REVIEWER_PR1

RESEARCH
RESEARCH STRENGHTS
 It is the systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources to establish facts and QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
reach new conclusions. RESEARCH RESEARCH
 It is defined as the scientific investigation of  Suitable to study  Suitable for
phenomena which includes collection, several under taking
presentation, analysis and interpretation of phenomena at extensive surveys
facts that lines an individual ‘s speculation with the same time  Offers in-depth
reality  Offers a large conclusions and
sample size for findings
MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON analysis  You can collect
DATA  Can be done on information
an ongoing faster with
process quantitative
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 It is not limited  Scientific based
 a type of educational research in which the
by numerical approach that
researcher relies on the views of participants
source of data follows generally
 asks broad, general questions
accepted
 collects data consisting largely words (text)
standard
from participants
 describes and analyzes these words for themes
 and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased
WEAKNESS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 a type of educational research in which the QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
researcher decides what to study RESEARCH RESEARCH
 asks specific, narrow questions  It does not  There is limited
 collects quantifiable data from participants statistical conclusion from
 analyzes these numbers using statistics information the study
which may be  Often requires
 and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased,
essential complex
objective manner.
 Rigorous process formulas and
that may not models
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
defined clearly  The findings may
 A lot of unusable become obsolete
QUALITATI QUANTITATI
data may be with time
VE VE collected  It may be
PURPOSE Answer “why” Answer “how  Time consuming expensive in
question many/much” process for some cases
DATA TYPE Observation, Number/statistical projects that may
symbol, word, result have deadlines
etc.
APPROACH Observe & Measure and test
interpret
ANALYSIS Grouping of Statistical analysis
NATURE OF RESEARCH AND INQUIRY
common data
= non-
RESEARCH
statistical
 Research is an organized investigation and study
analysis
of materials and sources to create facts and
reach new inferences (Walker, 2010)
REVIEWER_PR1
 It provides solutions and validation in order to
apply to the real setting

 Is a process of executing various mental acts for

discovering and examining facts and
information to prove accuracy or truthfulness of
claims and conclusions. (Litchman, 2013) BASIC RESEARCH VS APPLIED RESEARCH
 Research is a systematic and objective creation
of knowledge (Creswell, 2013) PARAMETE BASIC APPLIED
RS RESEARCH RESEARCH
INQUIRY Type of Scientific Technological
 A seeking for truth, information or knowledge. knowledge Discovery Application
 The exploratory nature of inquiry allows produced
individuals, particularly students, to grapple Motivation Intellectual Solving
with different ways of looking at ideas and Curiosity Problems
issues and to think creatively about problems Key Questions Is it true? Does it work?
that do not possess simple (or perhaps even Objective To To come up
any) answer UNDERSTAND with SOLUTION

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH &

INQUIRY 6 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY
LIFE
RESEARCH INQUIRY
Encourages adherence to Encourages the TO GATHER NECESSARY
a formal process exploration of questions INFORMATION
Emphasizes efficiency Emphasizes the process  Research provides necessary information in
and focus of discovery field of your work, study, or operation
Tends to remain focused Can become broad and
and precise expansive quickly TO MAKE CHANGES
Allows students to gain Allows students to gain  Research helps us find the root cause and
skills such as soft skills such as associated elements of a process
organization, cooperation, self-
communication, and reflection, and problem TO IMPROVE STANDARD OF LIVING
attention to detail solving  Only through research can new inventions and
discoveries come into life

MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH IN FOR A SAFER LIFE

DIFFERENT AREAS
BASIC RESEARCH
 A type of research that is a purely direct
application but increasing the nature of
understanding about the problem
 It develops the scientific theories to be more
understandable to the readers
APPLIED RESEARCH
 A type of research that needs an answer to a
specific question
 Research has made groundbreaking discoveries
and development in the field of health,
nutrition, food technology, and medicine
TO EXPLORE OUR HISTORY
 Research about our planets history and human
history has enabled us to learn and understand
more about our forefathers and helped us learn
from their mistakes and absorb good things
from their life
TO KNOWTHE TRUTH
 Research is needed to investigate and expose
these and bring out the truth
REVIEWER_PR1
Characteristics, Processes, & Ethics of
Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
EMPIRICAL
 Research is based on direct experience and
observation of the researcher.
SYSTEMATIC
 It follows orderly and sequential procedure
CONTROLLED
 All variables except those that are
tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
EMPLOY HYPOTHESIS
 It guides the investigation process
IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH PROBLEM &
RELATED LITERATURE
 It is the heart of qualitative research
 Research Problems are those that cause
unfavorable circumstances in a community or
an organizations
 It may be in form of questions
 Identifying problems in literature review is very
important
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS &
DESIGNING THE STUDY
 A research hypothesis is an intellectual guess to
the research questions
 It serves as a guide toward designing the
research methodology
 Guide in Constructing Study Design ○ From
whom will your data come? ○ Where are you
going to collect the data? ○ When & until when
do you plan to gather the data? ○ How are you
going to facilitate the whole research activity.

ANALYTICAL COLLECTING AND ORGANIZING DATA

 This shows analytical procedures in gathering  Data collection is the process of gathering
the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or information by means of a defined method in
case study. order to support the hypothesis

OBJECTIVE ANALYZING DATA & TESTING HYPOTHESIS

 Study is unbiased and logical. All findings are  Data analysis is the process of examining data
logically based on real-life situations. against preconceived hypothesis
 Accepted - Supports the hypothesis ○ Rejected -
ORIGINAL WORK Results deviate from existing literature
 Study requires its own examination and
produces the data needed to complete the INTERPRETING DATA
study.  Gathered data must be interpreted correctly to
pave the way for drawing meaningful
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER implications in making the research relevant
R- esearch oriented
E- effective REPORTING OF THE RESULTS
S- cientific  Reporting results in research involves
E- fficient presenting the findings and outcomes of a study
A- ctive in a clear, organized manner
R- esourceful  This typically includes summarizing the data
C- urious collected, analyzing the results, and drawing
H- onest conclusions based on the evidence gathered
E- conomical
R- eligious RESEARCH ETHICS
HONESTY
RESEARCH PROCESS  Fabrication of data or falsification of data must
never be an option
REVIEWER_PR1
OBJECTIVITY KINDS OF QUALITATIVE
 Research must be free from any form of bias
PHENOMENOLOGY
INTEGRITY  This is from the word “phenomenon,” which
 Research must uphold sincerity and consistency means something known through experiences.
 It refers to the study of how people find their
experiences meaningful.
 The researcher is concerned with the feelings of
CAREFULNESS the participants regarding a particular event or
 It must be free of careless errors of negligence activity. Interview is the common instrument
used for its data collection with the suggested
OPENNESS sample size ranging from 5 to 25.
 Researchers must be open to constructive
criticism Examples: Perceptions of an Individual about Death. A
researcher aims to explain the lived experiences of the
CONFIDENTIALITY COVID-19 survivors in the province of Bataan.
 Participants’ privacy must be valued
CASE STUDY
RESPECTFUL  It is a qualitative research kind which allows the
 Give credit to whom the credit is due researcher to have an intensive analysis of the
phenomenon.
RESPONSIBILITY  It is a form of qualitative research that is
 Rules of an institution must be considered focused on providing a detailed account of a
single event or incident, rather than
CHARACTERISTICS OF generalizing about other situations.

