is the study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not

actually said or written.

it depends on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations when they try to communicate.

From the perspective of pragmatics, more is always communicated than is said. WE

COMMUNICATE MORE THAN WE SAY

Context

pre-existing assumptions about a likely message. The meaning of the text is not in the words
alone, but in what we think the writer intended to communicate in that context.

cotext=is the coherence in the text,FORMAL

context=set of circumstances or situation during a communication process

Deixis

We use deixis to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times
(now, last week). All these deictic expressions are interpreted in terms of which person, place,
or time the speaker has in mind.

Person deixis me,us, ours, this girl him, them, that woman,those idiots

Spatial deixis here, this bed, behind me there, those hills, over yonder

Temporal deixis now, today, this morning then, yesterday, last week, next year

Reference

act by which a utterance uses language to enable a listener to identify something. To perform
an act of reference, we can use proper nouns (Chomsky, Jennifer, Whiskas).

referent is the object or concrete fact of the world we are talking about.

We can also refer to things when we are not sure what to call them.mMR.Kawasaki
INFERENCE

successful act of reference depends more on the listener/reader’s ability to recognize what the
speaker/writer means than on the listener’s “dictionary” knowledge of a word that is used.

An inference is an additional information used by the listener to create a connection between

what is said and what must be meant.

the act that the receiver of the message performs to correctly interpret the reference.

Anaphora

Anaphora is, however, the more common pattern and can be defined as subsequent reference
to an already introduced entity. Mostly we use anaphora in texts to maintain reference.

EJEMPLO: María no se rinde, ella es una luchadora.

the name comes before and the pronoun is placed after it so as not to be repetitive.

cataphora, which reverses the antecedent anaphora relationship by beginning with a

pronoun(It), then later revealing more specific information.

first the pronoun and then the name to which it refers.

EJEMPLO: Le dije a Juan que estudiara.

Allí estaban todas: Ana, Marta, Belén…

PRESUPPOSITION

Information that in a way is not said explicitly, are additional meanings that are implicit in
certain expressions, and that count to evaluate the truth of the sentence or utterance

En la oración Luis corre muy rápido para anotar un gol:

1.- Hay una persona llamada Luis.

2.- Luis es un nombre masculino.

3.- Luis es capaz de correr.

4.- Luis es rápido comparado con los demás.

5.- Luis realiza una acción en tiempo presente.

6.- Luis tiene piernas.

7.- Luis juega fútbol.

8.- Luis está en la jugada del gol.

9.- Luis tiene un balón en sus piernas.

10.- Luis marca el gol.

Pragmatic Markers

These are pragmatic markers and they can be used to mark a speaker’s attitude to the listener
or to what is being said.short forms such as you know, well, I mean, I don’t know, whichare
optional and loosely attached to the utterance.

introducing a clarification.

It seems to be a new way of being polite in interaction.

LEE: I’m not very fond of Edinburgh it’s so drab andit’s alwayscold there.

JEN: Oh, I don’t know,I really enjoyed going to the Festival there last year.
By appearing hesitant about disagreeing, the speaker can signal a desire not to challenge the
other speaker.