9

PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Quarter 2 – Module 1
Week 1-2
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the Development and
Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping the learners meet the standards
set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints
in schooling.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need
to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of
the learning resource while being an active learner.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use
a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let’s Try before moving on to the other activities included in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

2
 Let’s Learn

This module is thoroughly designed to learn more about applying quality standards. It helps the
learners demonstrate an understanding of concepts and underlying principles of performing
mensuration and calculation in computer systems servicing.
This module has two learning competencies/outcomes namely:

Week 1

Select measuring instruments

LO1. Types of components and objects to be measured:
- Memory
- Data storage capacity
- Processor
- Video card
LO2. Correct specifications from relevant sources
LO3. Measuring tools

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify object/s or component to be measured
2. obtain correct specifications from relevant source and
3. select the proper unit type of measurement used in determining the performance of a
computer

Week 2
Carry out measurements and calculation
LO1. Safe handling procedures in using measuring instruments
LO2. Four fundamental operation of mathematics
LO3. Conversion and calculation
- Capacity and speed
- Memory
- Data storage
- Processor
- Video card

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. obtain accurate measurements for job

2. perform calculation needed to complete task using the four Mathematical fundamental
operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and division (÷) and
3. self-check and correct numerical computation for accuracy

3
WEEK 1

Let’s Try

Directions: Identify the word/s being described or asked by the statements below. Write only the
corresponding letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. It refers to memory that stores small amounts of data that can be accessed quickly
while the computer is running.
a. Internal Memory b. External Memory c. CPU d. Hard Drive
_____2. It refers to a storage device that can retain or store data persistently. It is also called as
embedded or removable storage device.
a. Internal Memory b. External Memory c. CPU d. Hard Drive
_____3. This is usually the unit measurement used in RAM nowadays.
a. GHz b. GB c. RPM d. TB
_____4. It is a piece of hardware that enables your computer to interact with all the
applications and programs installed.
a. External Memory b. Internal Memory c. Hard Drive d. CPU
_____5. The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed") is
measured in what unit of measurement?
a. RPM b. TB c. GB d. GHz
_____6. It determines how quickly the central processing unit (CPU) can retrieve and interpret
instructions.
a. Clock Speed b. Cache c. Core d. FSB
_____7. It is a component of a computer that determines visual output.
a. Hard Drive b. Audio Card c. Video Card d. CPU
_____8. It is a type of memory used exclusively for video and color graphics to give better and
faster PC performance.
a. ROM b. DRAM c. SRAM d. VRAM
_____9. It is a non-volatile data storage device where large files such as videos, music,
programs and operating system of a computer are saved.
a. USB b. Hard Drive c. ROM d. RAM
_____10. It is the unit of measurement used to determine the speed of a spinning disk.
a. GHz b. GB c. RPM d. TB

To answer Let’s Try activity online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome URL
bar. https://forms.gle/civ5nU1pULCpYPoZ7

4
 Lesson
Select Measuring Instruments
1
The measuring instruments are the most important part of the measuring process so
their selection have to be done carefully. The selection of measuring instruments is a
complex task, which depend on the size, the character and the value of measured
magnitude.

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify object/s or component to be measured

2. Obtain correct specifications from relevant source and
3. Select the proper unit type of measurement used in determining the performance of a
computer
Let’s Recall

Name the pictures shown below. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. ______________________ 4. ______________________

2. ______________________ 5. ______________________

3. ______________________ 6. _____________________

To answer Let’s Recall activity online please type in the URL below on Google Chrome URL
bar. https://forms.gle/Ci1HpsDTPcWgyJNf9

Let’s Explore

A. Name the pictures shown below. Choose your answer from the box below and write it on the
space provided before each number.

