Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam--Printed in The Netherlands

PALAEOBOTANY AND PALYNOLOGY IN SOUTH AMERICA: A HIS-

TORICAL REVIEW

SERGIO ARCHANGELSKY

Division of Palaeobotany, Natural Sciences Museum, La Plata (Argentina)

(Received August 29, 1967)

SUMMARY

The present review covers the main palaeobotanical and palaeopalynological

literature in South America. The following countries are included: Argentina,
Brasil, Chile, Bolivia, Peril, Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Colombia, and
Venezuela. A selection of papers is included from those countries where the
literature is too extensive; this is specially the case with Argentina and Brasil.
Authors who have contributed many papers, are mentioned only in relation with
their most important investigations. As a rule, the earliest investigations have
been carried out by foreign specialists, mainly from Europe and the U.S.A., but
local palaeobotanical research was already beginning by the end of the last
century, specially in Argentina. Illustrious names are linked with the palaeobotany
and palaeopalynology of South America: A. Brongniart, R. Zeiller, A. C. Seward,
E. W. Berry, T. G. Halle, P. Dus6n, R. Florin, R. Kriiusel, and many others.
South American taphofloras are known to occur in all geological periods, and
they have been studied mostly with a stratigraphical approach; but modern
techniques have already been used to study the anatomy of many taxa of different
ages. Palaeopalynology is now developing rapidly. Since the earliest papers of
L. von Post and V. Auer, devoted to the Quaternary, many papers have been
published on Tertiary, Mesozoic and Palaeozoic palynology.

INTRODUCTION

Palaeobotany is a relatively modern field of research in South America.

The first papers dealing with descriptions of fossil plants had already been publish-
ed during the last century, but most of them were written by European specialists
who worked on collections sent to them from South America. Such eminent
authors as A. Brongniart, A. C. Seward, R. ZeiUer, H. Solms-Laubach, and many
others, produced isolated descriptions or general reviews requested by geologists
primarily interested in the age of the different formations. But local palaeobotani-

Rev. Palaeobotan. PalynoL, 7 (1968) 249-266 249

cal groups were already becoming established by the end of the nineteenth century
in South America. Original research increased appreciably during the first half of
the twentieth century, and with the introduction of patynology, a regular flow of
continuous information is now firmly established.
Continental formations of different ages are well represented in most South
American countries. In some, as in Argentina, there is a complete series of strata,
ranging from the Devonian up to the Early Quaternary. South of the equator,
America belongs to the Gondwana palaeofloristic region. Especially in Argentina,
Brasil, and Chile, Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic taphofloras are very similar
to those found in Africa, Australia, India, or Antarctica, except that they are
mixed with northern forms, the presence of which is not clearly understood thus
far. Jurassic and Cretaceous taphofloras in South America are of a more cosmopo-
lite type, while the Tertiary is characterized by the uplift of the Andean Cordillera,
which gradually changed climatic conditions of vast areas and was responsible for
the present distribution of the angiospermous flora.
Large areas of the continent are still poorly known as far as geology and
palaeontology are concerned. Each year, new formations are discovered, and their
biological content is analyzed from the stratigraphical viewpoint. An enormous
quantity of fossil plants, stored in many South American institutions, has not even
been studied. This fact reflects the urgent need for more palaeobotanists and
palynologists, not only to study the material for stratigraphical purposes, but
also to make the best evaluation of the taxa by using new methods and techniques.
The present review is general and short. It is true that information from
some South American countries is practically wanting; however, in others, the
literature is considerable, and a selection of papers has been made. Usually,
studies having historical or taxonomical and stratigraphical importance are
mentioned. Although this review is far from being complete, it is nevertheless the
first of its kind, gathering information from all of South America.

