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ANALYSIS OF BPSK DIGITAL MODULATION IN AWGN CHANNEL W.R.T BER

AND SNR USING PYTHON

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International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research
ISSN 2394 - 7780
Volume 8, Issue 4 (IX) October - December 2021

ANALYSIS OF BPSK DIGITAL MODULATION IN AWGN CHANNEL W.R.T BER AND SNR
USING PYTHON

Mrs. Swapna Patil, Mrs. Shruti Patil and Mrs. Aparna Majare
Assistant Professor, EXTC Department, Mira Road

ABSTRACT
This paper will explain the analysis of BPSK modulation based on the BER performance of the BPSK
Modulation in Additive white Gaussian noise channel using python. In Binary PSK, the bits ‘1s’ and ‘0s’ are
represented as ‘+1’ and ‘-1’ respectively. The received signal is given by R=TX+n where TX is the transmitted
signal and n is the noise with mean ‘0’ and variance ‘0.5*SNR and plot the graph SNR (dB) versus BER for
both theoretical and simulated values of BER.
Keywords—BPSK, SNR, BER, AWGN

I. INTRODUCTION
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a network that connects two or more devices using wireless communication to
form a local area network (LAN) giving users the ability to move around within a limited area such as a home,
school, laboratory, campus, or office. Wireless LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standards are the most widely
used computer networks commonly called Wi-Fi. The 802.11 wireless standards are basically an extension of
the Ethernet protocol, which is why it interoperates well with wired Ethernet networks. It uses the frequencies
of 2.4GHz for 802.11b and 802.11g and 5GHz for 802.11a to broadcast data signals.
The key contribution of the 802.11b addition to the wireless LAN standard was to standardize the physical layer
support of two new speeds, 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps. To accomplish this, DSSS had to be selected as the sole
physical layer technique for the standard since frequency hopping cannot support the higher speeds. The
802.11b systems will interoperate with 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps 802.11 DSSS systems, but will not work with 1
Mbps and 2 Mbps 802.11 FHSS systems.
An RF signal can be modulated by manipulating the frequency, phase, or amplitude. Amplitude modulation is
not sufficient alone for wireless LAN technologies since the amplitude is often affected by interference.
Frequency modulation is also used, though it is less common today. Hence newer wireless LAN technologies
use different kinds of phase modulation to achieve communications. In addition, amplitude modulation may be
combined with phase modulation to increase potential data rates, such as in Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM). Wireless LANs use digital modulation to transmit digital signals.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is well known air interface technologies in modern mobile
communication .The CDMA technology has increased the standards for wireless communication systems in
terms of high data speed, mobility both for short range and long range communication. By Choosing a reliable
modulation scheme and better filtration Technique the enhancement of the performance can be obtained in the
transmitter and receiver of the CDMA system. To analyze and compare the performance of these systems
simulation may be used by using additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN).
With the increasing use and applications of smartphones in recent times, it is required that cellular networks
render high data rates, fast delivery of excessively high throughputs demanded by the Internet users of such
devices giving access to streaming services anywhere 24 by 7. Till today modulation is only defined as the
process of sending the message with the help of the carrier, but now the efficiency, data-rate of communication
depend upon the choice of modulation scheme. So it is essential to know the advantages and disadvantages,
performance of different modulation schemes in wireless communication systems so that one can adopt the
efficient one to improve the communication system.
CDMA technique is based on the spread spectrum communication. The CDMA with existing modulation
techniques has the disadvantage that the presence of a strong interferer can raise the noise significantly for other
channels which can cause communication to halt under serious conditions and also it needs a huge amount of
power which results in implementation of extra hardware to adjust the power requirement. For a spread
spectrum signal the transmission bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the original signal. CDMA is a
channel access method used by various radio communication technologies where several transmitters can send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of
frequencies. CDMA or DSSS is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum technique
spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power.

