QUALITATIVE DATA
COLLECTION (FIELDWORK)
Descriptive narrative amd visual data
collectesd to gain insights into the
OBSERVATING
*By watching the participants.
*participant observer
*active or passive observer
*non participant observer
FIEKLD NOTES
Records of what the observer has seen
or eard it contains literal descriptions
VALIDITY
whether the research truly measures
what it was intended to measure or how
truthful the research results are.
determine validity by asking a series of
questions,
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian,
phonomena
INTERVIEWING
*interaction in which one person
obtains info from another.
*should take notes during and
after the interview, record and
transcribe it
*should be relevant ,attractive and
*The unstructured (casual
conversation)
*structured(a specified set of
questions)
Convergent and divergent
questions
RELIABILITY
results are consistent over time and an
accurate representation of the total
population under study
P. W. (2012). Educational resear
QUESTIONARIES
*Written colection of selfreport EXAMININIG RECORDS
questions to be answered by a *Useful eduacational records
selected group of research include archival deocuments,
participant. journals , maps . Video audio
recordings and artifacts
confidential
Valid test
Consistently over the time
RELIABLE TEST
measure the wrong things
Gerneralizability
Qualitative researchers dont worry about it (particular
conttext), the relevance of the findings to the researcher
 ENSURING ARE THE DATA BASED
ARE OBSERVATIONS I n wath circunstances What motivations may
ON ONES OWN How reliable arethose
CREDIBILITY IN OBSERVATION OR ON
CORROBORATED BY was an observaion made
providing the data?
have influenced a
OTHERS ? reportrd? participants report?
YOUR STUDY HEARSAY?

What biases may have influences woh

an observation was made or reported?
 DATA ANALYSIS
STRTATEGIES

ASKING KEY ANALIZING DISPLAYING(VI

CODING AN CONCEPT MAPPING ANTECEDENTS STATING(DECLAR
QUESTIONS SUALIZACION) AR) WHATS
IDENTIFYING Allow ORGANIZATIONA To map the FINDINGS MISSING
Relies on sorting to L REVIEW *Identificartion of causes and
*Wjho is centrally Encapsulate Encorage to
identification occur *Focus on vison consistences and efects that have
involved? findings trough Identify any
of ideas from missionstructure inconsistence emerged charts graphs cuestions for
literature preatiion of the between disparate throughout the
*What major which answers
organitation groups study.
activities evennts have not been
under study
or issues are provided
relevant to the
porblem?

INTERPRETATION
is based on the
connections ,common aspects
STRAGIES what is important in he data?
among the data pieces(is Why is it important ? What can be
personal) learned from it ?

CONNECT FINDINGS
PERSONALIZE
EXTENDING
interpretations based
RAISE QUESTIONS
on knowledge and
ABOUT THE STUDY
understanding of the
research setting
KNOW WHEN TO
SEEK THE ADVISE SAY WHEN
CONTEXTUALIZING
OF CRITICAL Researcher refrains
THE FINDINGS
FRIENDS from offering an
Using review of
trusted colleagues interpretation
releated litertature
to Offer insights when he can offer
ti provide support
that may have only wimpy
for the findings
been missed interpretation
 GUIDELINESS FOR WRITING A RESEARCH
REPORT

Begin with an outline that
Make writing part of your
identifies and orders major
responsabilities
topics and then differentiates
each major heading
Relate aspects of the study
Write , edit , and rewrite with an
in a manner that accurately
eye toward progress
reflects what you did and
what you found
Use clear , imple laguage .
Proofread the final
Corect spelling gramar
report al least twice
etc.

