posthumous name Wen Huangdi, temple name Chengzu hlGm,
ruled from 1403 to 1424. Also the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty are usually referred to by
their reign name.
55Beijing Shi Wenwu Shiye Guanliju (ed.) 1988, p. 235; Guangxll Shllntian Fuzhi :i'tf!;liJI!l1X
i1t;-b[Guangxu Shuntian Province Gazetteer], j. 5, Jingshi zhi :m-nnjit [Trealise on the Capital]
5, reprint 1987, pp. 109-110; RIXIA, j. 58, Che/lgshi. Waidleng /lan :$'~ JJ)(:WJ [Southern Outer
City] I, p. 915; CMMYL,j. 14, pp. la-2a; Arlington & Lewihson 1988, pp. 105-108.
56 Zhang Tingyu 1~$Efi (chief ed.), Ming Shi IYJ ~ [Ming History], 2000, j. 7, benji 7,
Chellgzu 3, p. 72.
57 Personal name Zhu Houcong *Ji1:~@, posthumous name Su Huangdi )ffij ~ fiT, temple name
Shizongt!!:~t~, ruled with the reign name Jiajing from 1522 to 1566.
58 Zhang Tingyu, Ming Shi 2000. j. 47, zhi 23, li I, jili I, p. 1052; RIXIA, j. 58, Chengshi,
Waic/tellg nall I, pp. 915-916, CMMYL,j. 14, pp. la-2a.
27
Piero Corradini
This altar now has been transformed into a public park (Tian Tan
gongyuan *:!:~ 011]) and is open to visitors.
The rites were held in correspondence with the winter solstice.
Emperor Shunzhi was rather assiduous in performing the rites. In total,
during the reign of Shunzhi, the sacrifices to Heaven were celebrated 17
times. The Emperor personally took part in them nine times (52,94%). Twice
(11,76%) they were celebrated by high officials of the civil administration: in
Shunzhi 259 (1645) by Inggüldai 60 (Chinese: Ying'eerdai ~11UI~1m, Minister
of Revenue (Hubu Shangshu fl-tflHdUin and in Shunzhi 861 (1651) by Ahani-
kan 62 (Chinese: Ahanikan ~ilJflif Jj~'±!), Minister of Rites (Libu Shangshu t!.'I$
fdU i~n and six times (35,29%) by Court noblemen: in Shunzhi 663 (1649) by
Gunggadai 64 (Chinese: Gong'adai ~pilJ 1m, Prince of the 4 th cIass 65 (Güsan
59 SHIZUSL,j. 21, p. 8b.
60 Inggüldai (1596-1648) belonged to the Tatara (Chinese: Tatala 1t1!.±ftl~~) clan living in Ja-
kümu (Chinese: Chakumu :tLJ:.Ji*). As a young boy, he followed his grandfather Daitukühari
(Chinese: Daitukuhali t:alllllJ.Ji!l&tlcIJlJ to join the forces of Nurhaci and entered the Manchu Plain
White Banner (Mallzhou zheng bai qi iKiiHliE EI Mt). Afterwards he had a brilliant and diplo-
matie career, fighting against the Ming and leading a mission to Korea. In 1631, when the Six
Ministries (Liu bu 7\1,1)) were established for the first time, he was made Director of Revenue
(Hubu chellgzhellg P;"jl7}dEJO, a post that he occupied again in 1644, as Minister of Revenue
(Hubu Shongshu P;WI',',ji!:i:; Kennedy, "lnggUldai", in Hummel, pp. 294-295; ESLS, p. 1222;
biography in QSG,j. 228, liez/lUan 15, pp. 303-305).
(,1 SHIZUSL,j. 61, pp. 6b-7a
(,~ Ahanikan (? -1652), from the Fuca (Chinese: Fucha ~~) clan, belonged to the Manchu
Bordered Blue Banner (Manzhou xiang lan qi iKiiJ·IH~;ZMt). He was active in the military cam-
paigns against the (aqar and the Ming and in 1644 attacked Yangzhou t~HH. In 1647 he was
named Minister of War (Bingbu Shangshu) and in 1650 was transfelTed to the Ministry of Rites.
He died under this position in the 12th montll of the 8th year of Shunzhi (January I I -February 9,
1652; Qian Shifu (ed.), 1980, Bu)'uan Dachen Nianbiao nHßJEAB:i:if::« [Chronological Tables
of the Great Officials of the Ministries and Courts], ce in} [volumel I, pp. 159-162; ESLS, p.
1237, biography in QSG, j. 241, liez/wan 28, pp. 552-554). There are some contradictions
among the quoted sOUlTes. According to ESLS he died in 1651 and to the QSG (p. 554) in 1650
while he was on duty until the beginning of 1652.
('3 SHIZUSL,j. 46, p. 16a.
M A member of the Imperial Clan (Zongshi 1.K:~O Gunggadai entered (QSG, j. 114, zhi, zhi-
guan I, p. 2874) the informal Deliberative Council (Yizheng chu iilliiE}{}jj&, Hucker 1985, nos.
2937; 2940) as Yizheng dachen ii.&j[)(A~, when it was created in 1635. Afterwards he was Di-
rector of the Personnel (Libu Chengzheng ~ f(fFf<i50 on the day lVuchen Jj(;JlR of the 8th month
28
Beise; Chinese: Gushan Beizi I~I W~ f"), in Shunzhi 1266 (1655) and Shun-
zhi 15 67 (1658) by Erke Daicing 68 (Chinese: Eerkedaiqing 1nHlf5U~x w),
Duke (Gonl 9 0); in Shunzhi 1470 (1657) by Aisingga71 (Chinese: Aixing'a
~J'iHIlJ), Duke (Gong), in Shunzhi 1672 (1659) by Unci 73 (Chinese: Wenqi ~
of Chongde (September 19, 1643), just before the death of Taizong (QSG, j. 3, benji 3, Taizong
2, p. 67). The dates of his birth and death are not known.
05 Hucker 1985, no. 3242; Mayers, p. 3.
M SHIZUSL,j. 95, pp. 6b-7a.
07 SHIZUSL,j. 123, p. 16a.
08 Erke Daicing (? -1661), from the Borgijit (Chinese: Boerjijite t~jjj;jiffr'ft;j) clan, belonged
to the Manchu Plain White Banner. He made a name for hirnself at the court, supervising the
Imperial Bodyguards (shiwei f'fl~, Hucker 1985, no. 5333) receiving the title of 3'd class Mar-
quis (san deng hou .=. !'4i'iCu. When the Emperor took reins of the government, he entered the
Yizheng Chu and his title was upgraded to First class Marquis (yi deng hOU~4i*). He took up
the command of the Imperial Bodyguard as Shiwei Nei Dachen i~j~J IAI A bio In 1657 he
reached the rank of Junior Guardian (Shaobao Yi!?:, Hucker 1985, no. 5110) and concurrently
of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent (Taizi Taibao Ä'f'Äi;r:, Hucker 1985, no. 6195). The
SHIZUSL calls hirn Duke (Gong) but he never held this title of nobility (ESLS, p. 1223; biogra-
phy in QSG,j. 229, liezhuan 16, pp. 314-315).
OY Hucker 1985, no. 3385.
711 SHIZUSL, j. 113, pp. 3b-4a.
71 Aisingga (? -1664), son of Tajan, was a hereditary noble belonging to the Manchu Plain
Yellow Banner (Manzhou zheng huang qi). In 1661 received the degree of general (dajiangjun
A~Q:[) with the task of solving the problems in the west (ding xi JElIY). In this position he
fought bravely against the Southern Ming and for his merits he received the rank of Grand
Guardian (Taibao Äi!?:) and concurrently of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent (Taizi Tai-
bao). The SHIZUSL calls hirn Duke (Gong) because of his hereditary nobility (ESLS, p. 1233;
biography in QSG,j. 236, [iezhuan 23, p. 468).
n SHIZUSL, j. 130, p. 2a.
73 Une i was a member of the Aisin Gioro clan, a descendant of Yarhaci (Chinese: Yaerhaqi
itEjjj;jIl;'tj'tf), younger brother of Nurhaci. In his youth he was made a beise and Commander
(Du!ong) of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner (Manzhou xiang Ion qi). When Wu Sangui ~.=.
tt rebelIed, he was sent to fight hirn. The dates of his biIth and death are unknown but he
should have been very young when he was sent to perform the rites to Heaven (ESLS, p. 1207;
biography in QSG,j. 215, liezhuall 2, zlunmllg I, Xianzu zhuzi !.tJHHUl'f' [Sons of Xianzu], pp.
54-55).
29
Piero Corradini
')Xf) and in Shunzhi 1774 (1660) by Gülmahün 75 (Chinese: Guermahong Jitft~

19j1~), both Princes of the 4 th class (Gusan Beise).
Peking already had an altar dedicated to the worship of the Earth (FIG-
URE 8), located in the Dongcheng qu *~~, outside the Anding Men :t:5E
F~, in the north of the city (FIGURE 9). Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dy-
nasty ordered it built in 153076 with the name of Fang Ze Tan, wh ich was
changed in 153477 to Di Tan. In addition to the square altar, there were other
accessory buildings such as the Hall of Abstinence (zhai gong), the Slaughter
Tower (zaisheng fing), the Sacred Kitchen (shen chu), the Spirit Store (shen
ku) and the Bell Tower (zhong lau ifi$)78.
This altar is also still existing (restored after the Cultural Revolution) and
open to visitors as part of a public park (Di Tall gongyuan ±i!!.:ba0~~).
The worship of the Earth was considered less important than that to
Heaven. The Emperor never took part in them, and instead sent high-ranking
officials in his place.
The rites were held in correspondence with the summer solstice.
In the 1st year of Shunzhi (1644-35) the rites to the Earth were not per-
formed. The Manchu troops reached Peking 79 on the day jichou of the 5 th
month of that year (June 6 th , 1644) and on the same day Prince Dorgon in-
stalled himself in the Wuying dian 80 i1:~~IJf& of the Imperial Palace. It is quite
natural that in the disorder of the recently occupied capital it was not possible
to organize the rites.
74 SZUZL,j. 142, pp. 11a-b.