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ISSN 2394 - 7780
Volume 8, Issue 4 (IX) October - December 2021

DSSS WLAN systems employ binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)
modulation techniques. Although these modulation schemes are sufficient in 1 and 2 Mb/s systems, they do not
meet the demands of higher data rate transmission schemes.
The BPSK modulation is a very basic technique used in various wireless standards such as CDMA, WiMAX
(16d, 16e), WLAN 11a, 11b, 11g, 11n, Satellite, DVB, Cable modem etc. It is considered to be more robust
among all the modulation types due to the difference of 180 degree between two constellation points. Hence it
can withstand severe amounts of channel conditions or channel fading. It is used in
OFDM and OFDMA to modulate the pilot subcarriers used for channel estimation and equalization. As we
know different channels are used for specific data transmission in cellular systems. The channels used to
transmit system related information which are very essential are modulated using BPSK modulation.
II. BPSK MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
BPSK can be considered as a form of amplitude shift keying where each non-return to zero
(NRZ) data bit of value 0 is mapped into a
−1, and each NRZ 1 is mapped into a + 1. The resulting signal is then passed through a
filter to limit its bandwidth and then multiplied by the carrier signal cos ωt
i) BPSK Modulator
The block diagram figure no.1 of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator which has the
carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input. Following is the diagrammatic
representation.

Figure no-1 BPSK Modulator

The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the
input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high input, the phase reversal is of 180°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its given input.

Figure-2: BPSK output waveform

The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the inverted 180°phase shift 180°phase
shifted input carrier, which is a function of the data signal.
BPSK Demodulator
The block diagram of the BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with a local oscillator circuit, a bandpass filter,
and a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.
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International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research
ISSN 2394 - 7780
Volume 8, Issue 4 (IX) October - December 2021

Figure-3: BPSK Demodulator

III. BPSK EQUATIONS
Bit Error Rate (BER) for BPSK modulation
The theoretical equation for bit error rate (BER) with Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation scheme in
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel can be derived as follows. With Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK), the binary digits 1 and 0 may be represented by the analog levels and respectively. The system model
is as shown in the figure below.

Figure-4: Simplified block diagram with BPSK transmitter-receiver

Channel Model
The transmitted waveform gets corrupted by noise, typically referred to as Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN).
Additive: As the noise gets ‘added’ (and not multiplied) to the received signal
White: The spectrum of the noise is flat for all frequencies.
Gaussian: The values of the noise follows the Gaussian probability distribution function,

(1)

With and Computing the probability of error

Using the derivation provided in Section 5.2.1 of [COMM-PROAKIS] as reference:

The received signal,
When bit 1 is transmitted and When bit 0 is transmitted.
The conditional probability distribution function (PDF) of for the two cases are:

(2)

(3)

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International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research
ISSN 2394 - 7780
Volume 8, Issue 4 (IX) October - December 2021

With this threshold, the probability of error given is transmitted is (the area in blue region)
Probability of error given was transmitted
Similarly the probability of error given is transmitted is (the area in the green region).
.Total probability of bit error

. (5)
Figure-5: Conditional probability density function with BPSK modulation

Assuming that and are equally probable i.e., (4)

The threshold 0 forms the optimal decision boundary.
If the received signal is greater than 0, then the receiver assumes was transmitted.
If the received signal is less than or equal to 0, then the receiver assumes was transmitted.
i.e.

Probability of error given was transmitted

Given that we assumed that and are equally probable i.e.,

the bit error probability is,

IV. ALGORITHM USED FOR BPSK ANALYSIS IN AWGN USING PYTHON:

1. Generate N random BPSK modulated bits
+1′s and -1′s.
2. Transmit the signal through an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel. (i.e) y=x+n.
(6)
3. Estimate the received signal
i. If (y≥ 0), then it is 1;
ii. If (y< 0), then it is -1;
4. Count the number of errors.
5. Repeat the steps for different SNR (dB) and Monte Carlo runs.
6. Plot the graph SNR (dB) versus BER for both theoretical and simulated values of BER.

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International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research
ISSN 2394 - 7780
Volume 8, Issue 4 (IX) October - December 2021

V. RESULTS
Analysis of BPSK modulation simulated results will provide the tradeoff between BER and SNR as using
python. The graphical representation shows that as SNR is increased probability of error decreases so the
relation between SNR and BER is inversely proportional.
VI. CONCLUSION
Table no-1 showing the simulation values of SNR, no of errors and error probability for N=10000 As the SNR
value goes on increasing probability error will decreased dramatically
TABLE I. Results showing relationship between SNR and probability of errors.
SNR in dB No of errors Error probability
0 7900 0.079
1 5496 0.05496
2 3763 0.03763
3 2332 0.02332
4 1303 0.01303
5 614 0.00614
6 235 0.00235
7 85 0.00085
8 24 0.00024
9 1 1e-05
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