General pattern of FORMAT STYLE APA style manual

organization and
arrangement of the report

FORMATING THESES AND

DISSERTATIONS
TITLE
ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY
Describe the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Range 100 to 500words INTRODUCTION METHOD
purpose of the Indicates the page on Description of the Description of
Express appreciation describe most important
study as clearly as which each major participants instruments *RECOMENDATIONS
to persons aspects of the study problem , review of
possible section design prosedure *REFERENCES (LIST
topic,participants literature statement of
assumptions and OF SOURCES )
instruments ,procedures their hypothesis
limitations *APPENDIXES
results and conclusions definitons of terms
DESCRIPTION OF PARTICIPANTS DESCRIPTION OF
Definition and description of the INSTRUMENT PROCEDURE
population from which the Indicate the propuse of RESULT TABLES AND FIGURES OVERGENERALIZATION
Describe the steps that
sample was selected. way the the instrument its researcher followed in Describe statistical Used t o present findings occurs when researchers
participants were selected. why application vality and the conducting study in techniques , or in summary add clarity state(explican)
they were selected and reliability chronological order qualitative to the presentation conclusions that are not
description of the context interpretations that ewre warranted by their
detailed to permit the
spplied research result
study
 General evaluation
*Dectect a number of basic errors or
criteria weakness
*Questions concerning the execution of
the study.
*Problems or shortcomings
(deficiencias)are usually readily identifiable
INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULTS
DISCUSSION(CONCLUSI
*PARTICIPANTS ABSTRACT OR
*Problem *every hyporthesis ON AND
-Size and SUMMARY
-statement of the tesed RECOMENDATIONS )
problem characterisctics *significance
*simple clearly Are the number and
-background interpreted using the *discussed in terms of
described type of particiànts and
- Variables appropieate degrees of its agreement or
-Guidelines for the instruments described
fredom disagreement
mínimum simple *design identified
*Review fo related *clearly described *cosist with the results
*procedures described
literature Tables and figures *future action made
*INSTRUMENTS *major results and
-Is comprehensive? organizeed and *theorical and practiacl
-permisssions - conclusions stated
-organized impliations of findingd
appropiate for the undesrstandable
-contrasted discuss
-references and cited measuring
are completly and -correct,appropiate
accurantly?
*Design and procedure
*HYPOTHESES -appropiate for
*testable hypotheses
*Expected relation or -described in sufficient
differences detail
-control procedures
described

SURVEY RESEARCH
CORRETIONAL RESEARCH
Collection of data
Correlation means association
attained by asking
- more precisely it is a
individuals
measure of the extent to
questions either in
which two variables are
person, on paper,
related. (relationship studies
by phone, or
prediction studies)
online. Conducting
*A positive correlation is a
surveys is one form
relationship between two
of primary
variables in which both
research, is used to
variables move in the same
gather the
direction.
opinions, beliefs,
*A negative correlation is a
and feelings of
relationship between two
selected groups of
variables in which an increase
individuals
in one variable is associated
with a decrease in the other
*A zero correlation exists
when there is no relationship
between two variables. For
example there is no
relationship between the
amount of tea drunk and level
of intelligence.
Design specific
evaluation criteria Can be applied to almost any study
some to mixed methods research
and some to action research
CASE STUDY RESEARCH
CAUSAL- EXPERIMENTAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH is an in depth study of a
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Involves collecting and analyzing particular situation
RESEARCH. *support or non-numerical data (e.g., text, rather than a sweeping
 research attempts disconfirm this video, or audio) to understand statistical survey. It is a
to identify a cause- experimental concepts, opinions, or method used to narrow
effect relationship hypothesis. experiences. It can be used to down a very broad field
between two or is guided by a gather in-depth insights into a of research into one
more groups. hypothesis (or problem or generate new ideas easily researchable topic.
nvolve comparison several for research. is also useful for testing
in contrast to hypotheses) that whether scientific
correlation states an expected NARRATIVE RESEARCH theories and models
research which relationship is a term that subsumes a actually work in the real
looks at between two or group of approaches that in world.
relationship. more turn rely on the written or
spoken words or visual MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
representation of is a research approach
individuals. These whereby researchers collect
SINGLE SUBJECT RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC approaches typically focus and analyse both quantitative
Involves studying a single
RESEARCH on the lives of individuals as and qualitative data within
individual or system by
is a qualitative told through their own the same study
taking repeated
method stories.
measurements of 1 or more ACTION RESEARCH
dependent variables and where researchers 
observe and/or is simply a form of self-reflective enquiry
systematically applying & undertaken by participants in social
sometimes, withdrawing or interact with
a study's participa situations in order to improve the
varying the independent rationality and justice of their own
variable. nts in their real-life
practices, their understanding of these
environment. practices, and the situations in which the
practices are carried out
 Creswell, John W. (2008)
Educational research :planning