ARGENTINA

GEINITZ (1876) described the first fossil plants from Argentina. He figured
some Triassic and Carboniferous impressions, mainly Thinnfeldia (now Dicroidium)
and Otopteris (now Rhacopteris). In 1885, CONWENTZ studied the anatomy of
some Tertiary coniferous petrified woods (Cupressinoxylon, etc.). SZAJNOCHA(1888)
described for the first time Triassic impressions from Cacheuta in Mendoza
Province, which was to become one of the classical Triassic formations in South
America. However, it was F. Kurtz (1854-1920) who gave the first impulse to
palaeobotany in this country. He worked for the Academy of Sciences in C6rdoba,
where his collections are now stored. Primarily a botanist who obtained his degree
in Germany, he became interested in fossils when geologists of the same institution

250 Rev. Palaeobotan. PalynoL, 7 (I 968) 249-266

brought several collections from different parts of the country. KURTZ described,
for the first time in Argentina, a Gangamopteris taphoflora (1894), a Liassic
Otozamites taphoflora (1902) and an Upper Cretaceous assemblage (1899) which
he compared with the Dakota flora of the U.S.A. This work was left unfinished
while he prepared an atlas of Argentine fossil plants. After his death, the atlas was
nevertheless published (1921), and unfortunately it contains some mistakes by the
editor. Kurtz' contributions to palaeobotany are most important because they
established for the first time the various palaeofloristic zones, which range from
the Upper Carboniferous to the Upper Cretaceous.
It was from C6rdoba that palaeobotanical studies spread throughout
Argentina. As one example, J. Frenguelli began his career as palaeontologist in
that city, and later continued work in La Plata; as another, A. Castellanos, a
botanist and Kurtz' student in C6rdoba, continued his work in Buenos Aires,
encouraging palaeobotanical research.
Before the end of the nineteenth century, DuSI~N (1899) studied a rich Ter-
tiary taphoflora from Magallanes (Patagonia), starting an important series of
contributions based on material collected by the O. Nordenskj/Jld Swedish South
Polar Expedition. This paper was followed by HALLE'S (1913a) study of the
Graham Land Jurassic flora. This monograph may be considered one of the most
important studies, not only from a taxonomical approach, but also from palaeo-
geographical and palaeoclimatical viewpoints. A warm climate was postulated for
an area now covered by perpetual ice, close to the South Pole. This paper aroused
great attention among palaeobotanists all over the world, and many comments on
it were published. The Graham Land taphoflora is the richest Jurassic assemblage
of species so far known in South America. This series of contributions was followed
by GOTHAN (1916), who studied petrified woods from the Seymour and Snow
Hill Islands.
Halle's work on Argentina was outstanding. He was a member of the
1907-1909 Swedish Expedition to South America under the direction of C. Skotts-
berg, during which he collected in many fossil sites. In 1912, Halle published on
the geology of the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, and described Devonian and
Permian plants. The second Argentinian locality with a Glossopteris taphoflora
was then confirmed. Later, SEWARD and WALXON (1923) described new material
from the same islands. In 1913, Halle reported Cretaceous plants from Tierra del
Fuego and Santa Cruz (Lago San Martin) (HALLE, 1913b). Some of the genera
then described were mentioned for the first time in South America (Nathorstia,
Athrotaxis, etc.).
The last important contribution of this epoch is that by SPEGAZZINI(1924),
outstanding mycologist from La Plata, who studied the well-known female si-
licified cones of Araucaria mirabilis from the petrified forest of Santa Cruz Prov-
ince. These cones are now exhibited in several museums throughout the world
housing palaeobotanical collections. However, the age of the formation bearing

