QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (PR2)
or certainty to the data or information
HANDOUTS No. 01
WHAT IS RESEARCH? (from different sources)
**Research is a scientific or disciplined inquiry for
producing knowledge
**Research is a scientific investigation of data,
collecting and analyzing them for some purpose.
**Research is a formal application of scientific
method to study the problems and guided by certain
rules.
**Research is the quest for truth and process of
gathering data which provides a better course for
knowledge, decision making.
**The two (2) main purpose of research is to (a)
advance the frontier of knowledge and (b) solve
or address a/an (existing) problem.
2 TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON TYPES OF
DATA NEEDED
 Qualitative Research- requires non-numerical
data, which means that the research uses words
rather than number to express the results, the
inquiry or investigation about people’s thoughts,
beliefs, feelings, views and lifestyle regarding the
object of the study.
 Quantitative Research- involves measurement of
data. Thus, it presents research findings referring
to the number of frequencies of something in
numerical forms.
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- refers to the
expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking,
statistical methods and measurement to create valid
and reliable claims.
**The overall goal of quantitative research is to
convey numerically what is being seen in the
research and to arrive at specific and observable
conditions.
CHARACTERISTICS (G.R.O.A.N.S.S.)
 GENERALIZABLE- project/result can be used
to generalize the concepts more widely, predict
future results, or investigate causal
relationship.
 REPLICABILITY- the research study can
usually be replicated or repeated to give its
high reliability.
 OBJECTIVITY- requires you to focus your full
attention in the object of your study; the
researcher has a clearly defined research
question to which objective answers are
sought. (no bias or influence of subjectivity)
 ACCURACY- characterized by being precise
gathered or analyzed; all aspects of the
study are carefully designed, gathered or
analyzed before the data are collected.
 NUMERICAL- descriptive word pertaining to
or denoting a number or symbol to express
how many, how much or what rank things are
or have in this world; data are in the form of
numbers and statistics
 SYSTEMATIC- analogous to scientific or
experimental thinking; the data are usually
gathered using more structured instruments.
 SPECIFIC/EXPLIXIT- the results are based
on larger sample sizes that are
representative of the population.
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. EXPERIMENTAL- is a quantitative research that
treats or deals with the object or subject of the
research in a definite or exact manner and
determines the extent of the effects or the influence
on the object/subject and the causes of such effects.
Characteristics
 The researcher manipulates one or more
variables and observes whether there are
corresponding changes on the dependent
variable(s).
 During the process, the subjects of the study are
randomly chosen or they have equal chance of
being selected to participate in the study.
Subtypes
 True Experimental- uses randomly
selection in determining who among the
participants should composed the
experimental and control group.
 Quasi-Experimental- adapts a comparative
technique in choosing the subjects or the
researcher has the manipulation of the
choosing the subjects/treatment.
a. Matched Comparison- choosing
treatment group and another group
that has similarities with the
treatment group.
b. Time Series QER- giving them the
series of pre-tests and post-tests.
c. Single Subject QER- controls
treatment and condition applied to
just one individual or a group.
 Pre-Experimental- you examine the initial
condition of both groups in relation to a
variable, condition or factor.
 Single Subject- It is also called “test
of hypothesis” meaning you are
referring to the subject.
 Terms to remember:
 Experimental Group- the one on which the
treatment or influence is applied.
 Control Group- the one which does not
receive any treatment.
 Laboratory Research- you conduct your
research at the laboratory or registered
institutions.
 Field Research- you conduct your research
outside or outdoor areas.
 Ex Post Facto- “After the Fact”, or “from a
thing done afterwards” meaning evaluation
comes after the treatment or variables are
being studied in review in search of possible
relationships.
 Multiple Treatment- makes you apply on the
subject, not just one but also varied treatment
methods.
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL- is a way of finding out
truths about a subject by describing the collected
data about such subject and determining their
relationship or connections with one another.
Characteristics
 It is incapable of establishing cause-effect
relationships
 Does not require manipulation of any variable or
randomization of samples.
 Conducted in natural setting; sometimes called
“ex post facto”.
 It uses research methods that applicable to both
quantitative and qualitative research.
 It involves various ways of data analysis.
a. Primary- analysis of data collected by the
researcher himself
b. Secondary- examination of data
collected by other people.
c. Meta-analysis- analysis of data obtained
from different sources.