1. ______________________ 4. ______________________

5
2. ______________________ 5. ______________________

3. ______________________

CPU RAM ROM Hard Drive Video Card Sound Card

To answer Let’s Explore A activity online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome
URL bar. https://forms.gle/ta7QnHSJPUzyTzwd7

Let’s Elaborate

Memory refers to the electronic components of the computer that store data and instructions
before and after they are transferred to the processor for analysis and execution. Computer
memory is generally classified as either internal or external memory.
Internal memory, also called "main or primary memory" refers to memory that stores small Commented [JS1]:
amount of data that can be accessed quickly while the computer is running. Examples are RAM
and ROM.

Internal Memory

External memory, also called "secondary memory" refers to a storage device that can retain or
store data persistently. They could be embedded or removable storage devices. Examples
include hard disk or solid-state drives, USB flash drives, and compact discs.

External Memory 6
What are the types of internal memory?
There are basically two kinds of internal memory: ROM and RAM.
ROM stands for read-only memory. It is non-volatile, which means it can retain data even without
power. It is used mainly to start or boot up a computer.

ROM
Once the operating system is loaded, the computer uses RAM, which stands for random-access
memory, which temporarily stores data while the central processing unit (CPU) is executing other
tasks. With more RAM on the computer, the less the CPU has to read data from the external or
secondary memory (storage device), allowing the computer to run faster. RAM is fast but it is
volatile, which means it will not retain data if there is no power. It is therefore important to save
data to the storage device before the system is turned off.

RAM

What are the types of RAM?

There are two main types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM).
DRAM (pronounced DEE-RAM) is widely used as a computer’s main memory. Each DRAM
memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit
is stored in the capacitor. Since transistors always leak a small amount, the capacitors will slowly
discharge, causing information stored in it to drain; hence, DRAM has to be refreshed (given a
new electronic charge) every few milliseconds to retain data.
SRAM (pronounced ES-RAM) is made up of four to six transistors. It keeps data in the memory
for as long as power is supplied to the system unlike DRAM, which needs to be refreshed
periodically. As such, SRAM is faster but also more expensive, making DRAM the more prevalent
memory in computer systems.

7
What are the common types of DRAM?
Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM) is called "asynchronous" because memory access is not
synchronized with the computer system clock. An older type of DRAM is used in the first personal
computers.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) “synchronizes” the memory speed with CPU clock speed so that
the memory controller knows the exact clock cycle when the requested data will be ready. This
allows the CPU to perform more instructions at a given time. Typical SDRAM transfers data at
speed up to 133 MHz. This is the fastest type of RAM and is used in newer desktop and portable
PCs. SDRAM has 168 pins and two notches at the connector.

SDRAM

Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) is a type of synchronous memory that nearly doubles
the bandwidth of a single data rate (SDR) SDRAM running at the same clock frequency by
employing a method called "double pumping," which allows transfer of data on both the rising
and falling edges of the clock signal without any increase in clock frequency.
DDR1 SDRAM has been succeeded by DDR2, DDR3, and most recently, DDR4 SDRAM.
Although operating on the same principles, the modules are not backward compatible. The latest
DDR4 modules, for example, feature fast transfer rates at 2133/2400/2666 and even 3200 MT/s.
DDR has 184 pins and a single notch at the connector.

DDR
Static RAM (SRAM) is used primarily for cache memory and in PC cards.

SRAM
8
What are the types of DRAM packages?
Single In-Line Memory Module (SIMM)
SIMM modules were widely used from the late 1980s to 1990s and are now obsolete. They
typically had 32-bit data bus and were available in two physical types—30- and 72-pin.
Dual In-Line Memory Module (DIMM)
Current memory modules come in DIMMs. "Dual in-line" refers to pins on both sides of the
modules. A DIMM originally had a 168-pin connector supporting 64-bit data bus, which is twice
the data width of SIMMs. The wider bus means that more data can pass through a DIMM,
translating to faster overall performance. Latest DIMMs based on fourth-generation double data
rate (DDR4) SDRAM have 288-pin connectors for increased data throughout.

What is memory capacity?