Rev. Palaeobotan. PalynoL, 7 (1968) 249-266 251

 such cones was not precisely known in Spegazzini's time.
The first 50 years of palaeobotany in Argentina are characterized by the fact
that most authors who contributed to this branch of science came from abroad.
The taphofloras of the different periods were sketched, and some (Permian and
Jurassic) became well known. From 1924 on, a second phase begins in which
although many contributions still continue to be made by foreign palaeobotanists,
Argentinian specialists have been gradually increasing in number. This period
coincides with rapid development of oil fields and coal exploration, mainly in
Patagonia and western Argentina. Palaeontology has become a major subject
in the chief universities (La Plata and Buenos Aires) and locally educated geolo-
gists are becoming familiar with fossil plants.
Some collections have been, and continue to be, sent abroad to the U.S.A.
BERRY was among the first to study them there, producing a series of important
monographs. In 1924, he described some impressions from the Lower Cretaceous
in the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz Province. However, his most outstanding
contributions are on Tertiary taphofloras from Patagonia (1937, 1938). A succes-
sion of palaeofloristic zones was established for the Eocene to Miocene Epochs.
FRENGUELLI(who lived from 1883 to 1958) began in 1926 to publish a series
of palaeobotanical papers which covered 30 years of fruitful work. His studies on
Recent and fossil diatoms have perhaps achieved most widespread recognition.
His reviews on Tertiary and Quaternary diatoms of Argentina were begun in 1926,
the most important contributions being published in 1936 and 1945. After 1941,
Frenguelli became interested in megafossils; and with good material at hand,
collected by himself and by many fellow geologists, a long series of contributions
started. His studies on the Upper Gondwana in Argentina (1941-1946), and his
two monographs on Cladophlebis (1947) and Zuberia (1944) were devoted mainly
to Triassic plants. Liassic plants (1941a, b) and Carboniferous fossils (1943b)
were also described during this period. The last period of Frenguelli's work was
mainly devoted to Devonian (1954), Tertiary (1943a, 1953a) and Permian (1953b)
material. A new Glossopteris taphoflora was then found in Chubut Province, and
Frenguelli was the first author to describe precisely the fertile ferns of Asterotheca.
All Frenguelli's work on megafossils concerned only impressions or molds
of plants, which were often described with the stratigraphical rather than a botani-
cal point of view in mind. The collection of fossil plants in the La Plata Natural
History Museum, gathered by Frenguelli, is perhaps the most important of all
Latin America, exceeding now 10,000 specimens (including many type specimens).
Important contributions to palaeobotany were also published up to 1951
by HARRINGTON, who, in 1933, reported a new GIossopteris taphoflora from
Buenos Aires Province, and by FERU6LIO (1951a, b), who discovered a new
Glossopteris taphoflora in Chubut Province and made additions to the Lower
Cretaceous and Middle Jurassic plants from Santa Cruz Province.
Abroad, WIELAYD (1935) wrote a long account on the petrified forest of

252 Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266

Santa Cruz, adding new taxa of silicified female coniferous cones which were
lately restudied by CALDER(1953).
The modern school of palaeobotany in Argentina is represented by a great
number of specialists. They have produced papers in which a stratigraphical
approach to fossil plants is still the dominant one; but with the application of
new techniques (cuticular analysis, peels, etc.) some papers have been devoted
seriously to the botanical aspect of the fossils. Most of the material described in
the last fifteen years is new, but critical revisions of previously described fossils
have also been published.
STIPANICIC and MENI~NDEZ(1949) studied the Triassic Dipteridaceae from
San Juan Province. MEN~NDEZ (1951) published a monograph on a very rich
Triassic taphoflora from Mendoza Province, and later (1956) he studied the
first Jurassic cuticles, and reported Glossopteris fructifications (1962). In 1966,
MenGndez described Lower Cretaceous Bennettitales from Santa Cruz Province;
in this paper the leaf morphology as well as the cuticular analysis and description
of female structures is available.
In 1958, ARCHANGELSKYdescribed a rich Glossopteris and Asterotheca
Permian taphoflora from Santa Cruz Province, and later (1963, and onwards) stu-
ied many taxa of a Lower Cretaceous taphoflora from Santa Cruz, based mostly
on cuticular analysis. ARCHANGELSKYand BRETT(1961) reported for the first time
the Triassic stem genus Rhexoxylon from Argentina. The first petrifaction of
Osmundites was also reported by ARCHANGELSKYand DE LA SOTA (1962).
HERBST(1961, and onwards) began with a series of papers devoted to Liassic
taphofloras, revising some previous information and adding new material from
Patagonia (1965). Finally, BONETTI(1963) reported a new Jurassic taphoflora from
Chubut Province, closely related to the Graham Land material.
Palynological analysis on Argentinian material started with L. YON POST
who, in 1930, and later, in 1946, published the pollen diagrams of bog profiles
in Tierra del Fuego. AUER (1933, 1941; AUER et al., 1955) and SALMI(1941) also
reported pollen diagrams of Patagonian bogs.
ORLANDO (1951) published the first description of Argentinian Triassic
palynomorphs, and HERaST (1965b) also studied spores and pollen grains of the
same geological period but from a different locality (San Juan Province). These
studies have been based on surface samples. MENI'NDEZ (1965) described Creta-
ceous and Tertiary microplanctonic fossil organisms from bores in Tierra del
Fuego. GAMERRO (1965a, b) reported pollen grains found in coniferous male
cones from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, and ARCHANGELSKYand GAMMER-
RO (1965, and onwards) started with the palynological study of the Lower Creta-
ceous of Patagonia. Finally, J. J. GROOT and C. R. GROOT (1964) studied the
Quaternary stratigraphy of the sediments of the Argentine Basin on the basis of
palynological data.