75 About hirn we know only that in the 10 th year of Shunzhi, 2nd month (February 28 - March
28, 1653), he was sent to Tibet to confer to the Dalai Lama an honorific title (QSG, j. 525, lie-
ZhUQ/l 312,fanbu %'fi'jß 8, Xizang Im~, p. 4649).
76 RIXIA,j. 107,jiaojiong ;;:ß.!fnJ [Periphery], bei ~G [North], p. 1779; CMMYL,j. 16, pp. la-
2a.
77 Beijing Shi Wenwu Shiye Guanliju (ed.) 1988, p.35.
78/bidem, pp. 35-37; Guangxu Shulltian Fuzhi,j. 5, Jingshi zhi 5, pp. 113-114; Arlington &
Lewihson 1988, pp. 233-237; RIXIA,j. 107,jiaojiong, bei, pp. 1779-1782; CMMYL,j. 16, pp.
I-foll.
79 SHIZUSL,j. 5, p. la; QSG,j. 4, benji 4, Shizu benji 1, p. 70.
80 QSG, I. c.
30
In total, during the reign of Shunzhi, sacrifices to the Earth were cele-
brated 16 times. The Emperor never took part in them personally. They were
celebrated six times (37,50%) by high officials of the civil administration: in
Shunzhi 281 (1645) by Langkio 82 (Chinese: Langqiu ~ßBj{), Minister of Rites
(Ubu Shangshu); in Shunzhi 3 83 (1646) by Inggüldai 84 , Minister of Revenues
(Hubu Shangshu), in Shunzhi 4 85 (1647) and Shunzhi 5 86 (1648) by Ahani-
kan 87 as Minister ofWar (Bingbu Shallgshu ~mH~l'ln, in Shunzhi 888 (1651)
by Ahanikan as Minister of Rites (Libu Shangshu), in Shunzhi 7 89 (1650) by
Singna90 (Chinese: Xingna IT. SrD , Minister of Works (Gongbu Shangshu I
82 A member of the Imperial family (Gioro .fiHiO, Langkio C -1656) has no biography in the
QSG. However we find that he was named Director of lustice Affairs (Xingbu Chengzheng jflJ
j'W;I{j[)lJ on the day bingxu of the 7 th month of the 3'd year of Chongde (September 3, 163S,
QSG,j. 3. benji 3, Taizong benji 2, p. 53) and was dismissed from this office due to unspecified
accusations, on the day IVUXLI IJGJJi. f the 12'h month of the same year (January 13, 1639, QSG,j.
3, benji 3, Taizong benji 2, p. 54). He was named Director of Rites (Libll Chengzheng) on the
day jiachen of the 6 th month of the 7th year of Chongde (July 2, 1642, QSG, j. 3, benji 3,
Taizong benji 2, p. 64) and again on the day H'uchen of the Sth month of the S"l year of Chongde
(September 19, 1643, QSG, j. 3, benji 3, Taizong benji 2, p. 67). He remained in this post as
Libu Shangshu until the day billgzi V,j i"- of the 7 th month of the 6 th year of Shunzhi (August 26,
1649; Qian Shifu (ed.), 19S0 Buyuan Dachen Nianbiao. ce I, p. 160). He took up again at the
Ministry of Rites on the day guisi of the 3'd month of the 9"1 year of Shunzhi (April 29, 1652,
QSG, j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 107) and on the day jiayin of the 10th month of the of the
same year he entered the Yizheng chu (November 16, 1652; QSG, j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p.
108). On the day yisi L E of the 5 t11 month of the 12th year of Shunzhi (June 25, 1655) he
passed to the Ministry of Revenue as Minister (Hubu Shangshu, QSG, j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji
2, p. IIS) and died on the day yihai Gi<. of the 5th month of the 13 th year of Shunzhi (June 19,
1656; QSG,j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 122)
84 See above, note 60.
86 SHIZUSL,j. 3S, p. 9b.
88 SHiZUSL,j. 57, p. Ib.
8Y SHIZUSL,j. 49, p. 3a.
YO Singna C -1674), from the Giorca (Chinese: Jiaoercha '];'tilWf,O clan, belonged to the Man-
chu Plain White Banner (Manzhou zheng bai qi). He fought against the Ming with Nurhaci,
31
Piero Corradini
-tffH~j fD; five times (31,25%) by court noblemen: in Shunzhi 11 91 (1654) and
in Shunzhi 1592 (1658) by Erke Daicing9 " in Shunzhi 1494 (1657), Shunzhi
1695 (1659) and in Shunzhi 17 96 (1660) by Aisingga97 , three times (18,75%),
in Shunzhi 9 98 (1652), Shunzhi 1099 (1653) and in Shunzhi 13 100 (1656) by
the Grand Minister of the Imperial Household 101 (Nei Dachen pg:k~) Bos-
oni 102 (Chinese: Bosuoni fs*JTI), once (6,25%), in Shunzhi 12 103 (1655) by
the member of the imperial family Bahana 104 (Chinese: Bahana EIlff*P3) and
against the Caqar with Hong Taiji and against Zhang Xianzhong ~~1M,e" taking Datong AlU] in
1649. Afterwards he was Minister of Works (Go11gbu Shangshu) and a member of the Yizhe11g
chll (ESLS, pp. 1237-1238; biography in QSG,j. 241, fiez/wa1128, p. 554)
92 SHIZUSL,j. 117, pp, 12a-b.
9) See above, note 68.
94 SHIZUSL,j. 109, p. 12a.
95 SHIZUSL,j. 126, p. la.
Hk) SHIZUSL,j. 101, pp. 6b-7a.
101 Hucker 1985, no. 4262.
102 The QSG does not mention hirn.
103 SHIZUSL,j. 91, p. Ilb.
1Q.l Bahana (? -1666) was a member of the Aisin Gioro imperial family, nephew at the 4'h gen-
eration of Soocangga. He belonged to the Manchu Bordered White Banner (Manzhou xiang bai
qi iNii+H~ B 1M). After the usual military career of the princes belonging to the imperial family,
on the day jiayin rr'tiT of the 10th montll of the 9'h year of Shunzhi (November 16, 1652; QSG,
j. 5, benji 5, ShizlI benji 2, p. 57) he was named Minister of lustice (Xingbu Shangshu). After-
wards, on the day gengzi J)!'f of the 5'" month of the 12'h year of Shunzhi (June 20, 1655; QSG,
j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 118) he entered the Grand Secretariat (neige [:!gM) as Hongwen
yuan Daxueshi ~L.JtM:::k'1j.~±. His title was changed three years later to Zhonghe dian Daxue-
shi rp;fD~:;k*± and in 1662, when Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, to Bis/nI yuan
Daxueshi ~~%FM::;kJ}~±, a post that he held until his death. ESLS, p. 1234, biography in QSG,
j. 238, fiezhuan 25, pp. 495-496.
32
once (6,25%) in Shunzhi 6 105 (1649) by the Commander of Banner 106

(Güshan Eje; Chinese: Gushan Ezhen IGI WWl~): Minggandari lO7 •
However it must be noted that, for both the rites to Heaven and the rites
to Earth, the officials sent to perform them, in addition to being all high rank-
ing, were all of Manchu stock, with the exception of one Mongoi (Minggan-
dari) in 1649. No Chinese official performed these rites, at least during the
first reigns of the dynasty.
This fact may be of some significance. The Manchus needed legitimisa-
tion from the moment the Qing Dynasty was proclaimed. The rites to Heaven
and Earth were an essential part of the legitimisation process. The rites per-
formed by Manchu and Mongoi officials meant that both these stocks were
legitimately in power and that they could correctly worship Heaven and
Earth, which were themselves sources of legitimisation.
6. Worship during the reign of Kangxi

In the span of his 61 years of reign, Emperor Kangxi 108 attended the rites to
Heaven 44 times (72,13%). In the remaining years he had a substitute six
times (9,84%) by his sons Yün leng 109 (Chinese: Yunreng fttJ1), then the

10~ Huckel' 1985, no. 3240.

108 Personal name Aisin Gioro Siowan Ye (Chinese: Xuanye 1;1$), posthumous name Ren
Huangdi 1=!#.fi7, temple name Shengzu lJRfll, ruled with the reign name Kangxi (Manchu: Elhe
taifin) from 1662 to 1722. The 3'd son of Emperor Shunzhi, he was born on May 4,1654 and
died on December 20, 1722. He ascended the throne at the age of 8, under the regency of four
high ranking Manchu officials. At the age of 14 he dismissed the Regents and began to rule the
Empire himself. He suppressed the rebellion of the "Three Feudatories" (San fan -=- i!t) in the
south and extended the Manchurian domination on Taiwan, Tibet and Mongolia. Under his
reign China entered aperiod of economic and cultural progress. (Fang Chao-ying, "Hsüan-yeh",
in Hummel, pp. 327-331; Tsao Kai-fu 1974-76, pp. 108-130; Spence, 1974).
109 His original name was In Jeng (Chinese: Yinreng, with yin ~fHl as the first character). When
his brother In Jen ascended the throne, the character yin became taboo and was replaced by yun
ft. In the SHENGZUSL the character yin is used to refer to the future Emperor In Jen and,
strangely enough, to Prince Yinzhi. The reasons for this choice are not clear. Yiin Jeng (1674-
1725) was the 2 nd of the 35 sons of Emperor Kangxi. His mother was the Empress Xiaocheng
Ren Huanghou ~~f=!i!.J§'. He was named Crown Prince (Huang Taizi) in 1645. The Emperor
personally took care of his education. He bore the title of Prince Limi (Limi Qinwang :tljl~~JI.
33
Piero Carradini
Crown Prince (Huang Taizi ~j;:f) in Kangxi 35 110 (1696), Kangxi 40 111
(1701), Kangxi 44" 2 (1705) and Kangxi 45" 3 (1706), In Jen" 4 (Chinese:
Yinzhen JijLtJlt), Fourth Imperial Son, Prince of the 1sI dass Yong (Huang Sizi
Heshi Yang Qinwang *IZY-=f;fU-liMJEE) in Kangxi 60" 5 (1721) and In Ji" 6
(Chinese: Yinzhi J~LtJI:) in Kangxi 58 117 (1719); 10 times (16,39%) by the
Grand Ministers of the Imperial Household concurrently controlling the Im-
perial Guardsmen (Ling Shiwei Nei Dachen" 8 @Hvt~JI:\j:ktt:) Fusan" 9 (Chi-
CE). When he was named Crown Prince many rivalries began to isolate hirn. Even though
Kangxi liked Yün leng and had always wanted the best for hirn, Yün leng did not cooperate. He
was known to put his personal pleasures above important maUers of the Empire. In 1707 the
Emperor could take no more of Yün leng s increasingly absurd actions, and decided to abolish
Yün leng 's position as Crown Prince. Rumours and speculations arose about the new Crown
Prince. In 1709 Kangxi brought Yün leng back as Crown Prince to avoid further fabrications,
rumours and disruption of the imperial court. During Kangxi's last visit southward to the Yang-
tze region, Yün leng grew hungry for supreme power such as he had had as regent in Peking,
and he ploUed to force Kangxi to abdicate upon his return to Peking. However this failed after
Kangxi heard of the news. When Kangxi returned to Peking he once again abolished the Crown
Prince post once and for all. Yün leng was sent to prison where he died (Pei Huang, 1974, pp.
60-69; biography in QSG, j. 220, liezhuGIl 7, zhuwGng 6, Shengzu zhuzi !lllfJHtiT [Sons of
Shengzu], pp. 134-140; ESLS, p. 1211; Fang Chao-ying, "Yin-jeng", in Hummel, pp. 924-925).
110 SHENGZUSL,j. 178, p. 7b.