It is the amount of data a device can store at any given time in its memory. For example, computer
software may list memory requirements like:

1. Recommend 32 MB of memory
2. Minimum 16 MB of memory

Here, the developer of the program recommends, for optimal performance, that the computer
have 32 MB (Megabytes) of memory. The software is capable of running with only 16 MB of
memory, although its performance may suffer.

Hard Disk Drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-volatile data
storage device. It is usually installed internally in a computer, attached directly to the disk
controller of the computer's motherboard. It contains one or more platters, housed inside of an
air-sealed casing. Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head, which moves rapidly over
them as they spin.

Hard Disk Drive / HDD

9
Hard Drive Speed and Capacity
Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer running Windows 7, with
a far larger capacity being recommended in any situation where more than office software is going
to be installed. Where a computer will frequently be used to edit video, a second internal hard
disk dedicated only to video storage is highly recommended for stable operation.

Two key factors determine the speed of traditional, spinning hard disks. The first is the rotational
velocity of the physical disk itself. This can currently be 4200, 5400, 7200, 10000 or 15000 rpm
(revolutions per minute). The faster the disk spins, the quicker data can be read from or written to
it, hence the faster the disk the better. Most desktop hard disks run at either 5400 or 7200 rpm,
whilst most laptop hard disks run at 4200 or 5400.

The second key factor that determines performance of a traditional, internal hard disk is the
interface used to connect it to the computer's motherboard. Three types of interface exist: Serial
Advance Technology Attachment (SATA), which is the most modern and now pretty much the
norm on new PCs; Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) (also known as UDMA), which is a slower
and older form of interface, and finally SCSI, which happens to be the oldest but in its most
modern variant is still the fastest disk interface standard.

What is a PC processor and what does it do?

A central processing unit, or CPU, is a piece of hardware that enables your computer to interact
with all the applications and programs installed. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. It
interprets the program’s instructions and creates the output that you interface with when you are
using a computer.

Processor’s architecture and clock speed determine how much information can be received at a
time, and how quickly that information can be processed on your computer. The speed at which
your computer’s architecture and clock speed work together is considered its processing speed.

Processor / CPU
Processor speed and architecture
The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed") is measured
in gigahertz (GHz), with the fastest modern processors currently running at up to 5.3GHz.
However, for most computing tasks, including web browsing, sending e-mails, word processing
and spreadsheet work any processor running at 1GHz or more remains perfectly sufficient.

10
For applications such as video editing, 3D graphics work and (for the majority of "power users")
playing computer games, higher processor speed is highly required. CPU performance is now
determined by far more than raw speed alone. Intel made this very clear when it introduced its
system of processor numbers. These provide an indication of a processor's "architecture", "cache"
and "front side bus (FSB) speed" in addition to its clock speed.

The architecture of a processor is the most important factor to determine its performance and
refers to its basic design and complexity. Some processors are simply more sophisticated than
others, with Intel (for example) producing "basic" processors called Celerons and Pentiums, as
well as more powerful processors under its "Core" processor family. The later include the Core 2,
Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7, and i9 with the last of these being the most powerful.

What is a processor core?

Processor cores are individual processing units within the computer’s central processing unit
(CPU). The processor core receives instructions from a single computing task, working with the
clock speed to quickly process this information and temporarily store it in the Random Access
Memory (RAM). Permanent information is saved to your hard drive when you request it.
Most computers now have multiple processor cores that enable your computer to complete
multiple tasks at once. Having the ability to run numerous programs and request multiple tasks
like making edits to a document, while watching a video, while opening a new program, is made
possible with multiple processor core units.
Multiple processor cores and hyper-threading technology are virtually essential in both gaming
and everyday computers alike. Having multiple processor cores gives you the freedom to increase
productivity at work, play complex video games, or explore a new world with virtual reality.

What is clock speed?

A computer’s processor clock speed determines how quickly the central processing unit (CPU)
can retrieve and interpret instructions. This helps your computer complete more tasks by getting
them done faster.