Rev. Palaeobotan.Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266 253

BRASIL

Palaeobotany and palynology in Brasil are well-developed sciences. Most

of the literature deals with Palaeozoic material, and to a lesser degree with Tertiary
fossils. While there are very few descriptions of Triassic plants, there is almost no
information on Jurassic and Cretaceous plants.
The Glossopteris taphoflora from Brasil is perhaps the best-known assem-
blage of fossil plants. Many genera and species from this country are also known
in Argentina. Plotting the data from both countries together yields one of the
richest sources of information on the whole Gondwana palaeofloristic region.
In Brasil, except for common plant impressions, the Permocarboniferous offers a
good stock of interesting petrifactions, such as Psaronius, Lycopodiopsis, Osmun-
dites, etc., which in the last century had already caught the attention of Euro-
pean specialists.
The first papers dealing with descriptions of fossil plants in Brasil (and in
all of South America) are those of BRONGNIART(1872) describing the well-known
petrifaction Psaronius brasiliensis, and CARRUTHERS(I 869), who reported Palaeo-
zoic plants from Rio Grande do Sul. RENAULT(1890) studied petrified specimens
of Lycopodiopsis derbyi from S~o Paulo, which were later redescribed by ZEILLER
(1898). SOLMS-LAuBACH(1904) studied fossil woods from Maranhho and Piaui,
identifying Psaronius, and later (1913) described the Permian petrifaction, Tietea
singularis.
The first comprehensive monograph on Permian plants from southern
Brasil is that of WHn'E (1908). This important contribution contains descriptions
of plant impressions and petrifactions. For the first time, stratigraphical corre-
lations between Brasilian and Indian Lower Gondwana formations are established.
PELOUROE(1912) described another Psaronius petrifaction, while LUNDQU1ST(1919)
reported a new Glossopteris taphoflora from Rio Grande do Sul and Paran~i.
READ (1941) completed the study of Permian and Carboniferous plants from
Parami, based on specimens that White had left undescribed.
HOLUCK and BERRY (1924) reported a rich Pliocene taphoflora from Bahia,
and BERRY (1935) added new descriptions of Tertiary plants from Minas Gerais.
During the nineteen-thirties, OLlVEIRA initiated the first of the contributions
by Brasilian palaeobotanists, reporting Carboniferous plants from Piaui (1934)
and summarizing the achievements of palaeobotany in that country (1937).
MILANEZ (1935) described a Cretaceous angiosperm petrifaction, while Roxo
(1938) published a short book on palaeophytology.
In the following decade, MANEIRO(1944-1946) studied the anatomy of some
Palaeozoic Dadoxyla, while DOL1ANm (1946-1956) reported several species of the
Glossopteris taphoflora of Santa Catharina. Later (1954), DOLIANITI reported a
Lower Carboniferous assemblage from Piaui, and together with KRXUSEL (1958),