111 SHENGZUSL,j. 206, p. llb.
112 SHENGZUSL,j. 223, pp. la-b.
114 He was the future Emperor Yongzheng. See below, note 210.
115 SHENGZUSL,j. 295, pp. 8a-b.
116 In li (1677-1732) was the 3rd son of Kangxi. By order of his father he was the editor of the
great encyclopaedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng 1i·~Ilillj.g:W:}Jx [Collection of Ancient and Modern
Books and Plates] completed just before the death of Kangxi in 1722 and published in 1728
without any reference to hirn. This happened because he had participated actively in the plots
for the succession to Kangxi, being an opponent of In Jen who later ascended the throne as Em-
peror Yongzheng. Yongzheng always remembered his opposition and sent hirn to confinement,
where he died (Fang Chao-ying, "Yin-chih", in Hummel, pp. 922-923, ESLS, pp. 1211-1212,
biography in QSG,j. 220, liezhuGn 7, zhuwGng 6, Shenzu zhuzi, pp. 140-141). The QSG calls
hirn Yunzhi, using the character "Yun" instead of the tabooed "Yin". It is very strange that the
SHENGZUSL, compiled under the reign of Yongzheng, use for hirn the taboo character.
117 SHENGZUSL,j. 286, pp. 7b-8a.
118 Hucker 1985, no. 3771; Mayers (p. 9) has "Chamberlain of the Guards".
34
nese: Fushan *Wi~) in Kangxi 30 120 (1691) and in Kangxi 34 l2l (1695), Tong
GuoweiI221~~Ml: in Kangxi 33 123 (1694), Borben l24 (Chinese: Boerben :lEt~
:ri[) in Kangxi 41 125 (1702), Efei l26 (Chinese: Efei ~~~) in Kangxi 42 127
(1703), Alingga 128 (Chinese: Aling' a ~pJ iHilJ) in Kangxi 47 129 (1708) and
Kangxi 48 130 (1709), Marsai l3I (Chinese: Maersai J~~.) in Kangxi 56 132
IIY Fusan is mentioned in the QSG as a duke (Gong, QSG,j. 8, benji 8, Shengzu benji ß'I·fll.*
*2 [Annals of Shengzu] 3, p. 221), as a Grand Minister of the Imperial Household Coneurrently
Controlling the Imperial Guardsmen (Ling Shiwei Nei Dachen, QSG,j. 87, zhi 62, Li 6, jili 6, p.
2316) and as a 1st class Duke (yi dellg gong -'~i\ QSG,j. 93, zhi 68, li 12, xiongLi ~H!l2, p.
2412).
120 SHENGZUSL,j. 153, p. Ila.
122 Tong Guowei (? -1719), despite his Chinese name, belonged to the Manehu Bordered Yel-
low Banner (Manzhou xiang huang qi) and was the brother of Empress Xiao Kang Zhang
Huanghou *WJit.2J§ and the father of Empress Xiao Yi Ren Huanghou ~::lt$f=!1!J§. There-
fore he was closely eonneeted to the person of the Emperor, being eoneurrently his brother-in-
law and father-in-Iaw. He was named Nei Dachen in 1670 (ESLS, p. 1267; biography in QSG,j.
287, liez/lUall 74, pp. 1089-1091).
123 SHENGZUSL,j. 165, p. lOb.
124 Borben is quoted only twiee in the QSG. He was named Menggu Dutong ~J:!l'ffll#JE the
day xinl1lao ~.gp of the 4th month of the 22"d year of Kangxi (May 15, 1683; QSG,j. 7, benji 7,
Shellgzu benji 2, pp. 175-176). In 1693 as a Nei Dachen he was sent to supervise the military
eolonization (tuntian Tb:, FfI) of Guihua ftiJl1-t (QSG,j. 7, benji 7, Shizu benji 2, p. 196).
126 Efei is quoted only onee in the QSG, in the biography of Prinee Yün Ti (Chinese: Yunti :k
ff~), the I SI son of Emperor Kangxi (QSG,j. 220, liezhuall 7, zhuwang 6, Shengzu zhuzi, p. 135).
128 Alingga (? -1713), from the Niohoru (Chinese: Niuhulu lHff,M(,J:) clan, belonged to the
Manehu Bordered Yellow Banner (Manzhou xiang huang qi iiti+H~Fi.'ßiO. He served in the Im-
perial Bodyguard and in his banner. In 1688 he inherited the title of Ist class Duke (yi deng
gong) and was named Dutong of the Manehu Bordered Yellow Banner. Died in 1713 (ESLS, p.
1297; biography in QSG,j. 287, liezhuan 74, pp. 1093-1094).
131 Marsai took part in a naval expedition against (QSG, j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 130)
against Koxinga in August - September 1659. Afterwards he was named Minister of Revenue
(Hubu Shangshu) on the day wuzi J:X:~ of the 12'h month of the 6th year of Kangxi (January 31,
35
Piero Corradini
(1717), Kangxi 57'33 (1718), Kangxi 58 134 (1719), Kangxi 59 135 (1720) and
on1y once (1,64%), in Kangxi 23 136 (1684) by the Commander of Banner 137
(Dutong :m~JE) Bahünde 138 (Chinese: Bahunde EJi!i~t;). The preference given
to the Commanders of the Imperial Bodyguards must be noted. Kangxi never
sent a Minister or another member of the civil administration to perform the
rites to the Heaven.
The assiduous presence of the Emperor attending the rites in person
shows the importance that Kangxi gave to them.
During the Kangxi reign the rites to the Earth were performed 62 times.
The Emperor attended the rites 26 times (41,94%). In the remaining years he
was substituted 5 times (8,06%) by his sons Yün leng 139 in Kangxi 35 140
(1695), Kangxi 41 141 (1701) and Kangxi 43 142 (1703) and Yün T00 143 (Chi-
1668; QSG. j. 6, bellji 6, Shellgzu bellji I, p. 146). In 1711 he was raised to the rank of Mellggu
Dutong (QSG,j. S, benji S, Shellgzu bellji 3, p. 232). He was made a Grand Counsellor (Daxue-
shi) on the day )'iyou of the Slh month of the 6 1h year of Yongzheng (September 10, 172S; QSG,
t!:f:***i:
j. 9, bellji 9, Shizollg bellji [Annals of ShizongJ, p. 267)
133 SHENGZUSL,j. 282, p. la.
134 SHENGZUSL,j. 286, pp. 7b-Sa.
136 SHENGZUSL, j. 117, p. 23b.
137 HUCKER, no. 7321.
138 Bahünde is quoted only in the biography of Maska (? -1704; Chinese: Masika ,~WTP~
(QSG,j. 281, liezhuGl168, p. 1654) from which we know that in 1697 he was still a Dutong.
140 SHENGZUSL,j. 173, p. 21 b.

143 Yün Too (? -1763), originally called In Too (see above, under In leng), was the 1t h son of
Kangxi. In 170S Kangxi conferred hirn the title of Beise. In 1717 the Emperor gave hirn the task
of putting order in the three Plain White Banners (zheng bai qi), Manchu, MongoI and Chinese,
and in 1720 sent hirn to perform the sacrifices in the three Imperial tombs of Shenyang. In 1721
he was named Commander (Dutollg) of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner (Mallzhou xiallg
huallg qi). When his brother In Jen ascended the throne his rank was raised to Prince of the 2nd
c1ass Lü (Lü ]unwallg Jlitr,.::E), a litle that was raised to Prince of the I si dass Lü (Lü Qinwang
36
nese: Yuntao ftA1ijj), in Kangxi 60 144 (1720) and Kangxi 61 145 (1721); 17
times (27,42%) by the Grand Ministers of the Imperial Household Concur-
rently Controlling the Imperial Guardsmen (Ling Shiwei Nei Dachen) Ga-
bula l46 ptb;fffu~9 in Kangxi 9 147 (1669), Tata l48 (Chinese: Tada *i!) in Kangxi
17 149 (1677), Bogadu l50 (Chinese: Bogadu fSP~$) in Kangxi 20 151 (1680),
Songgotu 152 (Chinese Suoetu ~ ~ Ii) in Kangxi 31 153 (1691), Tong
Guowei 154 in Kangxi 28 155 (1688), Fusan 156 in Kangxi 32 157 (1692) and
Kangxi 34 158 (1694), Shang Zhilong l59 in Kangxi 42 160 (1702), Kangxi 45 161
I\i~Jt.El only under the reign of Qianlong (ESLS, p. 1212; biography in QSG,j. 220, liezhuGn7,
zhuwGng 6, Shel1gw zhuzi, p. 148).
1+1 SHENGZUSL,j. 292, p. 14b.
145 SHENGZUSL,j. 297, p. Ila.
146 Gabula, from the Heseri (Chinese: Hesheli !i#{i"r~) clan, was the father of Empress
Xiaocheng Huanghou q:;';IjI(QJEi (QSG,j. 214, liezhuGn I, houfei JEij(C [Empresses and Co ncu-
binesJ, p. 13) and therefore father-in-Iaw to the Emperor.
148 Tata is quoted as a member of the Imperial Family (Gioro) in the biography of Shang Kexi
(? -1675) i.'UDrll (QSG,j. 234, liezhuGl121, p. 434).

150 This author did not find any other record of him. Bogadu is never mentioned in the QSG.
152 Songgotu O-1703?), from the Heseri clan, belonged to the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner
(MGnZ/lOlI zhellg hliGllg qi). He had an important role in the negotiations with the Russians that
led to the treaty of Nerchinsk (1689). In 1703 he was disgraced for having allegedly backed the
strange behaviour of the Crown Prince Yunreng (Fang Chao-ying, "Songgotu", in Hummel, pp.
663-666, biography in QSG,j. 269, liezhllGI1 56, pp. 902-904).
154 Sec above, note 122.
155 SHENGZUSL,j. 141, p. Ib.
37
Piero Corradini
(1705) and Kangxi 4i 62 (1707), Borben 163 in Kangxi 44 164 (1704), Dening 165
(Chinese: Dening 1!iO~), Sanzhi dachen 166 ~fj(At2:, member of the Imperial
Clan (Zongshi ;;jr~n in Kangxi 46 167 (1706), Furdan 168 (Chinese Fuerdan 1~
mft), Duke (Gong), in Kangxi 48 169 (1708), Kangxi 49 170 (1709), Kangxi
50 171 (1710) and Kangxi 53 172 (1713) and Farsa 173 (Chinese: Faersa rtmiD
Sanzhi dachen and Earl (BO I74 1SJ in Kangxi 58 175 (1718); 7 times (11,29%)
by the Commanders of Banner Barbu 176 (Chinese: Baerbu Em;ffi), member
of the Imperial clan (Gioro 177 ~ij1) in Kangxi i 78 (1662), Cungguri 179 (Chi-

165 Dening was a Dutong when, on the day bingwu JA] q:: of the 4 th month of the 19 th year of
Qianlong (May 18, 1754; QSG, j. 11, benji 11, Gaozong benji (.':j:ff~**C [Annals of Gaozong]
2, p. 349) he was sent as a Counsellor to the Northern Army (Seiht jun ying Callzall Dachen :lt
~~ $ 1* iH~::k Fri)
166 Hucker 1985, no. 4846. Mayers (p. 9) has "Assistant Chamberlain".
168 FUI'dan (?-1747), from the Giiwalgiya clan, belonged to the Manchu Bordered Yellow
Banner (Manzhou xiallg huang qi). He had a brilliant military career under Kangxi and in 1709
he was elevated to the rank of Lillg Shiwei Nei DacheIl. In 1714 he was forced to retire because
of iIIness but was reinstated two years later. ESLS, pp. 1273-1274; biography in QSG, j. 297,
liezhuan 84, pp. 1231-1236.
172 SHENGZUSL,j. 259, pp. Ib-2a.
173 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. Farsa is never mentioned in the QSG.
174 Huckel', no. 4718.
176 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. He is never mentioned in the QSG.
177 Collateral relative of the Imperial house. Mayers, pp. 4-5.
38
nese: Chongguli *tl1~) in Kangxi 51 180 (1711), Kangxi 52 181 (1712) and
Kangxi 55 182 (1715), Wangguri 183 (Chinese: Wangguli ~I'I-iH'I!1.) in Kangxi
54 184 (1714) and Yansin 185 (Chinese: Yanxin Mf~n in Kangxi 56 186 (1716)
and Kangxi 5i 87 (1717), 4 times (6,45%) by Dunci 188 (Chinese: Dunqi !j'J:.
~), Prince of the blood of the 5 th degree 189 (Zhenguo Gong iA1m0) in Shun-
zhi 18 190 (1660), Laihü 191 (Chinese: Laihu *~~), Prince of the blood of the
6th degree l92 (Fuguo Gong i!!JlJ~0) in Kangxi 6 193 (1666), Yebsu 194 (Chinese:
Yeboshu ~1Bf,f), Prince of the blood of the 6th degree (Fuguo Gong) in
Kangxi 13 195 (1673) and Manduhü 196 (Chinese: Mandugu #,!:t~fi!l), Prince of
17~ Cunggüri is not recorded in the QSG.