Subtypes
 Survey- most commonly used.
 Historical
 Observational
 Correlational
 Descriptive
 Comparative
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VARIABLES
 “Changing qualities or characteristics” of
persons or things that are involved in your
research study.
 Made up of the root or base word “vary”
which means to undergo changes or differ
from.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. ACCORDING TO VALUES
a. Qualitative or Categorical Variable-
these are variables whose data are non-
numeric and whose observation vary in kind
but not in degree.
Examples: Sex- male or female; Religion-
Roman Catholic, Islam, etc.; Civil Status-
single, married
b. Quantitative Variable or Continuous
Variable- these are variables whose data
are counts or numerical measurements and
whose observations vary in magnitude.
Examples: age, income, number of children,
height, weight
2 Types of Quantitative Variable
*Discrete Variables- whose variables can
assume only a countable numbers and
values cannot take the decimal form
e.g. number of children in the family, number
of students in the class, number of houses in
the city
*Continuous Variables- whose observations
can assume any one of the countless
number of values in a line interval
e.g. height, weight, time
2. ACCORDING TO SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
a. Nominal Variable- variable whose data
are non-numeric labels that do not reflect
quantitative information. (e.g. sex, civil
status)
b. Ordinal Variable- variables where there is
a meaningful order or categories but there is
no measurable distance between categories
or interval between scale points may be
uneven (e.g. socio-economic status of
families)
c. Interval Variable- variable whose data
values are range in a real interval and can be
as large as from negative infinity to positive
infinity (e.g. temperature, IQ level)
d. Ratio Variable- the highest level of
measurement that has all the characteristics
of the interval plus a true zero point; rating
something from zero to a certain point (Math
Grade of 89% (from 0 to 100%)
3. ACCORDING TO RELATIONSHIP
a. Dependent- variables that bear or
manifest the effects caused by the
independent variable (affected by
independent variables)
b. Independent- variables that cause
change in another variable (being
manipulated)
 c. Intervening Variable- these are called Strength of Survey Research
“test or control” variables that either increase
1. Versatility. It can tackle any issue
or decrease the effect of IV to DV.
affecting society.
2. Efficiency. It is not costly in terms of
Other Types money and time, assuming there is excellent
communication or postal system.
1. Extraneous- also called as “Extra Variable” which
crop up to create an impact on the relationship 3. Generality. It can get a good
between Dependent and Independent Variable. representation or sample of a large group of
people.
2. Situational- pertains nature of the place: smelly,
chilly, cold, hot, spacious, and the like. 4. Confidentiality. It is capable of
safeguarding the privacy or anonymity of the
3. Participant- the extraneous variables may
respondents.
suddenly surface to create effects on the
relationship of two basic variables.
4. Confounding- extraneous variables are to be REFERENCES
controlled by you, but if they do not give in to your  Baraceros, E., 2016, Practical Research
control it refers to “confounding variable” 1 First Edition, Rex Books Store
Publishing Company
5. Nuisance- often the extraneous exist whose
 googlescholar.com
potency need to go down to prevent it from affecting
 Curriculum Guide
the results negatively.
 Veraflor, N. (2017); Slideshare.net
 Ortiz, C. (2016); Fundamental Methods
of Research
Other Types (Russel and Babbie 2013)
1. Constant- do not undergo any changes during the
experiment Prepared and summarized by:
2. Attribute- characteristics of people: intelligence, ALVIN RAY P. GARCIA
creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc.
3. Covariate- included in the research study to
create interactions with the independent and
dependent variables.
4. Continuous- quantitative in nature and is used in
interval or ratio scale of measurement.
5. Dichotomous- has only two possible results: one
or zero.
6. Latent- cannot be directly observed to give proofs
to latent variables
7. Manifest- can be directly observed to give proofs
to latent variables.
8. Exogenous- found outside an identified model.
9. Endogenous- found inside; as a part of identified
model.

Purpose of Survey Research

1. To obtain information about people’s opinions and
feelings about an issue.
2. To identify present conditions, needs, or problems
of people in a short span of time.
3. To seek answers to social problems.
4. To give school officials pointers on curricular
offerings, guidance and counselling services,
teacher evaluation and so on.