254 Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266

described Lower Devonian plants from the same locality and studied the anatomy
of Palaeozoic fossil woods belonging to gymnosperms. DOLIANm contributed with
many other papers, and in 1948 he published a long account of palaeobotanical
research in Brasil.
BARBOSA(1949) reported Devonian plants from Brasil and also from Boli-
via, while ANDREWS (1950) described a petrified Permian Osmundites. GORDON
and BROWN (1952) were the first to study Triassic plants from southern Brasil,
mentioning the presence of Dicroidium. Finally, DUARTE described Tertiary
Melastomaceae (1956), Annonaceae (1958), and Styracaceae (1956) from Minas
Gerais. More recently, KRXUSEL(1961) devoted an important monograph on the
petrifaction of Lycopodiopsis, revising all the previous information and adding
observations based on new material.
Palynological studies on fossil material started in Brasil as early as 1885,
when CLARKEdescribed some Devonian spores. But it was SOMMERwho began,
about twenty years ago, a long series of palynologic contributions in Brasil,
devoted mainly to Devonian material. He reported megaspores (1953b) and micro-
spores (1953a, 1963). Sommer also contributed much to the knowledge of the
incertae sedis genus Tasmanites. His knowledge of Palaeozoic sporomorphs is
condensed in his "Introduction to the systematic study of Palaeozoic genera of
dispersed spores" (l. Sporonites and Sporites, and 2. Pollenites), published in 1959.
TRINIDADE (1954, and onwards) contributed to the knowledge of Palaeozoic
megaspores. Foreign palynologists also published reports. DIJKSTRA (1955) de-
scribed Lower Permian megaspores and compared them with spores from India.
PANT and SRIVASTAVA(1962) published structural studies of Lower Gondwana
megaspores from Brasi|. DE BOERet al. (1965) studied the palynology of borehole
samples from the Amazon delta, northwestern Brasi|, finding Cretaceous speci-
mens; and recently MUELLER(1962) gave an account of the Cretaceous palynology
from the geological basin of northeastern Brasil, where Classopollis was reported
for the first time in that country.
MACHADO BRITO (1965) has recently reported Devonian and Silurian
acritarchs.

CHILE

Perhaps the palaeobotanical contributions in Chile, although not as numer-

ous as in Brasil and Argentina, have assumed a relatively important position
in South America. Principally Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants are known to
occur in Chile. Most papers have been written by foreign specialists, including
palaeobotanists from other South American nations.
The oldest well-known taphoflora from Chile is of Triassic age. ZEILLER

Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266 255

(1875) and SOLMS-LAUBACH(1899) described a Dicroidium assemblage from the
classical locality of La Ternera. No further contributions to this important
taphoflora were made afterwards.
Also during the last century, Engelhardt (1891, and onwards) devoted some
papers to the Tertiary; later, Berry (1922) produced a monograph on the Eocene
plants of the Concepci6n-Arauco coal measures. KRAUSEL (1925) studied the
anatomy of Tertiary coniferous and angiospermous woods from southern Chile
(and also from southern Argentina), collected by different geologists (including
Halle). HALLE'Sexpedition to Patagonia also included a trip in southern Chile and
the Swedish scientist reported for the first time Dictyozamites (1912) and a Ter-
tiary Lygodium (1940).
FRENGUELL1 studied fossil Cenozoic diatoms from northern Chile (1928-
1929, 1936) and also Silicoflagellata and Radiolaria (1941).
FLORIN (1940a) reported the occurrence of a Tertiary Sphenobaiera, and in
the same year he published a study on the Tertiary conifers of southern Chile.
This paper is Florin's only important contribution on South America. Probably
the most important part of this study is the long account of fossil conifers of
Southern Lands (Gondwana), where many previous determinations are corrected.
This paper may be considered the starting point in the knowledge of southern
fossil conifers and is based primarily on the vast experience Florin acquired during
his research on fossil and Recent material. For the first time there emerges a clear
picture of the conifer families which dominated the Southern Lands during the
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.
More recently, SPARRE(1956) made some observations of the Chilean flora
during the Pleistocene glaciations, and FUENZALIDA (1964) reported a Tertiary
taphoflora from Santiago.
The first palynological results from Chile were published by AU~R (1933)
on Pleistocene deposits. KATZ ( 1961 ) reported a Neocomian microflora redeposited
in Eocene strata in southern Chile. HEUSSER has recently (1964, 1966) published
pollen profiles and diagrams of Late Pleistocene age in southern Chile and
COOKSON and CRANWELL(1967)described Lower Tertiary microplankton, spores
and pollen grains from the Lefia Dura Formation (southern Chile).

BOLIVIA

ENGELHARDT was the first author to describe fossil plants from Bolivia;
in 1887 and 1894 he reported a Tertiary taphoflora from Potosi. BERRY added to
the knowledge of the same taphoflora (1939) and also described Tertiary (1917,
1922) and Palaeozoic (1933) plants. Recently, ARCHANGELSKYand DE LA SOTA

256 Rev. Palaeobotan.PalynoL, 7 (1968) 249-266

(1966) studied the anatomy of a petrified Permian lycopsid, Eligodendron, while
ARRO~qDO (1967) reported fertile impressions of a Permian marattiaceous fern,
Dizeugotheca.
Few palynological papers have been devoted to Bolivia. SOraMER (1955)
described Palaeozoic palynomorphs, and recently COUSMINER(1965) studied an
important assemblage of Permian spores and pollen grains from Apillapampa,
in which there are types similar to the Cataysian Permian microflora.

