A paragraph (from the

Greek paragraphos , "to

write beside" or " writ ten
beside ") is a self -contained
unit of a discourse in writing
dealing with a particular
point or idea.
Paragraphs consist of one
or more sentences.
CHAPTER
A paragraph, however, is "a
group of sentences or a

4 single sentence that forms a

unit" (Lunsford and
Conno rs,116)
Unity and coherence of
ideas among those
sentences that makes a
paragraph a paragraph.
Strong paragraphs contain
a sentence or sentences
unified around one central,
controlling idea.

Introduction of a
paragraph
Subtopics:-

4.1 Organization of a paragraph

4.2 Paragraph form - topic se ntences, supporting details and
concluding sentences

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4.1 Organization of a paragraph

Consider a hamburger that you can buy at a fast -food restaurant.* A hamburger has atop bun
(a kin d of bread), meat, cheese, lettuce, and other elements in the middle of the hamburger, and a
bottom bun. Note how the top bun and the bottom bun are very similar. The top bun, in
a way, is like a topic sentence, and the bottom bun is like the concluding s entence. Both buns
"hold" the meat, onions, and so on. Similarly, the topic sentence and concluding sentence "hold" the
support ing sentences in the paragraph.
Pertimbangkan hamburger yang boleh anda beli di restoran makanan cepat saji. * Hamburger mempunyai roti atas
(sebilangan roti), daging, keju, selada, dan elemen lain di tengah-tengah hamburger, dan roti bawah. Perhatikan bagaimana
roti atas dan roti bawah sangat serupa. Bun atas, seperti cara, seperti kalimat topik, dan roti bawah adalah seperti kata
penutup. Kedua-dua roti "memegang" daging, bawang, dan sebagainya. Begitu juga, kalimat topik dan kalimat penutup
"tahan" ayat sokongan dalam perenggan.
Paragraph Organization and development

 THE P.I.E. PARAGRAPH

o P = Point
 What is the point of this paragraph?
 What claim is being made ? Apa tuntutan yang dibuat?
 Often, the point is the TOPIC SENTENCE.
o I = Information
 Supported with specific data, experiences, or other factual material?
Disokong dengan data, pengalaman, atau bahan fakta lain yang spesifik?
 The information is the evidence used to support/develop the point.
Maklumat adalah bukti yang digunakan untuk menyokong / mengembangkan intinya.
o E = Explanation / conclusion
 What does the provided information mean?
 The explanation is the writer’s analysis, elaboration, evaluation of the
point and information given, connecting the information with the point
(topic sentence). Penjelasannya adalah analisis penulis, penjelasan, penilaian titik
dan maklumat yang diberikan, menghubungkan maklumat dengan intinya (ayat topik).
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P.I.E. Strategies

i. Ideas for making a POINT:

 Decide what you want to say to support your topic based on your reaction to thetext
 Try categorizing your ideas and make a comment on a recurring theme you’vefound.

ii. Ideas for Information/ Supporting sentences

 Information from the readings or class discussions (paraphrases or, occasionally,short

quotes)
 Personal experience (stories, anecdotes, examples from your life)
 Representations in mass media (newspapers, magazines, television)
 Elements from popular culture (song lyrics, movie lines, TV characters , celebrities)
 Definitions (from the dictionary, the readings, or another source)
 Statistics (polls, percentages, data from research studies)

iii. Ideas for explanation / concluding sentences

 Interpret, analyze, explain the information, opinion or quote you’v e included

 Comment on the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the quote, fact, data, information,etc.
 Decipher the meaning or try to better your understanding of your observation,
findings or experience
 Suggest to your reader how the information you’ve included relates to your TOPIC.

i. Idea untuk membuat POINT:

• Tentukan apa yang anda ingin katakan untuk menyokong topik anda berdasarkan reaksi anda terhadap teks
tersebut
• Cuba kategorikan idea anda dan buat komen mengenai tema berulang yang anda temukan.