18.1 The only thing we know about hirn is that on the day jiwei d*
of the 11 th month of the
46 th year of Kangxi (November 24, 1707) he was named Commander (Dutong) of the Chinese
Army (Han jun ~9Z$, QSG,j. 8. Shengzu benji 2, p. 225).
185 Yansin (?-1727) was a direct descendant of Taizong, from the branch of his I SI son Hooge
(Chinese: Haoge ~ti'r). In 1718 he was named "General that subdues the Rebels" (Pinglli jiang-
jun f~~ $) and was sent to subdue Tibet. For his merits in this campaign he received the
title of Fuguo gong. In 1727 he was charged with 20 crimes, condemned and beheaded (ESLS,
p. 121 I: biography in QSG, j. 219, liezhuan 6. zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi ::t:7~ntFf [Sons of
Taizong], p. 125).
187 SHENGZUSL,j. 279, pp. 4b-5a.
IS8 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. Dunci is never mentioned in the QSG.
189 Hucker 1985, no. 384.
I~O SHENGZUSL,j. 2, pp. 3Ia-b.
191 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. Laihü is never mentioned in the QSG.
192 Hucker 1985, no. 2075.
19.1 SHENGZUSL,j. 22, pp. 5b-6a.
1~4 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. Yebsu is never mentioned in the QSG.
39
Piero Corradini
the 3rd class 197 (Duoluo Beile ~ilW.fjJ) in Kangxi 59 198 (1719); 3 times
(4,84%) by the high officials of the civil administration Minggandari 199, Min-
ister of War (Bingbu Shangshu), in Kangxi 3200 (1663), Sunahai 201 (Chinese:
Sunahai NHVi~), Grand Secretar/02 (Daxue shi A"'±) in Kangxi 4 203
(1664) and Maci 204 (Chinese: Maqi ,~'Pt), Minister of Revenue (Hubu
Shangshu) in Kangxi 36205 (1696).
The diminished personal presence of the Emperor and his sons attending
to these rites, who were instead replace by princes of lower rank and mem-
bers of the civil administration, shows the lesser importance given by Kangxi
to these rites, compared to the reign of Shunzhi.
Sometimes the Emperor did not participate in the rites because he was
travelling outside Peking. This was the case, for instance, in the 23 rd year of
196 This Author did not find any other record of hirn. Manduhu is never mentioned in the
QSG.
197 Mayers, p. 3.
200 SHENGZUSL,j. 12, p. lOa.
201 Sunahai, from the Tatara clan, belonged to the Manchu Plain White Banner (Manzhou
zheng bai qi). At first he served as Secretary (Xueshi .t}~±) in the Hongwen yuan. On the day
jiazi r:r i" of the 5 th month of the 17th year of Shunzhi (June 17, 1660) he was named Minister of
Works (Gollgbu Shangshu; QSG,j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 133). He held this position for a
very short time, because on the day jichou of the 6 th month of the same year (July 12, 1660) he
was named Minister of War (Bingbu Shangsll!l, QSG, j. 5, benji 5, Shizu benji 2, p. 134). At the
accession of Emperor Kangxi he served as Grand Secretary of the Guoshi yuan lliJiJ.'tfllt and
concurrently as Minister of Revenue (Hubu Shangshu) until his death (ESLS, p. 1243; biogra-
phy in QSG,j. 249, liezhuan 36, p. 646).
202 Hucker, no. 5962.
20) SHENGZUSL,j. 15, p. II a.
2().1 Maci (1652-1739) from the Fuca clan belonged to the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner
(Manzhou xiang huang qi). As an administrator he won the farne of being an incolTuptible offi-
cial and as a diplomat he specialized in Russian affairs. In 1708 Maci narrowly escaped the
death penalty for having interfered in the problem of the succession to Kangxi (Fang Chao-ying,
"Maci" in Hummel, pp. 560-561; ESLS, p.1267; biography in QSG,j. 287, liezhuan 74, pp,
1091-1093).
40
The Worship oi Heaven and oi Earth
his reign (1684) when Commander of Banner Bahünde filled in for him at the
Altar of Heaven. He had started his first "Southern Inspection,,206 (nan.xun WJ
jg) in the 9 th month of this year207 . The rites to Heaven were celebrated on the
day dingehau 208 -J-' ~TI--. of the 11 th month (December 21, 1684) while the Em-
peror was back in Peking only on the day gellgyin 209 ~~(January 3, 1685).
7. The worship during the reign of Yongzheng

During the rather short reign of Yongzheng 210 ~tlf j[ the rites worshipping
Heaven were celebrated 13 times. The Emperor was present 11 times
(84,62%) and sent a substitute only 2 times (15,38%) by the Prince of the
blood of the 5th degree (Zhel1guo Gong) Urjan 211 (Chinese: Wuerzhan ~ m
1l:j) in Kangxi 61 212 (1721) and by the Prince of the 1st class Yu (Yu Qimvang
~()6 For the "Southern Inspeetions" of Kangxi, see Xiao Yishan 1986, juan shal/g 11. t. [First
Chapter], pian tX [Seetion] 6, pp. 788-793.
207 QSG,j. 7, bel/ji 7, Shel/gzu bel/ji 2, p. 178.

208 SHENGZUSL,j. 117, p. 23b
2m SHENGZUSL,j. 117, p. 31b; QSG,j. 7, benji7, Shengzu benji2, p. 179.
210 Personal name Aisin Gioro In Jen (Chinese: Yinzhen iJijiAJi) , posthumous name Xian Hu-
angdi *~.m, temple name ShizongUJ:jf~, ruled with the reign name Yongzheng (Manehu:
Hiiwaliyasun tob) from 1723 to 1735. Born on Deeember 13, 1678, In Jen was the 4 1h son of
Emperor Kangxi. He won the diffieult raee for sueeession and beeame Emperor with the reign
name Yongzheng. He is known for establishing his autocratic rule. He disliked eorruption and
punished offieials severely when they were found guilty of the offenee. During his reign, the
Manehu Empire beeame a great power and a peaeeful eountry. He created a sophistieated pro-
eedure for seleeting a sueeessor in response to his father's tragedy. He died on Oe tob er 8, 1735.
Pei Huang 1974, passim; Fang Chao-ying, "Yin-ehen", in Hummel, pp. 915-920.
211 Uljan was the grandson of Yolo (Chinese: Yuelelt~~, 1625-1689), the 4 1h son of Abatai
(Chinese: Abatai IjiiJEli), one of the younger brothers of Hong Taiji (Li Man-kuei - Fang
Chao-ying, "Yolo", in Hummel, pp. 934-935; QSG,j. 9, bel/ji 9, Shizong benji, p. 255). On the
day renwu 3:+ of the 121" month of the 391" year of Kangxi (January 11, 1701) he reeeived the
litle of Zhel/guo Gong (QSG, j. 7, benji 7, Shengzu bel/ji 2, p. 212). He must have been sub se-
quently raised to Fuguo Gong if bearing this titIe he was named Commander of a Manehu Ban-
ner (Manzhou Du(ong i~H+lffll~JO on the day wuzi of the 11 Ih month of the 61 SI year of Kangxi
(December 14, 1722; QSG, j. 8, benji 8, Shengzu benji 3, p. 253). The SOUl'ce does not specify
which was the Banner.
212 SHIZONGSL,j. I, pp. lOa-b; QSG,j. 9, benji 9, Shizong benji, p. 254.
41
Piero Corradini
lliiJJEE) Guwanglu 213 (Chinese: Guanglu mH.!Jt, in Yongzheng 8 214 (1729),

both belonging to the Aisin Gioro family.
It is clear that Y ongzheng considered these rites very important for the
legitimisation of the dynasty. Therefore he participated in person as much as
possible and when he could not take part in them, sent only members of his
family as substitutes.
The rites worshipping the Earth were also celebrated 13 times. The Em-
peror was present only 2 times (15,38%) and was represented 11 times
(84,62%) by Prince of the 1sI class Yu (Yu Qinwallg) Bootai 215 (Chinese: Bao-
tai 1*~) in Yongzheng 1216 (1722), Prince of the 1sI class Kang (Kang Qin-
wang ßfCJi=f) Cunggan 217 (Chinese: Chong'an *]() in Yongzheng 4 218
(1725), Yongzheng 5219 (1726) and Yongzheng 6220 (1727), Prince Guwanglu
221 in Yongzheng i 22 (1728), Prince of the 1SI class Xian (Xian Qimvang ~
m Guwanglu was a deseendant of Fueiowan (Chinese: Fuquan :flii~), the 2"d son of Emperor
Shunzhi and the Ist Prinee Yu. Fueiowan had two sons, Booseo (Chinese: Baoshou {!t!:!iQ) and
Baotai (se below). Guwanglu was the 2"d son of Booseo and inherited the title of Yll Qimvang
on the day jiehoH of the li h month of the 2'1<\ year of Yongzheng (January 21, 1725; QSG,j. 9,
benji 9, ShengZll benji, p. 259), from his eIder brot her Güwanning (Chinese: Guangning ~~,
QSG,j. 219, fiez/llIan 6, zhllwang 5, Shizll zhuzi l1!:frl~tf'f [Sons of Shizu], p. 132). In the day
yil1lao of the 8th month of the 8th year of Yongzheng (Oetober 10, 1730) he was plaeed at the
head of the "Court of the Imperial Clan" (Zongren Fu ~t~ ARl Hueker 1985, no. 7105; QSG, j.
9, benji 9, Shengzu benji, p. 272).
214 SHIZONGSL,j. 100, p. 10a.
215 Also Bootai was a son of Fueiowan, the 2"'\ son of Emperor Shunzhi and the Ist Prinee Yu.
On the day guisi of the 9 th month of the Ist year of Yongzheng (Oetober 15, 1723) he was given
the task of supervising the affairs of the Bordered Yellow Banner (QSG, j. 9, benji 9, Shengzu
benji, p. 257). On the day jiehou of the 12th month of the 2nd year of Yongzheng (February 2,
1725) he was found guilty of unspeeified allegalions and foreed to renounce his prineedom,
passing the title to Guwanglu (QSG,j. 9, benji 9, Shengzu benji, p. 259).
210 SHIZONGSL,j. 7, p. II b.
217 Cun'an (?-1733) belonged to the Aisin Gioro family. His litle was hereditary. As a Dlltong
he worked in the Zongren Fll. In 1731 he took part in a eampaign against Galdan, in Mongolia
(ESLS, p. 1208; biography in QSG,j. 216, liez/llIan 3, zllllwang 2, Taizu z/llIzi, p. 70).
218 SHIZONGSL,j. 44, p. 46b.
2\9 SHIZONGSL,j. 57, p. la.

22\ See above, note 213.
42
J~-:E) Yenhünwang 223 (Chinese: Yanhuang 1äi~) in Yongzheng 8224 (1729)
and Yongzheng 9225 (1730), Prince of the 2nd dass Ping (Ping Junwang -'f{j~
I) Fupeng 226 (Chinese: Fupeng ;ft'i'i~J) in Yongzheng 10227 (1731), Prince of
the 2nd dass Tai (Tai Junwang ~{j~I) Hong Cun 228 (Chinese: Hongchun ~L.
'f'f) in Yongzheng 11 229 (1732) and by Prince of the 1sr dass Bao (Bao Qin-
wang llt;]iI) Hung Li 230 (Chinese: Hongli ~L.J1t.) in Yongzheng 12231 (1733)
and Yongzheng d~32 (1734), all belonging to the Aisin Gioro family.
It is dear that these rites were considered \ess important and this explains
the limited presence of the Emperor. However, Yonzheng insisted that he be
replaced only by princes belonging to his family.

m Yenhunwang (1689-1771) was the grandson of Ho.oge. His father Fuseo (Chinese: Fushou
1ilf?Jt) had changed his title from
Xiaowu Qinwang )if:fJi~;mE to Xian Qinwang (QSG, j. 219,
liez/wan 6, zhuwang 5, Taizong zlwzi, p. 124).
224 SHIZONGSL,j. 94, pp. 5b-6a.
226 Fupeng (?-1748) belonged to the Aisin Gioro family and his lilIe was hereditary. In 1733
he was one of the first members of the "Place for Military Affairs" (Jullji Clw fl!f~ßtt:), newly
established for the management of important affairs. In 1734 received the title of "Great General
who fixes the borders" (Dingbian Da Jiangjun JEJ&ii:A:AA'fI!) and fought against Galdan (ESLS,
p. 1208; biography in QSG,j. 216, liezh an 3, zhuwang 2, Taizu zhuzi, p. 74).
228 Hong Cun belonged to the Aisin Gioro family and was the cousin of the reigning Emperor,
being the son of Yun Ti, the 14'h son of Kangxi. (ESLS, p. 1212; biography in QSG,j. 220, liez-
Iwan 7, zhuwang 6, Shengzu zlwzi, p. 153).
229 SHIZONGSL, j. 131, pp. 5a-b.
230 Hung Li was the future Emperor Qianlong. See below, note 233.
232 SHIZONGSL,j. 156, p. la.
43
Piero Corradini
8. Worship during the reign of Qianlong