PARAGUAY

There are references on Tertiary fossil woods by CARNIER (1911) and a

description of a petrified Osmundites of probable Tertiary age by SCHUSTER(1911).
POTTER (1962)reported Devonian chitinozoans and hystrichospherids from this
country.

URUGUAY

There are no descriptions of fossil plants from Uruguay, except some

references given in geological accounts, such as GOTt-tAN(1912) in Guillemain, on
Dadoxylon. Cenozoic petrifactions are known, but they have never been described.
One palynological account by MARTiNEZMACCHIAVELLO(1963), on sporomorphs
contained in Lower Gondwana beds, is the only available paper on this subject.

PERU

Palaeobotanical studies in Peril have been carried on almost exclusively by

foreign scientists. Carboniferous exposures have yielded very richy material,
especially in the Paracas Peninsula. Possibly, this Lower Carboniferous taphoflora
is the best assemblage of that age in all of South America. Several authors dedicated
papers on these plants: BERRY(1922), SEWARD(1922), GOTHAN(1928) and READ
(1938). But it was JONGMANS (1954) who revised all previous information, and
with further material from Paracas and a new locality, Carhuamayo, gave a better
report on the Lower Carboniferous in Peril (the Lepidodendropsis taphoflora).
Lower Cretaceous plants were reported in Peril by NEUMANN (1907) and
ZEILLER(1914); later BERRY(1945) summarized all the information on the Lower
Cretaceous assemblages of Perti, Colombia, and Venezuela, and established the
Weichselia Stage.
Tertiary plants have been described in a series of contributions by BERRY
(1919, 1925, 1929, etc.). Recently MERTZ (1966) reported diatoms from the

Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266 257

Miocene Pisco Formation, while SALARD(1963) studied the anatomy of a Tertiary
angiospermous wood.
The Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of Peril contain many charo-
phyte oogonia, which have been studied by PECK and RECKER (1947), KOCH and
BLISSENBACH(1960), and RIVERA (1961). HORN AE RANTZIEN (1951) revised all the
references of Latin America Charophyta, including those from Pert'l, Brasil,
Argentina, and Venezuela.
Palynological literature in Peril has not yet developed. The only reference
on fossil material is that of ELSIK (1964), who described a new sporomorph genus
from the Cretaceous.

COLOMBIA

The first palaeobotanical papers on Colombian fossils are those of BERRY

(1929, and onwards), devoted to Tertiary material; later (1937) he reported the
occurrence of the Lower Cretaceous fern genus Weichselia. SCHONFELD (1947)
published an important study on the anatomy of several Tertiary angiospermous
woods from Colombia, and LANGENHEIM (1961) figured plant assemblages of
Carboniferous and Jurassic ages.
Palynology developed in Colombia with VAN DER HAMMEN (1956a, and
onwards), who studied the pollen content of Upper Mesozoic and Tertiary sections
in the Andean Cordillera. Apart from the descriptions of the spore and pollen
types, VAY DER HAMMEN(1956b) proposed a new palynological systematic nomen-
clature. Based on pollen analysis, VAN DER HAMMEN (1957, etc.) also reported
climatic periodical changes during the Upper Mesozoic and Tertiary Periods, and
outlined their stratigraphy (1960). Quaternary palynology was also developed by
VAN DER HAMMEN in Colombia. His studies covered British Guiana (1963, etc.)
as well.
Trained by Van der Hammen, who spent several years in that country,
several young palynologists are now working in Colombia. GARCIA BARRIGA
(1958) investigated Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary palynology; SOLE DE PORTA (1960)
contributed to knowledge of the Pliocene of Cartagena, while KEDVES and SOLE
DE PORTA (1963) compared the spores of the genus Cicatricosisporites from
Hungary and Colombia.

ECUADOR

Few papers are known on the palaeobotany of Ecuador. They deal with
Tertiary material described by BERRY (1929a, b; 1933, etc.). Thus far, no papers on
palynology are known from this country.