Clock speeds are measured in gigahertz (GHz), with a higher number equating to higher clock
speed. Multi-core processors were developed to help CPUs run faster as it became more difficult
to increase clock speed.

How do I choose between more processor cores or a higher clock speed?

Basically, having a high clock speed but just one or two cores means your computer will be able
to load and interact with a single application quickly. Conversely, having more processor cores,
but a slower clock speed means your computer can work with more applications at a time, but
each may run a little slower.

In addition to clock speed and architecture, a processor's cache and front side bus (FSB) speed
also determine a computer's overall power. Cache is a form of very fast memory integrated into
the processor chip and used to store up instructions (work for the processor) so that it has to slow
down as little as possible between tasks. Cache is measured in megabytes (MB), with (for

11
example) low-end Celeron processors having as little as 0.25MB of cache (256KB), and high-end
Itaniums having up to 50MB. The simple message is the more cache, the better though high levels
of cache still come at a very significant price.

Front side bus (FSB) speed is a measure of how fast a microprocessor communicates with the
computer's main circuit board (or "motherboard") into which it is physically connected. Again, the
higher the measure the better for overall performance, with FSB speeds currently ranging from
533MHz (still perfectly sufficient for the majority of applications) up to 4700 MHz.

Graphics system
A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual output. Graphics
systems can either be integrated into a computer's motherboard or plugged into the motherboard
as a separate "video card". Graphics systems integrated into the motherboard (also known as
"onboard graphics") are now quite powerful, and sufficient for handling the requirements of most
software applications aside from games playing, 3D modeling, and some forms of video editing.
Video RAM (VRAM) is used exclusively for video and color graphics to give better and faster PC
performance. Example of this is the Rambus DRAM (RDRAM). It takes its name after the
company that made it, Rambus. It was popular in the early 2000’s and was mainly used for video
game devices and graphics cards, with transfer speed up to 1 GHz.

VRAM / Video Card

Any form of modern computer graphics system can now display high resolution color
images on a standard-sized display screen (i.e. any monitor up to about 19" in size). The
more sophisticated graphics cards now determine how well a computer can handle the
playback of high definition video, as well as the speed and quality at which 3D scenes can
be rendered. Another key feature of separate graphics card is that most of them now allow
more than one display screen to be connected to a computer. Others also permit the
recording of video

12
 Let’s Dig In

Activity 1
In the puzzle below, encircle at least 10 words discussed in the lesson.

C L O C K S P E E D
A O C A M A O C A R
P R O C E S S O R A
A M M H M P T R O M
C A P E O E A E N S
I U U L R E T A A R
T R T D Y D I D N A
Y Y E D I S C Y U M
S D R A M O E D I V

To answer Let’s Dig In Activity 1 online please type in the URL below on Google Chrome URL
bar. https://forms.gle/hRTtWkGG2szyLJhb6

Activity 2
Give the meaning of each acronym below. Write your answer on the space provided after each
number.

RPM 1. ___________________________ ROM 6. ___________________________

GB 2. ___________________________ RAM 7. ___________________________
MHz 3. ___________________________ CPU 8. ___________________________
FSB 4. ___________________________ DIMM 9. __________________________
MB 5. ___________________________ DDRAM 10. ___________________________
To answer Let’s Dig In Activity 2 online please type in the url below to google chrome url bar.
https://forms.gle/eXM47KG17zXGtpPr7

Activity 3
Enumerate the following:

Two types of memory.

1. ________________________
2. ________________________

Two types of internal memory.

3. ________________________
4. ________________________

13
 Two main types of RAM.
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
At least four factors that affect the performance of a computer processor.

7. ______________________
8. ________________________
9. ________________________
10. ________________________

To answer Let’s Dig In Activity 3 online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome
URL bar. https://forms.gle/U3qpeAscTKDXX6y36

Let’s Remember

Directions: Answer the questions below. Write your answer on space provided after each
question.