QUALITATIVE Examples: Observe and interview 20 victims of Budol-

Budol Gang. A researcher aims to explain the causes of
CHARACTERISTICS the reading difficulty of a grade 5 struggling reader

1. Natural environment (natural setting). Where COMPARISON

do participants experience the problem or
issue? PHENOMENOLOG CASE STUDY
2. Researcher as a key instrument (researcher as Y A detailed investigation
key instrument). A study designed to of the development of a
3. Multiple sources of data. Qualitative understand the single event, situation, or
researchers generally choose to collect the subjective, lived an individual over a
required data from various sources experiences and period of time
4. Inductive data analysis. Qualitative researchers perspectives of
build categories, patterns and themes from the participants
ground up (inductive) Interviews are the main Data collection methods
5. The meaning of the participants (participant’s method of data include observations.
meaning). collection interviews,
6. Design that develops (emergent design). questionnaires, etc.
Qualitative researchers argue that qualitative Focus on various Focus on a single
research is always evolving and dynamic. individuals and their incident, event,
7. Theoretical perspective (theoretical lens). experiences organization, or an
8. Interpretive. Qualitative researchers make an individual
interpretation of what they see, hear and
Information relies Information obtained
understand.
interviewing skills of the from a case study cannot
9. A holistic account.
researcher and the be used to make
REVIEWER_PR1
articulate skills of the generalizations effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and
participants ideological factors on the content makes it a
discourse analysis
ETHNOGRAPHY
 This type of research focuses on describing the
culture of a group of people. CONTENT NALYSIS DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
 To characterize behaviors, cultures, challenges,
and possible occurring themes, the researcher is Content Analysis is a Discourse Analysis is the
required to engage himself/herself with the method for studying study of the ways in
participants through immersion in an extended and/or retrieving which language is used in
period of time. meaningful information texts and contexts
from documents Examines the language
Examples: A researcher seeks to determine the cultural
practices and healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group
living in Bataan province. A researcher seeks to Examines the content Examines the language
characterize the survival strategies of families in an
urban poor community.

GROUNDED THEORY
 Is a research approach designed to discover
what problems exist in a given social
environment and how the persons involved
handle them; it involves formulation, testing,
and reformulation of propositions until a theory
is developed.
Examples: o A researcher attempts to conceptualize the
breast cancer survivorship process among Bataeños. A
researcher attempts to generate a theory of defense
mechanisms of students who experience school bullying
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 It allows one to discuss past and present events
in the context of the present condition, and
allows one to reflect and provide possible
answers to current issues and problems.
Examples: The lending pattern of business in the 19th
century. A researcher seeks to explore the development
in the courtship letter writing style among Bataeños.’
CONTENT & DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 Content analysis is a method of quantitative
that requires an analysis or examination of the
substance or content of the mode of
communication used by a person, group,
organization, or any institution in
communicating.
 A study of language structures used in the
medium of communication to discover the
WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Refers to a statement that promptly suggests
investigating.
 Moreover, a research problem to be designed
must deal with some concerns in a particular
field that may need improvement or a solution.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
a. Theory - existing social philosophies and
generalizations which the researcher is familiar
with may be of a great help to design a research
problem
b. Practitioners - Practitioners such as teachers,
social workers, health care providers, etc. are
considered to be a good source of problem
since they are directly experiencing difficulties
and challenges which are needed to be
addressed.
c. Personal Experiences - daily experiences can
provide the researcher with an idea of what
problem needs a solution.
d. Relevant literature - through reviewing other
available research, the researcher may be able
to determine gaps in knowledge and subject
them to replication. Thus, a good research
problem will be ensured
RESEARCH TITLE
REVIEWER_PR1
 As cited from Sacred Heart University Library 10
(2020), a research title should help the readers
see the main idea as well as the summary of the
whole study.
 Further, it usually contains the fewest possible
words that can bring an understanding of the
content and the purpose of the study among
the readers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH
TITLE
1. It should be limited only to substantive words
with high consideration of the key variables
such as the phenomenon under investigation,
the participants, and the setting of the study.
2. It should use words that can create a positive
impression among the readers. Avoid using
abbreviations as well as some word
constructions such as: “method”, “result”, and
“investigation.”
3. It should be in the form of a phrase with correct
use of capitalization, that is, the first letter
appearing in the title as well as the first letter of
each noun word should be capitalized.
4. It should be concise by adequately implying the
participants and the coverage of the study.
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TITLE
1. The ‘Need to Transcend’: A Phenomenological
Study on the Lived Experiences of Millennial
Teachers (Lacdo-O et al., 2018)
2. The Educated Citizen: Cultural and Gender
Capital in the Schooling of Aetas’ Children in the
Municipality of Janiuay (Moralista & Delariarte,
2014)
3. This Too Shall Pass: A Grounded Theory Study of
Filipino Cancer Survivorship (de Guzman et al.,
2012)
SCOPE, DELIMITATION, AND
LIMITATION
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 It presents the variables or subjects of the
study, the extent to which the research will
cover, and the possible factors that will be given
focus on the course of the study
 The scope of the study contains the
presentation of the variables, research design,
subjects, research locale, and other relevant
information about the subject being analyzed
WHAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE
SCOPE OF THE STUDY?
 Topic
 Participants
 Place/ Research Locale
Parameters
- Objectives
- Approaches
- Research Design
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 Delimitations, on the other hand, are the
conditions that the researcher purposely
controlled. These are the limits beyond the
concern of the study.
 This narrows the Scope of the Study.
 Boundaries set for the study
 The population not under the study
 Methodological procedures not used
 Explain why other aspects of the subject were
excluded
LIMITATION
 Weakness, conditions, or influences
uncontrolled by the researchers
 The instrument utilized, the sample, time
constraints
 What might influence the results should be
mentioned
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. A brief statement of the general purpose of the
study.
2. The subject matter and topics studied and
discussed.
3. The locale of the study, where the data were
gathered or the entity to which the data belong
4. The population from which the respondents
were selected. This must be large enough to
generalizations significant.
5. The period of the study. This is the time, either
months or years, during which the data were
gathered.
REVIEWER_PR1
BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES Restates the information Draws on multiple
in one or more sources sources to reach a
OF RESEARCH broader conclusion

