Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
M.JAYA SRI NANDAN (Id. No-160040505)
M.HARIKA (Id. No-160040513)
M.ASGAR ALI (Id. No-160040552)
KLEF
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OFBER Vs SNR
FOR BPSK AND QPSK ” is the bonafide work carried out by M.JAYA SRI NANDAN
(160040505),M,HARIKA (160040513),M.ASGAR ALI(160040552), students of III
year B.Tech, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
K.L. Educational Foundation, in the “Communication Theory Laboratory'' for the academic
year 2018-2019.
K.L.E.F
DECLARATION
Place: KL University
Date:
Submitted by
Our sincere thanks to Mr. SIR in the Lab for his outstanding support throughout the
We express our gratitude to Dr.K.Ch. SRI KAVYA, Head of the Department for Electronics &
Communication Engineering for providing us with adequate facilities, ways and means by which
We would like to place on record the deep sense of gratitude to the honourable Vice Chancellor,
K L University for providing the necessary facilities to carry the concluded project.
Last but not the least, we thank all Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff of our department and
especially my classmates and my friends for their support in the completion of our project.
Place: KL University
Date:
The Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the wireless signal under
Rayleigh fading channel has been examined. Simulations confirmed the comparison of BER
curves for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) from
Adaptive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel model. The bit error rate (BER) is the number
of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by
the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. Bit error ratio is a unitless
performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.
BER is a key property of the digital communication system. Various types of modulation
methods are used in the digital information transmission system. BER can be demarcated as the
number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that can be affected due
to noise, interference and distortion or bit synchronization errors.
Mobile communications and wireless network have experienced massive growth and
commercial success in the recent years. However, the radio channels in mobile radio systems are
usually not modest as the wired one. Unlike wired channels that are stationary and predictable,
wireless channels are extremely random and time-variant. It is well known that the wireless
multi-path channel causes an arbitrary time dispersion, attenuation, and phase shift, known as
fading, in the received signal. Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of
the transmitted signal which arrive at the receiver at slightly different times.
Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares
the level of a desire signal to the level of background noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal
power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB)
indicates more signal than the noise. It is clear that when the signal is higher than the interference
plus the noise, the probability of decoding signal successfully is higher. One measure of
performance is BER, or bit-error rate. Simply put, this is measuring how many of bits made it
correctly over the wireless channel. Certain modulation schemes can deliver excellent BER
performance compared to other.
Where, A is constant, m(t)= 1 or -1 fc is the carrier frequency and t is the time duration
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits
are modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270
degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the
same bandwidth. Now two symbols per bit can be transmitted at that time each symbol’s phase is
compared relative to the previous symbol; so, if there is no phase shift (0 degrees), the bits “00”
are represented. If there is a phase shift of 180 degrees, the bits “11” are represented. QPSK is
used for satellite transmission of MPEG2 video, cable modems, videoconferencing, cellular
phone systems, and other forms of digital communication over an RF carrier.
s(t)=Acos[2πfct+θn],0≤t≤T
where the signal phase is given by θn=(2n−1)π/4
The white noise n(t) is a real-valued zero-mean Wide Sense Stationary (WSS) random
process with Gaussian Probability Density Function (PDF). The term 'white' is use in the sense
that the Power Spectral Density (PSD) function of the noise is constant over the whole frequency
domain, and its Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) is a direct pulse at zero delay.
Pass band representation of AWGN channel
The wideband white noise: (a) The PSD, and (b) The ACF
Mostly it is also assumed that the channel is Linear and Time Invariant. The most basic results
further assume that it is also frequency non-selective
In mobile radio channels, the Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to describe the
statistical time varying nature of the received envelope of a flat fading signal, or the envelope of
an individual multipath component. It is well known that the envelope of the sum of two
Quadrature Gaussian noise signals obeys a Rayleigh distribution
clear all
clc
r=randint(1,10000);
for i=1:10000
if r(i)==0
s(i)=-1;
else
s(i)=1;
end
end
k=1;
for snrdb=1:1:10;
v=1/(10^(snrdb/10));
x=awgn(s,snrdb,'measured');
%n1=sqrt(v/2)*randn(1,10000);
%n2=sqrt(1/2)*randn(1,10000);
%n=sqrt(n1.*n1+n2.*n2);
y=x;
for j=1:10000
if y(j)>0
z(j)=1;
else
z(j)=0;
end
end
error=length(find(z~=r));
ber(k)=error/10000;
k=k+1;
end
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb./10);
tber=0.5.*erfc(sqrt(snrlin));
semilogy(snrdb,ber,'-bo',snrdb,tber,'-mh')
grid on
title('BPSK with AWGN');
xlabel('Signal to noise ratio');
ylabel('Bit error rate');
MATLAB CODE FOR BER VS SNR FOR QPSK:
clear all;
close all;
l=10000;
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb/10);
for snrdb=1:1:10
si=2*(round(rand(1,l))-0.5);
sq=2*(round(rand(1,l))-0.5);
s=si+j*sq;
w=awgn(s,snrdb,'measured');
r=w;
si_=sign(real(r));
sq_=sign(imag(r));
ber1=(l-sum(si==si_))/l;
ber2=(l-sum(sq==sq_))/l;
ber(snrdb)=mean([ber1 ber2]);
end
%semilogy(snrdb, ber,'o-')
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb./10);
tber=0.5.*erfc(sqrt(snrlin));
semilogy(snrdb,ber,'-bo',snrdb,tber,'-mh')
title('QPSK with awgn');
xlabel('Signal to noise ratio');
ylabel('Bit error rate');
legend('Rayleigh Theoretical','Rayleigh Simulated');
grid on;
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION FOR BPSK:
102
100
Bit error rate
10-2
10-4
10-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Signal to noise ratio
10-2
Bit error rate
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Signal to noise ratio
CONCLUSION:
In this project, the comparative study of BPSK and QPSK show that the constant value
of bit error rate (BER) is compared with the signal to noise ratio (SNR) under Rayleigh channel,
the signal decreases less in QPSK than BPSK modulation. Because the transmission symbol rate
of QPSK is two bit per symbol and in BPSK has one bit per symbol. The signal energy is spread
out over the constellation. The symbols at the far ends will have less energy per symbol (Es) than
the ones closer to the middle.
FUTURE SCOPE:
REFERENCES:
[1] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Ch. 4, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1988.
[2] H. L. Van Trees,Detection Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I,Ch. 4, New York: Wiley, 1968.
[3] http://www.dsplog.com/2007/08/05/bit-error-probability-for-bpsk-modulation.
[4] V,Panwar,S.Kumar,”Bit Error Rate (BER) Analysis of Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile
Communication,” IJMER.Vol.2, No.3, pp-796-798,June. 2012.
[5] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Chs. 3 and 4, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.