1. What are the things that you have learned in this module?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the importance of the topic discussed in this module?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. How will you apply the things that you have learned in this module to your everyday life?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Ideas Presents ideas Presents ideas Ideas are too Ideas are vague
in an original in a consistent general. or unclear.
manner. manner.
Grammar, Virtually no Few spelling and A number of So many
Usage & spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
Mechanics punctuation or errors, minor punctuation or punctuation and
grammatical grammatical grammatical grammatical
errors. errors. errors. errors that it
interferes with
the meaning.

14
 Let’s Apply
A. Conduct an interview to any person in your house that bought any type of computer. Ask the
following questions:

1. What is your purpose in buying the computer?

2. What are the factors that you consider in buying the computer?
3. Are you satisfied with the performance of your computer?

B. Conduct a self-interview and ask the following questions to yourself if you are going to buy your
own computer:
1. What is your purpose in buying the computer?

2. What are the factors that you consider in buying the computer?
3. Are you satisfied with the performance of your computer?
Note: Use a separate sheet of paper for the interview. Bond paper/yellow pad paper will do.
Rubrics

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Ideas Presents ideas Presents ideas Ideas are too Ideas are vague
in an original in a consistent general. or unclear.
manner. manner.
Grammar, Virtually no Few spelling and A number of So many
Usage & spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
Mechanics punctuation or errors, minor punctuation or punctuation and
grammatical grammatical grammatical grammatical
errors. errors. errors. errors that it
interferes with
the meaning.

Let’s Evaluate

Identify the word/words being described by the statements below. Choose your answer from list
of choices inside the box. Write only the corresponding letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.

A. Video Card B. VRAM C. RPM

D. Internal Memory E. External Memory F. GB

G. CPU H. GHz I. Hard Drive

J. Clock Speed
15
_____1. This is usually the unit of measurement used in RAM nowadays.

_____2. It is a component of a computer that determines visual output.

_____3. It is the unit of measurement used to determine the speed of a spinning disk.

_____4. It determines how quickly the central processing unit (CPU) can retrieve and interpret
Instructions.

_____5. It is a type of memory used exclusively for video and color graphics to give better and
faster PC performance.

_____6. It refers to memory that stores small amounts of data that can be accessed quickly
while the computer is running.

_____7. It is a piece of hardware that enables your computer to interact with all the
applications and programs installed.

_____8. The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed") is
measured in what unit measurement?

_____9. It refers to a storage device that can retain or store data persistently. Also called
embedded or removable storage devices.

_____10. It is a non-volatile data storage device where large files such as videos, music,
programs and operating system of a computer are saved.

To answer Let’s Evaluate online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome URL bar.
https://forms.gle/CNTJ2YyRsLHycjmJ9

Let’s Extend
A. Conduct a survey online about the different prices of the computer components
discussed in the lesson. You can use a web browser or any computer application.
Write it down in the table below.

Computer Component Specifications Price

16
WEEK 2

Let’s Try

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect on the
space provided before each number.
_____1. Units of Measurement provide standards so that the numbers from our measurements
refer to the same thing.
_____2. Measurement is a process that uses numbers to describe a physical quantity.

_____3. KG is a unit of measurement used for computer’s storage capacity.

_____4. The acronym used for Megabyte is MB.

_____5. TB is larger than GB.

_____6. The smallest unit of measurement used in computer’s storage capacity is byte.

_____7. There are 8 bytes in 1 bit.

_____8. 1 KB = 1,000 bytes.

_____9. 16 bits = 2 bytes.

_____10. KB is smaller than MB.

To answer Let’s Try online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome URL bar.
https://forms.gle/UerS9M72bzNHcfBTA

Lesson Carry Out Measurements and

2 Calculation
This lesson describes a learner’s skills and knowledge required to carry out measurements and
calculations in ICT.
Learning Objectives:

1. Obtain accurate measurements for job

2. Perform calculation needed to complete task using the four Mathematical fundamental
operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and division (÷) and
3. Self-check and correct numerical computation for accuracy

17
 Let’s Recall
Draw a line that will link the picture in column A with the word in column B.
Column A Column B

1. a. VRAM

2. b. GB

3. c. RPM

4. d. GHz

Let’s Explore
Directions: Give the meaning of the following acronyms:
Note: These are units of measurement used in data storage.