RESEARCH
• Process of steps to collect and analyze information .asking , collecting and analizing data to understanding a topic or issue.
• Importance : helps to understand problems through accumulation of knowledge, can asist educators in improving practice engaging in research provides valuable
conceptual writing and presenting skills for students

SIX STEPS IN PROCESS

OF RESEARCH

SPECIFYING A ANALYZING AND

IDENTIFY A REPORTING AND
REVIEWING THE PURPOSE FOR INTERPRETING
RESEARCH COLLECTING DATA EVALUATING
LITERATURE RESEARCH DATA
PROBLEM *Selecting RESEAERCH
*Locating resources *Breaking
*Specifying a individuals to study *Deciding on
*Selecting *Identify the purpose down(desglozar)the
problem *Obtaining audiences
resources statement data
*justifying it permissions *Structuring the
*Summarizing *Narrowing the *Representing the
*Suggestion the *Gathering report
resources porpose statenment data
need to study it for information *Writing the report
to research questions *Explaining the
audiences sensitivelt
or hypoteesis data

QUANTITATIVE
*describing a research problem trough a
description of trends
*need an exolanation of the relationships
among variables
*major role for the literatura
*creating pupose statements ,research
questions and hypotesis that are
specicific,narrow,measurable and observable
*collecting numeric data to many people with
pereset questions and responses
*nalazing trends relating variables with
statistical analysis
*writing the research report using standard
fixed strucures and evaluation criteria ,
unbiased (imparcial)
QUALITATIVE
*developing a detailed understanding of a
central phenomenon
*aLiterature play a minor role *Matching the approach to a research
problem
*justify the problem *Fitting the approach to your audience
Relating the approach to your experience
*research questions in a genral and broad
way (particioants experiences
*collecting data based on words and
images form a small group
*Analazing the data for description
interpreting the largeer meaning of the
findings
*Writing report is flexible
*reflexiviti and bias(parcialidad)
 DESIGNS

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE COMBINED

DESIGNS
RESEARCH DESIGNS
*INTERVENTION OR NON INTERVENTION
RESEARCH
MIXED METHOD ACTION

GROUNDED ETHNOGRAFIC NARRATIVE

SURVEY THEORY
EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATIONAL

explaining if using both datas

combining both
an Relating Explorng for individuals
Exploring to best
intervention variables in a Describing common Exploring the to study
individual understand and
influences a predictable trends for a experiences of shares culture education
stories to explain a
result for one pattern for one population of individuals to of a group of problems that
describe the live research
grouo group of people develop a people they face in
of people p`roblem
opposed to individuals theory their settings
another

SKILLS SOLVING PUZZLES , FOSCUSING ON TOPICS, PRACTICING WRITING AND EDITING, HOW USE THE ACADEMIC LIBRTARY
 THE STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF
RESEARCH
1,-DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM

*Is an educational Issue, concern or controversy that the investigator presents and justifies in a research
study.
*It sets the stage for the entire study
*Without knowing the problem readers do not know why they should red and why is important

STRATEGIES USEFUL
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A RESEARCH CRITERIA FOR DECINDING WHETHER S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IN WRITING THE
ROBLEM AND OTHER PARTS OF PROBLEM CAN AND SHOULD BE QUANTITATIVE AND “STATEMENT OF THE
RESEARCH RESEARCHED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM
PROBLEM S
*USING A TEMPLATE
*THE TOPIC – Is the subject *The researcher must have (PLANTILLA)AS A
matter of the study access to people and sities and GUIDE
possess the time, resources, and *USING AMPLE
*The purpose statement sets * quantitative approach are
skills to study the problem CITATIONS TO THE
forth(establece) the intent of those in which the issue
*The study needs to contribute to LITERATURE
the study needs to be explained
knowledge and practice *INCLUDING
*research questions raise *qualitative approach are
*needs to be a match(coincidir) REFERENCES TO
questions that the researcher those that need to be
will answer based on the between the research problem STATISTICAL
explored
data collected in the study and the approach INFORMATION IN
QUANTITATIVE AND
QUOTES IN
QUALITATIVE
 THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF “STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM”