During the long reign of Emperor Qianlong m ~tlli saerifiees to Heaven were
eelebrated 61 times and only onee, in Yongzheng 13 234 (1735), the year of his
aeeession to the throne, did he look for a substitute. Therefore the Emperor
took part in the saerifiees 60 times (98%) and sent a replaeement only onee
(2%).
The substitute was Prinee Yenhünwang m who had already eelebrated the
saerifiees to the Earth under Yongzheng.
Under Qianlong the rites to the Earth were celebrated 60 times. The Em-
peror took part in them 57 times (95%) and sought a representative 3 times
(5%). The substitutes were Prinee of the Ist class He (He Qinwallg )j'11:JJLf.)
Hong Jeo 236 (Chinese: Hongzhou iJL.J!) in Qianlong 5137 (1740), Prinee Gu-
wanglu 238 in Qianlong 13 239 (1748) and Prinee of the 2 nd class Zhi (Zhi lUll-
wang 11ln~=f) Yung Jung (Chinese: Yongrong 240 7jdfO in Qianlong 48 241
(1783). They all belonged to the Imperial Family.
m Personal name Aisin Gioro Hung Li (Chinese: Hongli 0L1ff), posthumous name Chun
Huangdi fo,:,iliIj:!.* , temple name Gaozong 18J,k ruled with the reign name Qianlong (Manehu:
Abkai wehiyehe) from 1736 to 1795. The 4 th son of Emperor Yongzheng. he was born on Sep-
tember 25, 1711 and died on February 7, 1799, foul' years after having left the throne to his son,
Emperor Jiaqing. (Tu Lien-ehe, "Hung-li", in Hummel, pp. 369-375; Kahn 1971).
23-1 GAOZONGSL,j. 6, p. 14a.
m See above, note 223.
230 Hong Jeo (1712-1770) was the 5 0t son of Yongzheng and younger brother of the Emperor.
He was famous for his wealth and for taking pleasure in assembling the paraphernalia neeessary
for his own funeral, and having the rites rehearsed before hirn while he wined and dined (Fang
Chao-ying, "Yin-ehen", in Hummel, p. 919; ESLS, p. 1213; biography in QSG,j. 220, liez/wan
7, zhulVang 6, ShengZll zlwzi, p. 157).
237 GAOZONGSL,j. 117, p. 16a.

239 GAOZONGSL,j. 325, p. 29a.
2-10 Yung Jung (1744-1790) was the 6 th son of Qianlong. At the time of the sacrifices the Em-
reror was ill and sent hirn to the Fang Ze (QSG,j. 14, benji 14, Gaozong benji 5, p. 435). Yung
Jung has no biography in the QSG nor is he quoted in the ESLS.
241 GAOZONGSL,j. 1191, p. Sb.
44
Although Qianlong travelled often outside Peking 242 , he always came

back in time for the celebrations.
9. Worship during the reign of Jiaqing

Emperor Jiaqing 243 ~ ~ ruled 24 years and never missed personally celebrat-
ing the sacrifices to Heaven.
Emperor Jiaqing died in Jehol (Rehe 244 ~Mi1J), in the imperial summer
residence Bishu Shanzhuang bt:iMVilit WMi on the day yimao Z yiJ of the i h
month of the 25 th year of his reign 245 (September 8, 1820), and was therefore
absent for the sacrifices to Heaven on the following winter solstice.
Emperor Jiaqing also 'religiously' attended the sacrifices to the Earth - he
never missed one.
10. Worship during the reign of Daoguang

Emperor Daoguang 246 i8:7t ruled 29 years and steadfastly performed the rites
to Heaven, attending them 26 times (89,66%) and finding a representative
only 3 times (10,34%), in Daoguang 4247 (1824) by Prince of the 1SI class Rui
242 On the travels of Qianlong, see Xiao Yishan [986, jual1 zhol1g 1trf' [Central Chapter],
pian I, pp. 68-75.
~4J Personal name Aisin Gioro Yungyan (Chinese: Yongyan llll'lI~), posthumous name Rui
Huangdi ~~3i7, temple name Renzong f=:ik ruled with the reign name Jiaqing (Manchu:
Saicungga fengsen) from 1796 to 1820. The 7'11 son of Emperor Qian[ong, he was born on No-
vember 13, 1760 and died September 8, 1820 (Fang Chao_ying, "Yung-yen", in Hummel, PP.
965-969; Grantham 1934)
~44 Present Chengde if(1~, in Hcbei iiiJ~t province.
245 RENZONGSL, j. 374, p. 6b; QSG, j. 16, benji 16, Renzong benji f=ff~:t1q,C [Annals of
RenzongJ, p. 509.
~4fi Personal name Aisin Gioro Min Ning (Chinese: Minning §l:*), posthumous name Cheng
Huangdi J&*m, temple name Xuanzong 11:*, ruled with the reign name Daoguang (Manchu:
Doro e[dengge) from [820 to 1850. The 2 nd son of Emperor Jiaqing, he was born on September
16, 1782 and died on February 25, [850 (Fang Chao-ying, "Min-ning", in Hummel, PP. 574-
576)
247 XUANZONGSL,j. 75, p. 2a.
45
Piero Corradini
(Rui Qinwang liMffJEE) Miyan Sin248 (Chinese: Mianxin MHfi, in Daoguang

9 249 (1829) by Prince of the 1st c1ass Dun (Dun Qinwang tJff;J'I..±) Miyan
Kai 250 (Chinese: Miankai MHi.i) and in Daoguang 29 251 (1849) by the Em-
peror's 6 th son, Prince of the 1st c1ass Gong (Gong Qinwang :?#;1~3::) Isin 252
(Chinese: Yixin *wr).The substitutes were always Princes of the 1st c1ass,
belonging to the Imperial Family.
As for the rites to the Earth, he attended them 25 times (86,21 %) and was
replaced only 4 times (13,79%) by Prince of the Ist c1ass Rui (Rui Qinwang
;§:;1~3::) lenseo 253 (Chinese: Renshou L ~) in Daoguang 11 254 (1831) and
Daoguang 12255 (1832) and by Prince of the 1st c1ass Zheng (Zheng Qinwang
~ßjY~J::) Ulgongga 256 (Chinese: Wuergong'a ,~~:?#lliiJ) in Daoguang 13 257
248 Miyan Sin (?-1828) was the 4th son of Emperor Jiaqing. In 1819 he received the title of
Prince Rui (Biography in QSG, j. 221, liezl1l/an 8, zhuwang 7, Renzong zl1l/zi 1=j~~t'ii"- [Sons
ofRenzong], pp. 167-168).
24Y XUANZONGSL,j. 162, p. 28b.
250 Miyan Kai (? -1839) was the 3rd son of Emperor Jiaqing (Biography in QSG, j. 221, liez-
l1l/an 8, zhuwang 7, Renwng z/1l/zi, pp. 166-167).
251 XUANZONGSL,j. 474, pp. 8a-b.
252 Isin (1833-1898), better known as Prince Gong, was the 6th son of Emperor Daoguang. He
had a prominent role in Chinese foreign politics from the accession of his brother, Emperor
Xianfeng, until his death and afterwards (ESLS, p. 1213; Fang Chao-ying, "Yi-hsin", in
Hummel, pp. 380-384; biography in QSG,j. 221, liezhuall 8, zllllwang 7, Xuanzong zhuzi il;;j(
~i"- [Sons of Xuanzong], pp. 170-173).
m Jenseo was a member of the imperial family and a descendant of Nurhaci at the 9 th • genera-
tion from the branch of Dm·gon. He inherited the title in 1826 (QSG,j. 218, liez/1l/an 5, zhmvang
4, Taizu zhuzi 3, p. 113; Qingshi Bianxuan Weiyuanhui ffl5t,~ill~!i!!~ [Committee for the
*
Compilation of the Qing History], Qingshi iH 5t [Qing History],j. 163, Huangzi shibiao ~i"-üt
[Chronological Tables of the Imperial Sons] 2, Taizu xi 1.\fIU:~ [Taizu branch], p, 2058). His
role was important during the troubles over the succession of Emperor Xianfeng in 1861 be-
cause he was one of the two princes who arrested Susun (Chinese: Sushun ,m JIIl1, QSG, j. 21,
benji 21, Mt/zong benji :fS**fo.tc[Annals of Muzong] 1, p. 638).
254 XUANZONGSL,j. 188, p. 19a.
255 XUANZONGSL,j. 212, p. lla.
256 Ulgongga was a member of the imperial family, from the branch of the younger brother of
Nurhaci, Surllaci (Chinese: Shuerhaqi *Tm~'il, 1564-1611; Kennedy, "Surhaci", in Hummel,

p. 694). His direct ancestor Jirgalang (Chinese: Jierhalang iJ1\'m~~)j, 1599-1655; Kennedy,
"Jirgalang", in Hummel, pp. 397-398) in 1636 was created Zheng Qinwang with rights of perpe-
46
The Worship oj Heaven and oj Earth
(1833). They also were aII Princes of the 1sI cIass. In Daoguang 29 258 (1849)
the Emperor's 4 1h son (Huang si zi *-0Ff), future successor to the throne,
prince I Ju (Chinese: Yizhu ~fi'r), was sent to celebrate the rites.
11. Worship during the reign of Xianfeng

Emperor Daoguang died at the beginning of his 30lh year of reign (1850/51).
Therefore his successor, Emperor Xianfeng 259 fiJX:.!:, adopted the new reign
name starting from 1851. During his reign the rites to Heaven were celebrated
11 times, of which he attended personally only 6 times (54,55%) and was
substituted 5 times (45,45%) by Prince Gong Isin 260 in Xianfeng 3 (1853)
Xianfeng 8 (1858) and Xianfeng 9 (1859), Prince Rui Jenseo 261 in Xianfeng 7
(1857), Prince of the 2nd cIass Keqin (Keqin JlIIlwang 5i'J'WifJEE) Cingui 262
(Chinese: Qinghui ~~) in Xianfeng 10 (1860).
The rites to the Earth were celebrated 12 times. The Emperor personally
attended 7 times (58,33%) while 5 times (41,67%) he sent a substitute, in
tual inheritance. Ulgungga's original name was Fergecongge (Chinese: Foerguochong'e {~f;ll~
*~) but when he inherited the title, an imperial edict obliged hirn to change it (Fang Chao-
ying, "Ulgungga", in Hummel, pp. 798-799; QSG,j. 215, liezhuGIl 2, zlulIVGl/g 1, XiGnzu zhuzi,
p.47).
257 XUANZONGSL,j. 237, p. 5b.
258 XUANZONGSL,j. 466, p. Ib.
259 Personal name Aisin Gioro I Ju (Chinese: Yizhu ~tT), posthumous name Xian Huangdi
l!$iIi!.m, temple name Wenzong )["k ruled for one year with the reign name Daoguang (1850)
and with the reign name Xianfeng (Manchu: Gubci elgiyengge) from 1851 to 1861. The 4 th son
of Emperor Daoguang, he was born on July 17, 1831 and died on August 22, 1861 (Fang Chao-
ying, "I-chu", in Hummel, PP. 378-380).

262 Cinghui (? -1861) was a descendant of Daisan (Chinese: Daishan f~W), the 2 nd son of
Nurhaci, and of his eIder son Yoto (Chinese: Yuetuo,7JiF[) who had been given by Hong Taiji
the posthumous hereditary title of Keqin Junwang. In 1858 Qinghui was named Commander of
the Plain Yellow Chinese Banner (Zhellg hUGng qi HGn jun Dutong). In 1860, when the Em-
peror and the Court fled to Jehol, he remained in Peking and helped Prince Gong negotiate with
the British Lord Elgin. Died in 1861 (QSG,j. 216, liezhuan3, zhuwang 2, Taizu zlwzi I, p. 74).
47
Picro Corradini
Xianfeng 3 263 (1853) by Prince Gong Isin 264 , in Xianfeng 8 265 (1858) and
Xianfeng 9266 (1859) by Prince of the 1st class Su (Su Qinwang MriJEE) Hü-
wafeng 267 (Chinese: Huafeng ~ !tI), in Xianfeng 10268 (1860) by Prince of
the 1st class Dun (Dun Qinwang) I Cung 269 (Chinese: Yicong ~R5f,) and in
Xianfeng 11 270 (1861) by Prince of the 1st class Yu (Yu Qinwang fgz:ji:=E)
Ido0 271 (Chinese: Yidao ~iB:).
12. Worship during the reign of Tongzhi

Emperor Tongzhi 272 [TI] 1f:1 ascended the throne at the age of six and was al-
ways under the tutelage of his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi 273 ~f.g. He
203 WENZONGSL,j. 94, p. 27a.
2M See above, note 252.