258 Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249-266

VENEZUELA

I t was again BERRY w h o c o n t r i b u t e d a l m o s t exclusively to the p a l a e o b o t a n y

o f Venezuela. H e w o r k e d mainly on T e r t i a r y m a t e r i a l (1921, 1936, etc.), b u t also
r e p o r t e d the presence o f L o w e r C r e t a c e o u s plants (1937).
A n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n on p a l y n o l o g y is t h a t o f KUYL et al. (1955),
who figured m a n y pollen types f o u n d in wells. This c o n t r i b u t i o n is also i m p o r t a n t
as a starting p o i n t for relating p a l y n o l o g i c a l studies to oil geology, giving a precise
a c c o u n t on the m e t h o d s a n d potentialities o f this p a r t i c u l a r b r a n c h o f p a l a e o b o t a n y .
NOREM (1955) r e p o r t e d Eocene pollen grains a n d spores, while MJdLLER (1959)
studied the distribution o f p o l l e n grains, spores, a n d other m i c r o o r g a n i s m s in
recent sediments o f the O r i n o c o delta.

REFERENCES (by country)

Argentina

ARCHANGEl.SKY,S., 1958. Estudio geol6gico y paleontol6gico del Bajo de la Leona (Santa Cruz).
Acta Geol. Lilloana, 2: 5-133.
ARCHANGELSKY, S., 1963. A new Mesozoic flora from Tic6, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.
Bull. Brit. Museum, Geol., 8: 45-92.
ARCHANGELSKY,S. and BRETT, D. W., 1961. Studies on Triassic fossil plants from Argentina, 1.
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Brasil

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Chile

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Paraguay

CARNIER, K., 1911. 0ber das Alter fossiler H/31zer aus den Rand-gebiet der Sierra yon Villa Rica
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Uruguay

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Peru

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BERRY, E. W., 1929. Early Tertiary fruits and seeds from Beten, Peril. Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies
GeoL, 10: 137-180.
BERRY, E. W., 1945. The Weichselia Stage in the Andean geosyncline. Johns Hopkins Univ.
Studies Geol., 14: 151-169.
ELSIK, W. C., 1964. A new sporomorph genus from eastern Peril. Pollen Spores, 6: 601-604.
GOTHAN, W., 1928. Bemerkungen zur Alt-Carbonflora yon Per0, besonders von Paracas. Neues
Jahrb. Mineral. Geol. PaliiontoL, 59B: 292-299.
HORN AF RANTZXEN,H., 1951. On the fossil Charophyta of Latin America. Svenska Botan. Tidskr.,
45: 658-677.
JONGMANS, W. J., 1954. The Carboniferous flora of Perti. Bull. Brit. Museum, Geol., 2: 189-224.
K o c , , E. und BLISSENACH, E., 1960. Die gefalteten Oberkretaz~iisch-Terti~iren Rotschichten
im Mittel-Ucayali Gebiet, Ostperu. Geol. Jahrb., Beih., 43: 1-103.

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MERTZ, D., 1966. Mikropal/iontologische und sedimentologiscbe Untersuchung der Pisco-
Formation Siidperus. Palaeontographica, B, 118: 1-51.
NEUMANN, R., 1907. Beitr~ge zur Kenntniss der Kreideformation in Mittel-PertL Neues Jahrb.
Mineral Geol. Paliiontol., 24: 69-132.
PECK, R. E. and RECKER, C. C., 1947. Cretaceous and Lower Cenozoic Charophyta from Perth.
Am. Museum Novitates, 1369: 1--6.
READ, C. B., 1938. The age of the Carboniferous strata of the Paracas Peninsula, Peril. J. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 28: 396--404.
RIVERA, R., 1961. Algunas especies de Carofitas de la secuencia Cretaceo-Terciaria de la Regi6n
de Oriente, Perti. Bol. Soc. Geol. Per~, 30: 187-201.
SALARD, M., 1963. Sur un bois tertiaire de P6rou. Compt. Rend. Congr. Soc. Savantes, Paris.
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London, 78: 278-284.
ZEILLER,R., 1914. Sur quelques plantes wealdiennes recueillies au P6rou par M. le Capitaine
Bertham. Rev. Gdn. Botan., 25: 647~72.