JUSTIFICATION FOR
TOPIC RESEARCH PROBLEM DEFICIENCES IN THE REALTING THE
THE RESEARCH
Subject A concern or issue a EVIDENCE DISCUJS¡SION TO
PROBLEM
area “problem”
*Evidence from the Evidence that is missing AUDIENCES
literatura or practical *Audiences that will
experience profit(beneficiarse) from
the study

Parents in a role in Need for better Access

promoting access to Past Literature has
for students of color We need to evaluate how
college for documents for poor Parents can better assess
parents can promote
underrepresented attendance tehir role
access
students Counselors can better
involve parents
Colleges can better work
with parents
How do I justify the need to study this problem?

SUGGESTIONS MADE BY OTHER

PERSONAL EXPERIENCES EXPERIENCES IN THE RESEARCHERS
WORKPLACE
*Used in qualiative Used in both quantitative Used in both quantitaive and
research, such as narrative and qualitaite , such as qualitative , such as
research action research experiments,surveys correlational
studies , grounded theory studies

QUANTITATIVE
*provide a detailed
review to justify the
major propose and
research questions of a
study
*Th literatura at the
end compares results
with predictions made
at the beginning of the
resarch
IDENTIFY KEY TERMS
*They are important for
initially locating literatura in
a library or trough an In
ternet search
*2ºo 3 words , keys ideas of
the study
*pose a short general
research question that you
would like answered
*Look in a catalog of terms
to find words that match
your topic
*Go to the bookshelves in a
college or university library
2.-REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE QUALITATIVE
*Use a limirted amounto of
literatura in the beginning of
• written summary of articles books and other documents hat describe the past asnd
the study to allow
current state of knowledge about a topic
participants views rather tahn
• organize literatura in topics for a proposed study.
pespectives from the
• providing a need for a study and demonstrating that other studies have not
literarutre to play major role
addressed the same topic in exactly the same way
in the study
• indicate that the researcher is knowledgeable about studies related to a topic
*the literatura at the end to
• *helps you learn how other educators compose their research studies and find
compare and contrast
useful examples
findings in the study with past
literature
Steps in conducting a literatura
review
LOCATE LITERATURE CRITICALLY EVALUATE AND WRITE A LITERATURE
ORGANIZE THE LITERATURE
SELECT THE LITERATURE REVIEW
*Begin the search for
*Photocopying and filing(archivar) the
relevant literatura by *To determine whether it is a
literature *Using apporpiate style manual
Internet , although this good source to use and if it is
relecvant to your particular
formats
process not all loterature *determine how it fits the overall
is dependable (confiable) research
literature *Develeoping headings for writen
*Is it a goood,accurate source? lietrature
*Use academic libraries *Reproducing , downloading and filing-
copies of the articles or download
*Rely as muh as posible
articles you might organiza the
*Style manual provides a struture
*Primary sources(articles *Look for resarch studies to fot citing references,labeling
published byeducational literatura by sources,topic, or key Word
include in your literatura headings and constructing tables
journals review
*Taking notes and abstracting studies and figures for a scholary
Secundary (handbooks research report
(often informal procedure to identify
ecnyclopedias) *Include quantitavitive and
importan ideas about each source
qualitative research studies
*It wil have a consistent format
*Search different types *Constructing a literatura maps()figure for readers and other researches
of literarture *It is relevant? Topic, problem
or drawing that displays the research to facilitate their undertanding o
acessibility (available)
literature
 3.-SPECIFYING A PORPUSE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR HYPOTESIS

RESEARCH HYPOTESIS RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

PORPUSE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

*is a statement that advances
overall direction or focus for the
study
*It is formed by one or more
sentences
*Could be quantitative and
qualitative
*This wiil be at the end of
introduction
*recognize by “the purpose
ofthis study”
”narrow the purpose stastement to
sqpecific questions that need to be
answere, raised questions to be answered
*it is formed for two or more questions
*quantitative and qualitative
* this wiil be at the end of
introduction,after literature review , or in
a separate section of the study
*make prediction about
expectations
*It is formed for one or more
statements
• *Quantitative research
• * This wiil be at the end of
introduction,after literature
review , or in a separate
section of the study
*intent to state goals to be
accomplished
*one or more objectives
*quantitative
* this wiil be at the end of
introduction,after literature
review , or in a separate section
of the study