1. b ___________________________ 6. TB ___________________________

2. B ___________________________ 7. PB ___________________________

3. KB ___________________________ 8. EB ___________________________

4. MB ___________________________ 9. ZB ___________________________

5. GB ___________________________ 10. YB __________________________

To answer Let’s Explore online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome URL bar.
https://forms.gle/qZvJ7YZy5BgJH5Y58

18
 Let’s Elaborate

Units of Measurement provide standards so that the numbers from our measurements refer to
the same thing. Measurement is a process that uses numbers to describe a physical quantity. We
can measure how big things are, how warm they are, how heavy they are, and lots of other
features as well.

The smallest unit of measurement used for measuring data is a bit. A single bit can have a value
of either 0 or 1. It may contain a binary value (such as On/Off or True/False), but nothing more.
Therefore, a byte, or eight bits, is used as the fundamental unit of measurement for data. A byte
can store 28 or 256 different values, which is sufficient to represent standard ASCII characters,
such as letters, numbers and symbols.
Since most files contain thousands of bytes, file sizes are often measured in kilobytes. Larger
files, such as images, videos, and audio files, contain millions of bytes and therefore are measured
in megabytes. Modern storage devices can store thousands of these files, which is why storage
capacity is typically measured in gigabytes or even terabytes. Larger units of measurement are
usually reserved for measuring the sum of multiple storage devices or the capacity of large data
storage networks.

The bit is a basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. The name is a
portmanteau of binary digit.[1] The bit represents a logical state with one of two possible values.
These values are most commonly represented as either "1"or"0", but other representations such
as true/false, yes/no, +/−, or on/off are common.

The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or
device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same
device or program. It may be physically implemented with a two-state device.

The symbol for the binary digit is either bit per recommendation by the IEC 80000-13:2008
standard, or the lowercase character b, as recommended by the IEEE 1541-2002 and IEEE Std
260.1-2004 standards.

A contiguous group of binary digits is commonly called a bit string, a bit vector, or a one- or more-
dimensional bit array. A group of eight binary digits is called one byte, but historically the size of
the byte is not strictly defined. Frequently, half-, full-, double- and quad-words consist of a number
of bytes which is a low power of two.

In information theory, one bit is the information entropy of a binary random variable that is 0 or 1
with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes
known. As a unit of information, bit is also known as a shannon, named after Claude E. Shannon.

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the
byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this
reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To
disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents
such as The Internet Protocol (RFC 791) (1981) refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet.

19
The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed
that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was
an often used implementation in early encoding systems and computers using six-bit and nine-bit
bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36,
48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 six-bit bytes. In this era, bit groupings in the
instruction stream were often referred to as syllables or slab before the term byte became
common.

The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The International System of Units
(SI) defines the prefix kilo as 1000 (103); per this definition, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes. The
internationally recommended unit symbol for the kilobyte is kb.

In some areas of information technology, particularly with reference to digital memory capacity,
kilobyte instead denotes 1024 (210) bytes. This arises from the prevalence of powers of two in
memory circuit design.

The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol
is MB. The unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 (106) in the International System of Units
(SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been
incorporated into the International System of Quantities.

However, in the computer and information technology fields, several other definitions are used
that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one
megabyte as 1048576bytes (220 B), a measurement that conveniently expresses the binary
multiples inherent in digital computer memory architectures. However, most standards bodies
have deprecated this usage in favor of a set of binary prefixes, in which this quantity is designated
by the unit mebibyte (MiB). Less common is a convention that uses the megabyte to mean
1000×1024 (1024000) bytes.