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that
research is a very noble undertaking if it makes
significant contributions to the community and
to the academic field or discipline where the
researcher is affiliated with.
WHAT TO DO IN SYNTHESIS?
1. Combine elements of several sources to help
you make a point
2. Describe how sources converse each other
3. Organize similar ideas together so readers can
understand how they overlap

Synthesis helps readers see where you add your own

 It should apparently identify the purpose that
the research will serve and how it will
contribute to the:
 society
 country
 government
 institution or agency
 concerned research community
new ideas to existing knowledge
HOW TO BEGIN IN SYNTHESIS?
1. Read your sources carefully and find the main
idea(s) of each source Look for similarities in
your sources
2. Find the ideas that repeat in two or more
sources and group them together

BENEFICIARIES BENEFITS
BENEFITS EXAMPLE INTRODUCTION OF A
Those will directly gain Refer to all advantages to SYNTHESIS
from the results of the be obtained by those This part of the study reviews the bearing of the
study. directly involved research literature that may deal with the
especially the characteristics, goals and description of the present
Academic - may include researchers and research study. The literature dealt mostly on the teachers'
educational staff, users. professional development, ICT- based instruction as a
teachers, students and pedagogical approach in teaching English, the
researchers. challenges met by English teachers in adopting ICT-
based instruction and the different enhancement
Non-academic - program designs.
beneficiaries may include
stakeholders, EXAMPLE CLOSING STATEMENTS IN A
policymakers, agencies SYNTHESIS
and organizations. Generally, the conceptual and research literature
reviewed were value-added inputs to this study, thus
TIPS IN WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF affirming the relevance of this study. It must be
THE STUDY (REGONIEL, 2015) recognized too that despite similarities in some aspects
A. Refer tothestatementof the problemandidentify to the cited studies, this study was not an imitation; this
theappropriate beneficiariesof your research. study has an identity of its own.
B. Startwriting thebenefits from general tospecific
contribution.

SYNTHESIS
SUMMARY VS SYNTHESIS

SUMMARY SYNTHESIS