20; WENZONGSL,j. 254, p. Ib.
2M WENZONGSL,j. 284, p. 5a.
207 Huwafeng was a descendant of Hooge, the I SI son of Hong Taiji and inherited his title
(QSG,j. 219, fiez/wan 6, zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, p. 124). In the 61h year of Xianfeng (1856)
he was named Nei Dachen (QSG, j. 20, benji 20, Wenzong benji Jt:'T~*~C [Annals of Wen-
zongJ, p. 613)
208 WENZONGSL,j. 318, p. 10u.
209 I Cung was the 5 t11 son of Daoguang. He was chosen as the successor and heir of Miyan
Kai (QSG,j. 221, fiez/wan 8, z/wwang 7, Xuanzong zhuzi, pp. 167 and 170)
270 WENZONGSL,j. 352, pp. Ila-b
271 Idoo (?-1867) was a descendant of Toto (Chinese: Duotuo ~ ~), the 15 1h son of Nurhaci.
He was a Nei DacheIl and an Associate Director of the Left of the Court of the Imperial Clan
(Zuo Zongzheng ~*lE, Hucker 1985, no. 7080). Died in 1867, the 61h year of Tongzhi (QSG,
j. 218, liezhuan 5, z/wwang 4, Taizu zhuzi 3, p. 119).
m Personal name Aisin Gioro Zai Cun (Chinese: Zaichun W!U'i-), posthumous name Yi
Huangdi t1~. fiT, temple name Muzong tSl,K ruled with the reign name Tongzhi (Manchu:
Yooningga dasan) from 1862 to 1875. The only son of Emperor Xianfeng, he was born on April
27, 1856 and died January 12, 1875 (Fang Chao-ying, "Tsai-ch'un", in Hummel, pp. 729-73\).
273 Cixi, from the Yehe Nara (Chinese: Yehe Nala !ia-#~Pi1j):) clan, was born November 29,
1835 and died November 15, 1908. She was a powerful and charismatic figure who was the de
facto ruler of the Qing Dynasty of China in the late 19th and early 20th century. Her original
name was Lan'er F.li~ (Orchid). In Xianfeng I (1851) she was summoned to the Imperial Pal-
ace, together with other Manchu girls, to be chosen as an Imperial Concubine. When she gave
birth, in 1856, to the only son of the Emperor, the future Emperor Tongzhi, she won the trust of
48
celebrated the rites to Heaven in person only two times, in Tongzhi 11 (1872)
and Tongzhi 12 (1873). He was represented in Xianfeng 11 274 (1861), Tong-
zhi 6 275 (1867) and Tongzhi 10276 (1871) by Prince of the 1SI class Li (Li Qin-
wang t~'HJLE) Sito 277 (Chinese: Shiduo tIt~), in Tongzhi 1 278 (1862) by
Prince Gong Isin 279 , in Tongzhi 2 280 (1863) by Prince Dun I Cung 281 , in
Tongzhi 3282 (1864), Tongzhi 4 283 (1865) and Tongzhi 5 284 (1866) by Prince
Yu Idoo 285 , in Tongzhi 7 286 (1868) by Prince of the 1sI class Yi (Yi Qinwang
'r~;Y~t) Zai Dun 287 (Chinese: Zaidun lIiX:!jJ), in Tongzhi 8 288 (1869) by Prince
the ruling Emperor and started to assist hirn in government affairs. Concurrently she was ele-
vated from the rank of concubine to that of Empress, with the title of Xiaoqin Xian Huanghou
*1iX!tJl~Jij. Of the two Emperors who ruled under her tutelage, Tongzhi and Guangxu, the
former was always her puppet, while the latter tried to get rid of her in 1898 and was sup-
pressed. Her policy was very conservative; however, she probably tried to be flexible in order to
cope with the difficulties of the era. While seeking China's "self-strengthening" plan through
strictly controlled industrial and military growth, she opposed attempts at political moderniza-
tion. In 1900 her tolerance of Boxer armed action against fOt'eigners in northern China contrib-
uted to western invasion and China's humiliating defea!. She died the day after the death of Em-
peror Guangxu (in Hummel, pp. 295-301; Woo 2002).
274 MUZONGSL,j. 11, pp. la-b.
275 MUZONGSL,j. 217, pp. 19a-b.
276 MUZONGSL,j. 323, pp. Ilb-12a.
m Sito was a descendant of Daisan and inherited the title on the day renwu of the 3'd month
of the 30 th year of Daoguang (QSG,j. 20, benji 20, Wellzong benji, p. 588)
278 MUZONGSL,j. 48, p. 3b.
27Y See above, note 232.
280 MUZONGSL,j. 85, p. 4a.

283 MUZONGSL,j. 159, p. 10a.
284 MUZONGSL,j. 189, p. 12a.
286 MUZONGSL,j. 246, p. 15a.
287 Zai Dun was an adopted descendant of Emperor Kangxi through his 4 th son Yiin Hiyang
(Chinese: Yunxiang ftt$), the 1SI prince Yi. He inherited the titIe in the 9 th month of the 1SI year
of Tongzhi (QSG, j. 21, benji 21, Muzong benji 1, p. 650) and died in 1890 (QSG, j. 220, lie-
zhuan7, zhuwang 6, Shengzu zhuwang, p. 152)
49
Piero Corradini
of the 1st class Zheng Cengj'i 289 (Chinese: Chengzhi !1Siit;), in Tongzhi 9290
(1870) by Prince of the 1st class Yu Benge29 \ (Chinese: Benge *~) and in
Tongzhi 13 292 (1874) by Prince of the 2nd class Chun (Chun Qinwang ~lJJ1.
I) I Hüwan 293 (Chinese: Yihuan ?12~).
Similarly, the rites to the Earth were celebrated by the Emperor only in
Tongzhi 12 294 (1873) and Tongzhi ]3295 (1874), and he was replaced in
Tongzhi 1296 (1862) by Prince Li Sito 297 , in Tongzhi 2298 (1863) by Prince
Rui Jenseo 299, in Tongzhi 3 300 (1864) and Tongzhi 6 30 \ by Prince Dun I
Cung302 , in Tongzhi 4 303 (1865) by Prince of the 2nd class Zhong (Zhollg Jun-
wang ijf,~=f) I H0 304 (Chinese: Yihe ~M1), in Tongzhi 5305 (1866) by Prince
289 Cengj'i was a descendant at the 5'h generation of Citunga (Chinese: Qitong'a ~jjJjl)nr), fa-
ther of Ulgungga, and inherited the title (QSG, j. 215, liez/1!Ian 2, zhuwang I, Xianzu zhuzi. p.
48) from his relative Duwanhiiwa (Chinese: Duanhua ilffiHt), brother of Susun (Hummel p. 666).
291 Benge was the son of Idoo, from whom he inherited the title in 1868 (QSG, j. 218, liez-
huan 5, zhuwang 4, Taizu zhuzi 3, p. 119).
293 I Hiiwan (1849-1891) was the 7'h son of Daoguang and the father of Emperor Guangxu
(Fang Chao-ying, "I-huan", in Hummel, pp. 384-386; QSG, j. 221, liezhuan 8, zhmvang 7.
Xuanwng zhuzi. p. 173-176).
29-1 MUZONGSL,j. 352, pp. 22b-23a.
3()() MUZONGSL,j. 103, p. 33a.
)01 MUZONGSL,j. 205, p. 23a.
)02 See above, note 269.
)03 MUZONGSL,j. 140, pp. 28b-29a.
304 I Ho was the 8th son of Daoguang and received his title at the accession of Xianfeng to-
gether with all his brothers (QSG, j. 20, benji 20, Wenzong benji. p. 588). He died in the 7'h
month of Tongzhi (QSG,j. 221, liezhuan 8, zhuwang 7, Xuanzong zhuzi, p. 176).
50
The Worship oj Heaven and oj Earth
Chun I Hüwan 306 , in Tongzhi 7307 (1868) by Prince Cengj'i 308 , in Tongzhi
8309 (1869) by Prince Yi Zai Dun 3lO , in Tongzhi 9 311 (1870) by Prince Rui
Decang 312 (Chinese: Dechang 1!~), in Tongzhi 10 3D (1871) by Prince
Benge314 , in Tongzhi 11 315 (1872) by Prince Zheng Cingj'i 316 (Chinese: Qing-
zhi ~~).
J05 MUZONGSL,j. 176, p. 16b.

JOo See above, note 293.
J()7 MUZONGSL,j. 233, p. 2b.
JOS See above, note 289.
JO<) MUZONGSL,j. 258, p. 23a.
J \0 See above, note 287.
JII MUZONGSL,j. 283, p. 9b.
J
JI2 Decang was a descendant of Dm'gon, son of enseo, from whom he inherited the title in
1864. Died in 1877 (QSG,j. 218, liezhuan 5, zhuwang 4, Taizu z/mzi 3, pp. 113-114).
JIJ MUZONGSL,j. 310. p. 14a.
J 14 See above, note 289.
Jlo Cingj'i inherited the title from Cengj'i on the day re11Shen of the 81h month of the 10lh year
of Tongzhi (QSG, fiezhuan 22, benji 22, Muzong benji 2, p. 695). Died in 1879 (QSG, j. 215,
fiez/wan 2, zhuwang I, Xianzu zhuzi, p. 48).
51
Piero Corradini
13. Worship during the reign of Guangxu

During his childhood Emperor Guangxu 317 7tft.if did not celebrate the rites to
Heaven and Earth. Instead of attending the rites to Heaven personally, he sent
Prince of the 1st dass Zheng Cingj'i 318 in Guangxu 1319 (1875), Prince of the
1st dass Dun I Cung in Guangxu 2320 (1876), Prince of the 1st dass Yu Benge
in Guangxu 3321 (1877), Prince of the 1st dass Yi Zai Dun 322 in Guangxu 4 323
(1878), Prince of the 1st dass Zhuang (Zhuang Qinwang M! JJt±) Zai Si-
yün 324 (Chinese: Zaixun ~&b) in Guangxu 5 325 (1879) and Guangxu 6 326
317 Personal name Aisin Gioro Zai Tiyan (Chinese: Zaitian ;jiJät2i), posthumous name Jing
Huangdi ::~U~.*, temple name Dezong f.~;,K ruled with the reign name Guangxu (Manchu:
Badarangga doro) from 1874 to 1908. He came of age in 1887; he had to wait two more years
before taking over the government [rom Cixi, who continued to influence policy. In 1898 he
tried to assert hirnself and started the so-called "Hundred Days of Reform" with the help of a
group of progressively oriented officials around hirn. It was then that he issued a broad series of
reform edicts. The conservative officials reacted and, with the aid of the top imperial military
commander, Ronglu ~1:!.Jt (1836-1903) and thanks to the treason of Yuan Shikai JitütW1. (1859-
1916), Cixi returned to the capital, confined the emperor to his palace, and spread rumors that
he was deathly ill. The foreign powers, who let it be known that they would not take kindly to
the emperor's death or dethronement, saved his life, but thereafter he had no power over the
government. However, he continued to celebrate the rites. He died on November 14, 1908, the
day before the passing of Empress Dowager Cixi. Rumors were spread that he had been killed
by order of Cixi but recent researches in the Palace archives show that he died of lung sickness
(Fang Chao-ying, "Tsai-t'ien", in Hummel, pp. 731-734; Chen Keji, 1996).
3\8 See above, note 316.
319 DEZONGSL, j. 11, p. 9a; QSG, j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji f.~7f~*.*,c [Annals of De-
zong] I , p. 709.
320 DEZONGSL,j. 42, p. Sb.
32\ DEZONGSL,j 62, p. Sb; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji 1, p. 715.
323 DEZONGSL,j. 82, pp. 26a-b; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji 1, p. 717.
324Zai Siyün was the great grand nephew of Yün Lu (Chinese: Yun1u frA:!.Jt), the 16th son of
Kangxi. During the Boxers' Rebellion he had c10se ties with Prince Duan (Duan Junwang uffijIDI
x) Zai I (Chinese: Zaiyi iItt~). After the Treaty of Peking (1901) he was sentenced to death
and beheaded (QSG,j. 219, zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, p. 197).
325 DEZONGSL,j. 103, p. 15b; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji 1, p. 719.
326 DEZONGSL,j. 124, pp., 27b-28a.
52
(1880), Prince Gong Isin in Guangxu 7327 (1881), Prince of the 1st class Li
Sit0 328 in Guangxu 8329 (1882), Prince of the 1SI class Rui Kuibin 330 (Chinese:
Kuibin ~Ij[\) in Guangxu 9331 (1883) and Guangxu 10332 (1884) and Prince
of the 1SI class Su Lungkin 333 (Chinese: Longqin Ii: WB) in Guangxu 11 334
(1885). He began celebrating such rites in person in Guangxu 12 (1886),
when he came of age, and continued until Guangxu 23 (1897). He was again
represented by Prince of the 2nd class Shuncheng }11~nX. Nalehe335 (Chinese:
Nalehe ~P3:tIJM) in Guangxu 24336 (1898), by Prince of the 1st class Zhuang
in Guangxu 25 337 (1899) and by Prince of the 1st class Su Sanje338 (Chinese:
Shanzhe ~~) in Guangxu 27 339 (1901). For the year Guangxu 26 (1900), the
celebration in not recorded 340 in the DEZONGSL. The Emperor resumed
327 DEZONGSL,j. 139, p. 2a.
329 DEZONGSL,j. 154, p. 16a.