The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in
the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol
for the gigabyte is GB.

This definition is used in all contexts of Science, Engineering, Business, and many areas of
computing, including hard drive, solid state drive, and tape capacities, as well as data
transmission speeds. However, the term is also used in some fields of Computer Science and
Information Technology to denote 1073741824 (10243 or 230) bytes, particularly for sizes of
RAM. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous. Hard disk capacities as described and
marketed by drive manufacturers using the standard metric definition of the gigabyte, but when a
400 GB drive's capacity is displayed by, for example, Microsoft Windows, it is reported as 372
GB, using a binary interpretation. To address this ambiguity, the International System of
Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With
these prefixes, a memory module that is labeled as having the size "1GB" has one gibibyte (1GiB)
of storage capacity. Using the ISQ definitions, the "372 GB" reported for the hard drive is actually
372 GiB (400 GB).

The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix tera represents the
fourth power of 1000 and means 1012 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore one
terabyte is one trillion (short scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte is TB.

20
1 TB = 1000000000000bytes = 1012bytes = 1000gigabytes.

1000 TB = 1 petabyte (PB)

A related unit, the tebibyte (TiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10244 bytes. One terabyte is
about 0.9095 TiB. Despite the longstanding use of TB by hard drive and tape drive manufacturers
to mean 1000 billion bytes, following international standards, the terabyte is used in some
computer operating systems, primarily Microsoft Windows, to denote 1099511627776 (10244 or
240) bytes for disk drive capacity

A petabyte is 1015 bytes of digital information. The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB.

The name is composed of the SI prefix peta- (P) composed with the non-SI unit of a byte.

1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 1015bytes = 1000terabytes

1000 PB = 1 exabyte (EB)

A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10245 bytes, which is more
than 12% greater (250 bytes = 1125899906842624bytes)

The exabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. In the International System of
Units (SI), the prefix exa- indicates multiplication by the sixth power of 1000 (1018). Therefore,
one exabyte is one quintillion bytes (short scale). The unit symbol for the exabyte is EB.

1 EB = 1018bytes = 10006bytes = 1000000000000000000B = 1000 petabytes

1000 EB = 1 zettabyte (ZB)

A related unit, the exbibyte, using a binary prefix, is equal to 10246 (=260) bytes, about 15%
larger

The zettabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix zetta- indicates
multiplication by the seventh power of 1000 or 1021 in the International System of Units (SI). A
zettabyte is one sextillion (one long scale trilliard) bytes. The unit symbol is ZB.

1 ZB = 10007bytes = 1021bytes = 1000000000000000000000bytes = 1000exabytes

1000 ZB = yottabyte (YB).

A related unit, the zebibyte (ZiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10247 (=270) bytes
(approximately 1.181 ZB).

The yottabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix yotta- indicates
multiplication by the eighth power of 1000 or 1024 in the International System of Units (SI), and
therefore one yottabyte is one septillion (long scale quadrillion) bytes. The unit symbol for the
yottabyte is YB. The yottabyte, adopted in 1991, is the largest of the formally defined multiples of
the byte.

21
1 YB = 10008bytes = 1024bytes = 1000000000000000000000000bytes = 1000zettabytes

A related unit, the yobibyte (YB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10248bytes (approximately
1.209 YB).