IMPORTANCE
*ARE SIGNPOSTS , WITHOUT SIGNPOPSTS THE READERS WILL BE LOST TROUGHOUT YOUR STUDY
*YOU CAN ALSO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPIATE METHODS FOR COLLCTING DATA
*THEY PROVIDE KEY COMPONENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE RESULTS
 WRITE QUANTITATIVE PURPOSE STATREMENTS ,RESEARCH
QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT INTERVENING

VARIABLES VARIABLES VARIABLES

*Is an attribute or characteristic THAT *Is an attribute or characteristic that

INFLUENCES OR AFFECTS AN OUTCOME
Is an attribute or
OR DEPENDENT VARIABLE
characteristic that is
*Is a measured variable indicating math
dependent on or
ability scores assessed by results on an
influenced by the
ability test.
independent variable.
*there are multiple
dependent variables in a
single study CONTROL VARIABLE
*What outcome am I trying
is of secondary interest and is
to explain?
neutralized through statistical or
design procedures
*not directly measured but
controlled trough statistical or
research design procedures
*use in experiments ,correlational
studies and survey
*examples: demographic variables,
such as age, gender ,race
socioeconomic level
TREATMENT VARIABLE
*Manipulated by the researcher
*Categorical composed of two or
more groups
*use in experiments
*Examples: classroom learning: one
group receives standard lecture and
one group receives discussion; the
researcher assigns students to
groups and thus manipulates group
membership.
“stands between” the dependent and
independent variables and exercises an
influence on the dependent variable
apart from the independent variable
*Also called mediating variables
sometimes is controlled using statistical
procedures
MOERATNG VARIABLE
*is of secondary interest and combines with
another independent variable to influence
the dependent variable
*continous variable measured or observed
as it interacts with other variables
*use in experiments, correlational studies,
and surveys
*examples: demographic variables, such as
age, gender, race socioeconomic level; a
measured variable, such as performance or
attitude; or manipulated variable such as
classroom instruction
 WRITING QUANTITATIVE PURPOSE
STATEMENTS
*Inquires seek to explore a central phenomenon and engage in an emerging process of
research
*Narrow the proposed statement to two types of qualitative questions;
*central question the researcher asks the most general question that can be asked in a study
*Subquestion called issue or procedural subquestions this either subdivide the central
question into topics or indicate the steps used in analyzing and reporting the data*

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
PURPOSE STATEMENTS AND RESEARCH
QUESTIONS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
*hypotheses are not used only research
IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH questions

*hypotheses are used *Term variable is not used,gather information

on a sigle concept (central phenomenon)
*Identifies multiple variables
and seeks to measure them *theories not tested , inquirer asks
participants in a study to share ideas ansd
*often test theories , broad buils general terms based on those ideas
explanations that predict he
results from realtin variables
 4-COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA

IDENTIFY HOW TO SELECT IDENTIFY THE PERMISSIONS LIST DIFFERENT FOR COLLECTING LOCATE, SELECT, AND ASSESS AN DESCRIBE PROCEDURE FOR
PARTICIPANTS FOR A STUDY NEEDED FOR A STUDY DATA INSTRUMENT(S)FOR USE IN ADMINITERING QUANTITATIVE
DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION

*permissions may be needed from *Using an existing instrument or

*Involves specifying the population leaders of institutions *To decide what type or types of
and sample data to collect. modify rather than develop your
*Will ensure that they cooperate in instrument
*Determining how will choose the your study and provide data. *Specifying the variables in your *Your procedures need to
participants and deciding on the research questions or hypothesis *look in published journal articles
*Necessary before you can enter a *Examine guides to tests and be standard so that there
appropriate sample size. site and collect data *Defining and seeking measures is a uniform procedure for
that operationalize these instruments that are available
commercially data collection.In addition,
SPECIFY THE definitions as with all phases in
IDENTIFY YOUR
UNIT OF POPULATION search, the data collection
ANALYSIS AND SAMPLE OBTAIN OBTAIN VALIDITY process needs to be
*You need to INFORMED PERDORMANCE ATTITUDINAL RELIABLE
*You must PERMISSIONS MEASURES MEASURES *Mans that *Examine conducted in a way that is
decide at what consider what *Asking for it CONSENT whether the ethical to individuals and
individuals or *It is important *To assess an *You can scores from an
level (family, formally in a individuals measure instrument are scores from the research sites
schools, or school you will letter including to protect the *Standart procdures
ability to attitudes of stable and instrument are
school district) study time, purpose, privacy and
perform on an individuals(surv consistent valid
the data need Population: All how you will confidentiality *identify
teachers in high of individuals achievement eys, *Have
to be gathered use the data or test, correlational measures or instrument
school in one results who participate *Look for
city in the study intelligence test studies, and observations
, aptitude test experiments) that are reliable evidence of
sample : A
validity
simple of high
*Look closely at
school teachers
the purpose
*Evaluate if
authors provide
good evidence

PREPARING YOUR DATA FOR
ANALYSIS
*Scoring the data assigns a
numeric score to each response
category for each question on the
instruments used to collect data
*Strongly agree, agree,
undecided, disagree strongly
disagree
*Select a statistical program to
analyze their data
*input data(transfers)
*Clean(errors) and account for
missing data
*Cleaning the database(values the
data for scores that are outside
the accepted range)
statistical tests and calculating values that are
determined to be significant or non-significant
and suggest that the sample mean is or is not
6.ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING
QUANTITATIVE DAT
ANALAZING DATA REPORTING THE RESULTS INTERPRETING RESULTS
*If analysis consists of
*To address the research *Scoring the data assigns a numeric score to
descriptive analysis, inferential
questions or hypotheses each response category for each question on
analysis, or both, the researcher
*Describe statistics -indicate the instruments used to collect data
presents results in tables figures
general tendencies in the data, *Strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree
and a detailed discussion of the
the spread of the data, or a strongly disagree
results.
comparison of how one score *Select a statistical program to analyze their
*Involves presenting information
relates to all others data
about the results of each
*INFERENCIAL STATISTICS – *input data(transfers)
statistical test and presenting
Analyze data from a simple to *Clean(errors) and account for missing data
information using language
draw conclusions about an *Cleaning the database(values the data for
acceptable or quantitative
unknown population scores that are outside the accepted range)
researchers
C)Calculate an effect size that
A)Conduct hypothesis testing by using B) Set a confidence
examines the strength of the
interval to identify a
differences and the practical
range of scores that is
meaning of these differences for
likely to include the
group comparisons or creating
a good estimate of the population mean population mean
variables
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
IDENTIFY PARTICIPANTS We identify our participants and sites purposeful sampling based on places and
We systematically identify our participants and sites through random sampling people that can best help us understand our central phenomenon

PERMISSIONS TO BEGIN OUR STUDY We need greater access to the site because we will typically go to the site and
This process requires a greater level of participation from the site tan does the interview people or observe them.
quantitative research process

COLLECT DATA
Interviews, observations and documents
We will use someone else instrument
LOCATE, SELECT, AND ASSESS AN INSTRUMENT(S)FOR USE IN DATA COLLECTION
We need to record the information supplied by the participants using
predesigned instruments from someone else or instruments
Our approach relies on general interviews or observations so that we do not
restrict the views of participants, we will collect data with a few open-ended
questions that we design
We will record information on self-designed protocols that help us organize
information reported by participants to each question

DESCRIBE PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTERING
Studying people in their own environment creates challenges for the qualitative
researcher that may not be present in quantitative research when investigators
mail out anonymous questionaries' or bring individuals into the experimental
laboratory
We will administer our procedures with sensitivity to the challenges and ethical
issues of gathering information face to face and often in peoples home or
workplaces
 7.COLLECTING
7.COLLECTINGQUALITATIVE DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA

SAMPLING
SAMPLING
APPROACHES
APPROACHES
TO SELECTING
TO
SELECTING
PARTICIPANTS
PARTICIPANTS
AND SITES
AND SITES

*Develop
*Develop an
an in
in depth
depth exploration
exploration ofof aa central
central phenomenon
phenomenon
*Intentionally
*Intentionally sects
sects individual
individual and
and sites
sites
TYPES
TYPESOFOFPURPOSEFUL
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
SAMPLING
BEFORE THE COLLECTION
RAMDOM SAMPLING AFTER
AFTERDATA
DATACOLLECTION
COLLECTION HAS
HAS STARTED
STARTED
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
*Select represerntatives individuals (to *Select people or sites who can help us
gwnwralize from simple to the unsterstanding our phenomenon
popullation) *To develop a deatailed understanding
MAXIMAL VARIATION SAMPLING OPPORTUNISTIC
OPPORTUNISTIC SAMPLING
SAMPLING
*To develop many perspectives *To
*To take
take advantage
advantage ofof whatever
whatever case
case
unfolds
unfolds (que
(que se
se desarrolla)
desarrolla)

CRITICAL SAMPLING
*To describe a case that ilistrates TYPICAL SAMPLING
*To describe what is “typical” to those CONFIRMING/DISCONFIRIMNG
CONFIRMING/DISCONFIRIMNG
“dramatically” the situation
unfamiliar with the SAMPLING
SAMPLING
case(sesfamilizrizados del tema) *To
*To explore
explore confriming
confriming or
or disconfirming
disconfirming
EXTREME CASE SAMPLING cases
cases
*To describe particularly trublesome or THEORY OR CONCEPT SAMPLING
enlightening cases (problemáticos o *To generate a theory or explore a
casos ilustrantes) concept
SNOWBALL
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
SAMPLING
HOMOGENEOUS SAMPLING *to
*to locate
locate people
people or
or sites
sites to
to study
study
*To describe some subgroup in dpepth

PERMISSIONS REQUIRED TO GAIN ACCES
*Often seek out gatekeepers to gain Access to
individuals and sites to study.In gainning
permission rtesearchers are sensitive to th
potentially intrusive nature of their research and
are mindful(teniendo en cuenta) of rspecting
individuals and sites
SEEK INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
APPROVAL(aprobación de la junta)
GATEKEEPERS
*Is an individual who has an oficial or unoficial
role at the site , provides entrance to a siote,
helps researchers locate people
VARIOUS TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA TO
COLLECT
*It is important to become familiar with your
questions and collect, allow them to share their
views relatively unconstrained(sin restricciones)
by your perspective
OBSERVATIONS
*Field notes and drawning s,observer , participant
*First observing as an outsider , then
participanting in the setting and observing as an
insider
INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONARIES
Open –ended interviews taking notes or
audiotape then transcribe
*Gather open –ended responses
DOCUMENTS
*Analyze public and school documentsExamine
portfolios , collect e-mails or electronic data,
collect personal letters from participants
* the interview , the question be asked ,
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
*Videotape a social situation of an individual or
group
Examine photographs ,collect sound have
participants take potos or videoapes
FIELD ISSUES AND ETHICAL
PROCEDURES FOR RECORDING DATA
CONSIDERATIONS IN DATA
COLLECTION
It involves recording information through
reseacrch protocols ,adminestering data The data need to be collected
collection so taht you can anticípate ethically, with sensitivity to
potential problesm individuals , populations and
*May be infromal (taking notes ) or formal research sites
(optically scanning the material to develop
a complete text file)
DATA RECORDING PROTOCOLS
*Are forms designed and used by
researchers to record information during
observations and interviews.
AN INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
*Is a form designed by the researcher
that contains instructions for process af
space to take notes of responses from the
interviewee
OBSERVATIONAL PROTOCOL
*Is a form designed by the researcher
before data collection that is used for
taking note sduring an
obserbation .,record chronology of
eventes, a detailed portrait with qoutes of
an individual
 8. ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING QUALITATIVE DATA
It requires uderstanding how to make sense of text and
images so that you can form answers to your questions

PREPARE AND ORGANIZE

THE DATA FOR ANALYSIS

Is critical because of the

large amount of
information gathered
during the study

ORGANIZE DATA
*developing a matrix or a
table of source
*Organizing the materials
by type: interviewa
observations all
documents
*Keeping duplicate copies

TRANSCRIBE DATA
*