330 Kuibin was the son of Decang (see above, note 313; QSG, j. 218, liezhuan 5, zhuwang 4,
Taizu zhuzi 3, pp. 113-114).
331 DEZONGSL,j. 174, p. 17b.
333 Lungkin was a direct descendant of Hooge. He held the office of Nei Dachen and died in
1899 (QSG,j. 219, liezhuan6, zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, pp. 124-125).
33.J DEZONGSL,j. 220, p. 21a; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji 1, p. 736.
m Nalehe was a descendant of Daisan through his 3rd son Saharin (Chinese: Sahalin ~I~~,
QSG,j. 216,216, liezhuall 3, zhuwang 2, Taizi zhuzi p. 82).
336 DEZONGSL,j. 433, p. 14b.
337 DEZONGSL,j. 455, p. lOb.
338 The DEZONGSL write Shanzhe ~,1"i' but the QSG has Shanqi ~';!. He was a descendant
of Hooge. In 1908 he was named Minister of Finances (Minzheng bu shangshu Ri&f§ßf.lfilif) in
the new administrative organization of the State of 1908 but died immediately afterwards (QSG,
j. 219, liezhuan6, zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, p. 125)
339 DEZONGSL,j. 489, p. 9a; QSG,j. 24, benji 24, Dezong benji 2, p. 781. According to the
QSG these rites were not celebrated, as usual, in the 11 th month, but on the day jihai of the 12th
month.
340 In DEZONGSL, j. 475 (11 th month of Guangxu 26) there is no mention of sacrifices to
Heaven.
53
Piero Corradini
celebration of the rites from Guangxu 28 (1902) until Guangxu 33 (1907), the
year before his death.
In total, the rites to Heaven were celebrated 33 times during the reign of
Guangxu and the Emperor personally took part in them 18 times (54,55%).
The remaining 45,45% were celebrated always by Princes of the 1SI or 2nd
dass, all relatives of the Imperial Family.
Conceming the rites to the Earth, the personal participation of the Em-
peror was nearly the same. Of a total of 34, the Emperor celebrated 18 of
them in person (52,94%) and the remaining 47,60% were celebrated always
by Princes of the 1SI or 2 nd dass, all relatives of the Imperial Family.
He was represented by Prince of the 2nd cJass Keqin Ginki 341 (Chinese:
Jinqi Hi'Jt) in Guangxu 1342 (1875), by Prince of the 2nd dass Fu ~·;fi~I I
Hüi 343 (Chinese: Yihui ~~! ) in Guangxu 2 344 (1876), by Prince Yi Zai
Dun 345 lI!lG!i.t in Guangxu 4 346 (1878), Guangxu 7347 (1881) and Guangxu 10348
(1884), by Prince of the 1SI cIass Su Lungkin 349 in Guangxu 5350 (1879), by
Prince Yu Benge in Guangxu 6 351 (1880), Guangxu 8352 (1882), Guangxu 9353
341 Ginki was a member of the Imperial Family, the son of Cinghui and therefore a descendant
of Dai an. [n the course of time he was subsequently Zuo Zongren li::'f~A, rou Zongzheng :tJ",j:;
1E and Ling shiwei nei dachen. Died in 1901 (QSG, j. 216, liez!wan 3, zhuwang 2. Taizu zhuzi
I, pp.124-125).
342 DEZONGSL,j. 10, p. 9a; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji I, p. 707.
343 [ Hüi was the 9 th son of Daoguang. He received his title at the accession of Xianfeng (0-
gether with all his brothers (QSG, j. 20, benji 20, Wenzong benji. p. 588). Died in 1906 (QSG, j.
221, fiez/wan 8, zhuwang 7, Xuanzol1g zhuzi, p. 176).
346 DEZONGSL,j. 74, p. 7b.
347 DEZONGSL,j. 130, p. 20b.
348 DEZONGSL,j. 184, p. 20a.
350 DEZONGSL,j. 94, pp. 2a-b; QSG,j. 23, benji 23, Dezong benji 1, p. 716.
351 DEZONGSL,j. 113. p. 15b.
352 DEZONGSL,j. 146, p. 6b.
353 DEZONGSL,j. 163, p. 19b.
54
(1883), by Prince Rui Kuibin 354 in Guangxu 11 355 (1885) and by Prince
Zhuang Zai Siyün 356 in Guangxu 12357 (1886). From Guangxu 13 (1887) to
Guangxu 24 (1898) the Emperor partieipated in the rites to the Earth with the
exception of Guangxu 22 358 (1896) when he was replaeed by Prince Li
Sito 359 . The Emperor again eelebrated the rites in Guangxu 23 (1897) and
Guangxu 24 (1898), but again had stand-ins: Prince of the 1st dass Zheng
Kaitai 360 (Chinese: Kaitai ~JU~) and in Guangxu 26361 (1900). From Guangxu
27 (1901) to Guangxu 32 (1906) the Emperor personally celebrated the sacri-
fiees and was replaeed in the two last years of his life by Prince Rui Kuibin in
Guangxu 33 362 (1907) and by Prinee Li Sito in Guangxu 34 363 (1908). For
two years of his reign the saerifiees to the Earth are not recorded: Guangxu
3364 (1877) and Guangxu 25 365 (1899).
It must be noted that in the period after the failed reforms of 1898, when
the Emperor was exeluded from power and segregated by Empress Dowager
Cixi, he eontinued to take part in the sacrifiees. Notwithstanding the segrega-
tion, he was still allowed to perform the dynastie rites.

m DEZONGSL,j. 207, p. 4b.
356 See above. note 325.
m DEZONGSL,j. 228, p. 19a.
358 DEZONGSL,j. 390, p. 15a.
36() Kaitai was the son of Cengj'i (QSG,j. 219, zlwwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, p. 48)
361 DEZONGSL,j. 464, p. 20a.
362 DEZONGSL,j. 573, p. 18b.
363 DEZONGSL,j. 592, p. 10a.
3M In the whole j. 51 of the DEZONGSL (Guangxu 3, 5 th month) there is no record of the sac-
rifices to the Earth.

365 In DEZONGSL, j. 444 and 445 (5 th month of Guangxu 25) there is no mention of sacri-
fices to the Earth.
ss
Piero Corradini
14. Worship during the reign of Xuantong

When Emperor Xuantong 366 ascended the throne he was barely three years
old. Therefore, it is quite natural that he did not take part in the sacrifices.
Child Emperors, with the exception of Shunzhi and Kangxi, were always ex-
empted from this heavy duty, such as had been the case with Tongzhi and
Guangxu.
Therefore the child Emperor Xuantong never went to the altars of Heaven
and of Earth to celebrate the rites.
He sent delegates for the sacrifices to Heaven in Guangxu 34367 (1908) -
Prince of the Ist class Zhuang Zai Gung 368 (Chinese: Zaigong lI!lG r)J), in
366 Personal name Aisin Gioro Pu I (Chinese: Puyi iW1R). ruled with the reign name Guangxu
in the second half of 1908 and Xuantong (Manchu: Gehungge yoso) from 1909 until his abdica-
ti on on February 12, 1912. Because of the end of the empire he had no posthumous name or
temple name. Puyi was the son of prince Chun Zai Feng (1883-1951, Chinese: Zaifeng $xi!~!),
brot her of Guangxu and the adopted son of Emperor Guangxu. He was born on February 7,
1906. On November 14, 1908, the day of the death of Emperor Guangxu, he was taken to the
Imperial Palace and proclaimed his successor. Being a child, the power was given to his natural
father with the title of Prince Regent (Jiangllo Shezheng Wang ~1i2H)j'lijf)CI) and to the Empress
Dowager Longyu p~Hi. After the rebellion of Sun Yatsen (Sun Yixian JJd~{III, 1866-1925) in
Nanking and the proclarnation of the Repub1ic of China (Zhonghlla Minguo rlilfi' [\;~, January
\, 1912) the Empress Dowager, on February 12, 1912, promulgated his abdication. He contin-
ued to live in the Imperial Palace, as stipulated in the abdieation, in an artifieial atmosphere of
court life. In June 1917 General Zhang Xun 1R\W (1854-1923) occupied Peking and tried to re-
store the Qing Dynasty. Puyi ascended the throne again on July 1, 1917 but was foreed to abdi-
eate again on July 12. In 1924 General Feng Yuxiang i!.Bi.H (1882-1948) expelled hirn from
the Imperial Palace and he took refuge in the Japanese Embassy. He remained under Japanese
proteetion and when the Manchu puppet state was founded he was named, from March 1932, its
Regent (zhizheng rAj[)!:). In March 1934 he was proclaimed Emperor of the Manchu Empire
(Manzhou Diguo 1~ml*mJ) and governed Manchuria under Japanese protectorate as Emperor
of the restored dynasty with the reign name Kangde };JH\l!.. After the Japanese surrender he was
taken prisoner, on August 17, 1945, by the Soviet Russians who detained hirn near Khabarovsk.
In August 1950 the Soviet Russians handed hirn down to the Chinese People's Government and
he spent about 10 years in a re-edueation camp first in Harbin nftiilf$: and afterwards in Fushun
1I!!\filH. He was freed on Deeember 4, 1959 and worked in the Peking Botanical garden. In 1964
he got a position in the Commission for Cultural and Historieal Archives of the People's Con-
sultative Conference and became a member of the National Committee of the 4th People's Po-
liliea1 Consultative Conference. He died in Peking on October 17, 1967 (Johnston 1985; Aisin
Gioro Puyi 1964; Gimm 1987, pp. 32-98.)
367 XUANTONGZI,j. 4, p. 41.
368 Zai Gung was the younger brother of Zai Siyün and succeeded hirn in the title (QSG, j.
219, zhuwang 5, Taizong zhuzi, p. 197)
56
Xuantong 1369 (1909), Xuantong 2370 (1910) and Xuantong 3371 (1911) Prince
of the 1st class Yu Moorin m (Chinese: Maolin f~~*). For the sacrifices to the
Earth he was represented in Xuantong 1m (1909) by Prince Sanje 374 , in
Xuantong 2375 (1910) by Prince Zai Gung 376 and in Xuantong 3377 (1911) by
Prince Moorin 378 .
ASSREVIATIONS OF THE SOURCES MORE FREQUENTL Y QUOTED
CMMYL Sun Chengze H~21$i4l, ChWI Ming Meng Yulu 1fAJj~fi,U*

[Records of aSpring Luminous Dream], Wenyuan Ge Siku
Quanshu Dianzi Ban Xim Fx:J Im TI\! 3:f!ftl! -=f)'i&, Hong Kong, The
Chinese University Press, 2000.
DEZONGSL Da Qing Lichao Shilll :A1;!jlftljij]Wili* [Veritable Records of
the Great Qing Dynasty] reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, Dezong fing Hllangdi Shilll 1,W%~Jf,:11mW~* [Veritable
Records of Emperor Dezong Jing Huangdi].
ESLS Wang He I:fU (chief ed.), Ershilill Shi Dacidian .=- ld: +
:A N# ß11- [Great Dictionary of the Twenty-six Dynastie Histo-
ries], Renwll Zhllan A1iD1~, Jilin Renmin Chubanshe6'~*AR;
W!t&;fr,1993.
36" XUANTONGZI,j. 25, p. 19a.