When it comes to storage capacity in computers, we use the following units of

measurement:
Unit Value Size
bit (b) 0 or 1 1/8 of a byte
byte (B) 8 bits 1 byte
kilobyte (KB) 10001 bytes 1,000 bytes
(1thousand)
megabyte (MB) 10002 bytes (1 1,000,000 bytes
million)
gigabyte (GB) 10003 bytes (1 1,000,000,000 bytes
billion)
terabyte (TB) 10004 bytes 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
(1trillion)
petabyte (PB) 10005 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
exabyte (EB) 10006 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
zettabyte (ZB) 10007 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
yottabyte (YB) 10008 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
bytes

Let’s Dig In

Fill in the missing data below to complete the table. Use the above table about units of
measurement in storage capacity.
Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte
4,000,000,000 4000
6,000,000 6
5,000,000,000 5,000
3,000,000 3
8000,000,000 8,000

Let’s Remember
What are the things that you have learned in this module?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

22
What do you think is the importance of the topic discussed in this module?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Rubrics

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Ideas Presents ideas Presents ideas Ideas are too Ideas are vague
in an original in a consistent general. or unclear.
manner. manner.
Grammar, Virtually no Few spelling and A number of So many
Usage & spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
Mechanics punctuation or errors, minor punctuation or punctuation and
grammatical grammatical grammatical grammatical
errors. errors. errors. errors that it
interferes with
the meaning.

Let’s Apply

Make a list of gadgets or devices that uses memory or has storage capacity available in your
house. Follow the format bellow.

Name of the Unit Storage Capacity RAM Price

Ex. Samsung S7 64GB 4GB 30,000
1
2
3
4

Let’s Evaluate

A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is not correct.

_____ 1. 1000B is larger than 2KB.

_____ 2. The acronym for bit is b.

_____ 3. 16 bits is equal to 2 bytes.

_____ 4. MB is larger KB.

23
_____ 5. The smallest unit of measurement used for measuring data is a byte.

_____ 6. A byte is used as the fundamental unit of measurement for data.

_____ 7. 4 GB is smaller than 8000KB.

_____ 8. We can add more data in a device if it has a larger storage capacity.

_____ 9. We can store a picture in a device that has 8bits storage capacity.

_____10. Saving movies or videos requires more storage capacity.

To answer Let’s Evaluate online please type in the URL below on the Google Chrome URL bar.
https://forms.gle/HX7CXbSzx2SgB4Zt9

Let’s Extend

Conduct a survey online about the different prices of storage devices. You can use a web browser
or any computer application. Write it down in the table below.

Storage Device Storage Capacity Price

Ex. Flash Drive (USB) 8GB 400

24
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: JOVEN I. MAGO, T.L.E. Teacher 1 - BNHS
Content Editor: ARNEL S. GESTIADA, Head Teacher III- BNHS
Language Editor: LIZA M. CARREON, English Teacher II-BNHS
Reviewers: DR. ANGELA K. ALAMAN, Head Teacher IV-SVNHS
DR. RONALDO J. LASIN, Master Teacher I
Illustrator: KIRBY CAMMAGAY
Layout Artist: JOVEN I. MAGO, T.L.E. Teacher 1 - BNHS

HYBRID TEAM VALIDATORS:

JHS Team Leader/Facilitator: DR. MELEDA H. POLITA, SDS(Retired)

School Head In-Charge: Dr. GINA R. POBLETE, Principal III

Content Validator/Editor: SANTIAGO T. ALVIS, Principal II

Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERIUM, SDS

DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
Name of EPS in-charge of Learning Area:
DR. VIRGINIA L. EBOÑA
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

References
https://www.atpinc.com/blog/computer-memory-types-dram-ram-module

25
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/internal.htm

https://storageprocess.weebly.com/types-of-hard-disks.html

https://technologysuper18.blogspot.com/2019/01/what-is-rom-read-only-memory-storage.html

https://www.electrical4u.com/read-only-memory/

https://www.diffen.com/difference/DDR_vs_SDRAM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory

https://sites.google.com/a/iesantjoandelesabadesses.cat/theramemory/types-of-ram

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-file-sizes-bytes-kb-mb-gb-tb-pb-eb-zb-yb/

https://www.houkconsulting.com/2017/03/standard-computer-components/

https://techterms.com/help/data_storage_units_of_measurement

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petabyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exabyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zettabyte

26