Colombia
BERRY, E. W., 1929. Tertiary fossil plants from Colombia, South America. U.S. NatL Museum,
Proc., 75: 1-12.
BERRY, E. W., 1937. On the presence of the fern Weichselia in Colombia, South America. 3..
Wash. Acad. Sci., 27: 458-461.
GARCIA BARR1GA,C., 1958. Investigaci6n palinol6gica de la Formaci6n Guaduas del anticlinal
de Guachet~-Lenguazaque-Tansa. Univ. Ind. Santander, PubL Cient., BoL Geol., 2:
27-31.
KEDVES, M. y SOLE DE PORTA, N., 1963. Comparaci6n de las esporas del g6nero Cicatricosisporites
R. POT. et GLEE. 1933, de Hungria y Colombia. Univ. Ind. Santander, PubL Cient., Bol.
GeoL, 12: 51-76.
LANGENHE1M,J. H., 1961. Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic plant fossils from the Cordillera
Oriental of Colombia and correlation of the Giron Formation. Colombia, Min. Minas
PetroL, Serv. Geol. NacL, BoL Geol., 8: 95-132.
SCHONFELD, G., 1947. H61zer aus dem Terti~ir von Kolombien. AbhandL Senckenberg. Natur-
forsch. Ges., 475: 1-53.
SOLE DE PORTA, N., 1960. Observaciones palinol6gicas sobre el Plioceno de Cartagena (Colombia).
Univ. Ind. Santander, Publ. Cient., BoL Geol., 4: 45-50.
VAN DER HAMMEN,T., 1956a. Description of some genera and species of fossil pollen and spores.
Colombia, Min. Minas Petrol., Inst. Geol. Nacl., BoL Geol., 4: 112-117.
VAN DER ]-IAMMEN, T., 1956b. A palynological systematic nomenclature. Colombia, Min. Minas
Petrol., Inst. Geol. NacL, BoL Geol., 4: 64-101.
VAN DER HAMMEN, T., 1957. Climatic periodicity and evolution of South American Maestrichtian
and Tertiary floras (a study based on pollen analysis in Colombia). Colombia, Min. Minas
Petrol., Geol. Nacl., BoL GeoL, 5: 57-91.
VAN DER HAMMEN, T., 1960. Estratigrafia del Terciario y Maestricbtiano continentales y tecto-
g6nesis de los Andes colombianos. Colombia, Min. Minas Petrol., Serv. Geol. NacL,
Informe, 1279: 77-128.
VAN DER HAMMEN,T., 1963. A palynological study on the Quaternary of British Guiana. Leidse
Geol. MededeL, 29: 125-180.

Ecuador
BERRY, E. W., 1929a. The fossil flora of the Laja Basin in southern Ecuador. Johns Hopkins Univ.
Studies GeoL, 10: 79-136.
BERRY, E. W., 1929b. Fossil fruits in the Ancon Sandstone of Ecuador. J. PaleontoL, 3: 298-301.
BERRY, E. W., 1933. A new Lygodium from the Late Tertiary of Ecuador. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
23: 208-210.

Rev. Palaeobotan. PalynoL, 7 (1968) 249-266 265

Venezuela

BERRY, E. W., 1921. Tertiary fossil plants from Venezuela. U.S. Natl. Museum, Proe., 59: 553-579.
BERRY, E. W., 1936. Tertiary fossil plants from Venezuela, 2. U.S. Natl. Museta~l, Proc,, 83:335
360.
BERRY, E. W., 1937. Lower Cretaceous plants beneath the flood plain of the Orinoco from the
State of Menagas, eastern Venezuela. Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies Geol., 12:107-110.
KUYL, O. S., MiJLLER, J. and WATERBOLK,H. T., 1955. The application of palynology to oil
geology, with special reference to western Venezuela. Geol. Mi/nbottw, 17: 49-76.
MiSLLER, J., 1959. Palynology of Recent Orinoco delta and shelf sediments. Mieropaleontology,
5: 1-32.
NOREM, W. L., 1955. Pollen, spores and other organic microfossils from the Eocene of Venezuela.
Micropaleontology, 1 : 261 265.

266 Rev. Palaeohotan. Palynol., 7 (1968) 249 266