370 XUANTONGZI,j. 45, p. 13b.
371 XUANTONGZI,j. 67, p. IOa.
312 Moorin was a son of Senge. He inherited the title in 1899, upon the death of his father
(QSG, j. 218, liez/wan 5, zhuwang 4, Taizu zhuzi 3, p. 119).
373 XUANTONGZI,j. 13, p. 16a.
375 XUANTONGZI,j. 36, pp. 20a-b.
377 XUANTONGZI,j. 54, pp. 33a-b.
57
Piero Corradini
GAO- Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,

ZONGSL 1985, Gaozong Chun Huangdi Shilu '''J*M~.m*wi!ft [Verita-
ble records ofEmperor Gaozong Chun Huangdi].
HUMMEL Hummel, A. W., Eminent Chinese of the Ch 'ing Period,
Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1943-
44.
MAYERS Mayers, W. F., The Chinese Government - A Manual of
Chinese Titles Categorically Arranged and Explained, with a
fable, Shanghai, Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1878.
QSG Zhao Erxun mm]( (chief ed.), Qing Shi Gao i;11:: ~%j
[Draft History of the Qing Dynasty], Beijing, Beijing Dianzi
Chubanwu Chuban Zhongxing ~ t /~ '~ -=f ili !\IX 4m tJj !\IX rj1 JL' ,
2000.
RENZONGSL Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, Renzong Rui Hllangdi Shilu L7J'Aif: 1l. w'Sirß* [Veritable
records of Emperor Renzong Rui Huangdi]
RIXIA Yu Minzhong T·fq:!l: rj1 (ed.), Qinding Rixia Jillwen Kao §;)c
Jt B rN l1J:J 5lj. [Imperial Authorized Investigation of Things
Heard Under the Sun], reprint Beijing, Beijing Guji Chubanshe
~tH;i:'i*ll(ili!\IX;f±, 1985.
SHENGZUSL Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, ShengZll Ren Hllangdi Shilu ~:f§twJ.!L*jiH* [Veritable
records of Emperor Shengzu Ren Huangdi].
SHIZUSL Da Qing Liclzao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, Shizu Zhang Huangdi ShilullJ~m?.§1*:W;li;~ [Veritable
records of Emperor Shizu Zhang Huangdi]
TAIZONGSL Da Qing Lichao ShillI, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, Taizong Wen Hllangdi Shilu ~ctJtft *W;li;~ [Veritable
records of Emperor Taizong Wen Huangdi].
TAIZUSL Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
1985, TaiZll Gao Huangdi Shilu ÄfFt 'W'J.m *
:w;li;~ [Veritable
records of Emperor Taizu Gao Huangdi].
XUAN- Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,
TONGZJ 1985, Xuanfong Zhengji ~Jk ~fE i.E *c[Government Records of
Xuantong].
58
XUAN- Da Qing Lichao Shilu, reprint Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju,

ZONGSL 1985, Xuanzong ChengHuangdi Shilu '§;;T~rnt**11r~* [Veri-
table records of Emperor Xuanzong Cheng Huangdi].
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Guji Chuban She, 1987.
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on Manchu History], Beijing, Sanlian Shudian Chubanshe .- ImV:i?)6 tl:l Ji& U,
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[ChronologicaI Tables of the Officials of the Qing Dynasty] Beijing,
Zhonghua Shuju, 1980.
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Quanshu Dianzi Ban electronic edition, Hong Kong, The Chinese University
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di K'ang-hsi, Milano, Adelphi, 1986).
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Stary, G. "L'imperatore mancese 'Abahai': analisi di un errore storiogra-

fico", in Cina 18, Roma, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente,
1982, pp. 157-162.
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Grignaschi, Venezia, Universita degli Studi, 1988.
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den, Harrassowitz 1996.
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Question", in Central Asiatic Journal, 43, 2, 1999, pp. 259-265.
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Schamanengebeit von 1593", in Bieg L., von Mende E., Siebert M. (Hrsg.),
Ad Seres et Tungusos, Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem 65. Geburtstag
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44, 2, 2000, pp. 301-303
Tsao Kai-fu, "K'ang-hsi and the San-fan war", in MOllumenta Serica
XXXI, 1974-76, pp. 108-130.
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1!§'~ [Practical Guide of the Streets of Peking], Beijing, Beijing Yanshan
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Wechsler, H. J., Ojferings of jade and silk: ritual and symbol in the le-
gitimation of the Tang DYllasty, New Haven and London, Yale University
Press, 1985.
Woo, X. L., El7lpress Dowager Cixi: China's Last Dynasty and the Long
Reign of a Formidable Concubine: Legends and Lives During the Declining
Days ofthe Qing Dynasty, New York, Algora Publishing, 2002.
Xiao Yishan m- LU, Qing dai tong shi ijl;H~iffi.~ [General History of the
Qing Dynasty], Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju, 1986.
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jing, Beijing Dianzi Chubanwu Chuban Zhongxing, 2000.
Zhou Li Zheng zhu )ilfJ@~iIll'1, [The Rites of Zhou commented by Zheng
(Xuan 3?,:)], Sibu Beiyao ~lifß{;~ edition, reprint Beijing ~tg, Zhonghua
Shuju 9='~~~, 1990.
61
Piero Corradini
Figure 1: The Mukden Tangzi a ccording to the Qinding Shengjing Tongzhi
62
t
J i
·1-' 11 D. 11"'.
G... n cho-ng 11
fl
". . I
.,
-
o!!l
I
o
~
U. It
~."
L.J
.. ilJ It
,"ny"" mon (.1("
Guan
I
C~I
'tu.
ng III
0
""ong CI
0
TI" I'" A..1f
J.
a.1IJ
...g
L-____ ____________________
XI ...... ~9 .. n .J.",.
~
.... . ~~ __ ~
DoNng_ .t. . . .__
~ ~
Figure 2: The Walled City ofMukden
63
Piero Corradini
PERIA ALAC
u en
.. ...
-:. 11 -.,: •
:... .;,"
-"" ........ ...
., .
r .'
.
,:. • fi#1 -
.~,.'
~
.'
ng'
Tangzl
~-:t"
[Futur ega Ions'
Quarter]
Figure 3: Location ofthe Old Chang'an Zuo Men
64
The Worship 01 Heaven and 01 Earth
Figure 4: The Peking Tangzia ccording to the Qinding Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli
65
Piero Corradini
Figure 5: TheAltar ofHeaven in Mukden a ccording to the Qinding Shenjing Tongzhi
66
Figure 6: The Altar ofEarth in Mukden according to the Qinding Shengjing Tongzhi
67
Piero Corradini
lfi
Il~i1'
I" . ~': 1
,.. I
_.....
Figure 7: The Altar ofHeaven in Peking according to the Da Qing Huidian
68
Figure 8: The Altar ofHeaven in Peking according to the Da Qing Huidian
69
Piero Corradini
Figure 9: Location ofthe Altars ofHeaven and ofEarth in Peking
70

The Worship of Heaven and Earth during the Qing Dynasty

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Piero Corradini

THE WORSHIP OF HEAVEN AND OF EARTH DURING

1. State rites and legitimation.

4 Wechsler 1985, pp. 109-10.

6 SHIZUSL,j. 44, p. 2a.

wards Gao Huangdi i%'i!_ *,

We find another record four months later l5 (the day xinhai **

his "Seven accusations,,18 (Qi Da Hen --t:;k:'tR) and performed a sacrifice in

18 Stary 1988, pp. 43-55.

19 QSG,j. I, benji I, Taizu benji, p. 9.

2) QSG,j. 1, benji 1, Taizu benji I, p. 13.

25 QSG, j. 55, zhi 30, dili 2, Fengtian, p. 1708.

26 Agui and Liu Jinzhi 2000, j. 19, pp. 8a-b.

30 QSG, j. 4, benji 4, Shizu benji illfflJjl:fo.:c [Annals of Shizu] I, p. 72.

31 SHIZUSL.j. 8, pp. 7b-8a .

City],j. 49, p. 773 .

Dajie k'ii::k1lJ (Wang Bin ed. 1987, pp. 73-74) .

.16 Arlington & Lewihson 1987, pp. 118-119.

3. The altars to Heaven and Earth of Mukden

40 QSG,j. 83, zhi 58, li 1~ [Rites]l,jili 1~11~ [Auspicious Rites]I, p. 2223.

4. The worship in the Chongde period

42 QSG,j. 83, zhi 58, li I,jili I, p. 2224.

46 TA[ZONGSL,j. 39, p. [2b.

47 TA[ZONGSL,j. 53, p. [3b.

5. Worship during the reign of Shunzhi

59 SHIZUSL,j. 21, p. 8b.

')Xf) and in Shunzhi 1774 (1660) by Gülmahün 75 (Chinese: Guermahong Jitft~

74 SZUZL,j. 142, pp. 11a-b.

81 SHIZUSL,j. 16, p. 13a.

87 See above, note 62.

88 SHiZUSL,j. 57, p. Ib.

8Y SHIZUSL,j. 49, p. 3a.

once (6,25%) in Shunzhi 6 105 (1649) by the Commander of Banner 106

6. Worship during the reign of Kangxi

105 SHIZUSL,j. 44, p. 2a.

107 See above, note 5.

110 SHENGZUSL,j. 178, p. 7b.

127 SHENGZUSL,j. 214, p. 13b.

141 SHENGZUSL,j. 208, p. 4b.

(? -1675) i.'UDrll (QSG,j. 234, liezhuGl121, p. 434).

161 SHENGZUSL,j. 225, p. 7b.

17~ Cunggüri is not recorded in the QSG.

180 SHENGZUSL,j. 250, p. 12a.

195 SHENGZUSL,j. 47, p. 20b.

7. The worship during the reign of Yongzheng

207 QSG,j. 7, bel/ji 7, Shel/gzu bel/ji 2, p. 178.

2m SHENGZUSL,j. 117, p. 31b; QSG,j. 7, benji7, Shengzu benji2, p. 179.

212 SHIZONGSL,j. I, pp. lOa-b; QSG,j. 9, benji 9, Shizong benji, p. 254.

lliiJJEE) Guwanglu 213 (Chinese: Guanglu mH.!Jt, in Yongzheng 8 214 (1729),

2\9 SHIZONGSL,j. 57, p. la.

220 SHIZONGSL,j. 69, p. 7a.

222 SHIZONGSL,j. 81, p. 35a.

8. Worship during the reign of Qianlong

m See above, note 223.

238 See above, note 211.

Although Qianlong travelled often outside Peking 242 , he always came

9. Worship during the reign of Jiaqing

10. Worship during the reign of Daoguang

~44 Present Chengde if(1~, in Hcbei iiiJ~t province.

247 XUANZONGSL,j. 75, p. 2a.

(Rui Qinwang liMffJEE) Miyan Sin248 (Chinese: Mianxin MHfi, in Daoguang

Nurhaci, Surllaci (Chinese: Shuerhaqi *Tm~'il, 1564-1611; Kennedy, "Surhaci", in Hummel,

11. Worship during the reign of Xianfeng