ii. Idea untuk Maklumat / ayat yang menyokong

• Maklumat dari pembacaan atau perbincangan kelas (parafrasa atau, kadang-kadang, petikan pendek)
• Pengalaman peribadi (cerita, anekdot, contoh dari kehidupan anda)
• Perwakilan di media massa (surat khabar, majalah, televisyen)
• Elemen dari budaya popular (lirik lagu, barisan filem, watak TV, selebriti)
• Definisi (dari kamus, bacaan, atau sumber lain)
• Statistik (tinjauan, peratusan, data dari kajian penyelidikan)

iii. Idea untuk penjelasan / penutup ayat

• Mentafsir, menganalisis, menjelaskan maklumat, pendapat atau petikan yang anda sertakan
• Komen mengenai ketepatan (atau ketidaktepatan) petikan, fakta, data, maklumat, dll.
• Tentukan makna atau cuba lebih baik pemahaman anda tentang pemerhatian, penemuan atau pengalaman
anda
• Cadangkan kepada pembaca anda bagaimana maklumat yang anda sertakan berkaitan dengan TOPIK anda.

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 Example

My friend

Eun Hee and I met in high school. When I left Korea, she cried. Eun Hee works at
General Hospital, and she is never absent from work. She likes to take care of the patients,
but she doesn’t like the doctors. She s ays they don’t respect the nurses. One doctor
always shouts at the nurses. On the weekends, she goes to the mountains or visits an
interesting place. Eun Hee is very active. If there is something that she wants to do, she
does it. She is cheerful and talka tive. When I had a long face and was sad, she talked
cheerfully to me. Eun Hee is tall and very thin. She has small, brown eyes and long, curly
dark brown hair. She looks like Olive Oyl in the Popeye cartoons. Olive Oyl is Popeye’s
girlfriend. Sometimes, when my friends and I were serious, she told jokes to us. I love her,
and I want to see her again soon

Eun Hee dan saya bertemu di sekolah menengah. Semasa saya meninggalkan Korea, dia menangis. Eun Hee bekerja
di Hospital Besar, dan dia tidak pernah tidak bekerja. Dia suka merawat pesakit, tetapi dia tidak suka doktor. Dia
tidak menghormati jururawat. Seorang doktor selalu menjerit kepada jururawat. Pada hujung minggu, dia pergi ke
gunung atau mengunjungi tempat yang menarik. Eun Hee sangat aktif. Sekiranya ada sesuatu yang dia mahu
lakukan, dia melakukannya. Dia ceria dan bercakap. Ketika saya mempunyai wajah yang panjang dan sedih, dia
bercakap dengan ceria dengan saya. Eun Hee tinggi dan sangat kurus. Dia mempunyai mata coklat kecil dan rambut
coklat gelap yang panjang dan kerinting. Dia kelihatan seperti Olive Oyl dalam kartun Popeye. Olive Oyl adalah
teman wanita Popeye. Kadang-kadang, ketika saya dan rakan-rakan saya serius, dia menceritakan jenaka kepada
kami. Saya mencintainya, dan saya mahu berjumpa dengannya tidak lama lagi

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  Topic sentence / Point

Eun Hee and I met in high school.

 Supporting sentences/ information

When I left Korea, she cried. Eun Hee works at General Hospital, and she is never
absent from work. She likes to take care of the patients, but she doesn’t like the
doctors. She says they don’t respect the nurses. One doctor always shouts at the
nurses. On the weekends, she goes to the mountains or visits an inter esting place.
Eun Hee is very active. If there is something that she wants to do, she does it. She is
cheerful and talkative. When I had a long face and was sad, she talked cheerfully
to me. Eun Hee is tall and very thin. She has small, brown eyes and long , curly dark
brown hair. She looks like Olive Oyl in the Popeye cartoons. Olive Oyl is Popeye’s
girlfriend. Sometimes, when my friends and I were serious, she told jokes to us.

 Concluding sentence / Explanation

I love her, and I want to see her again soon.

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 Transition Signals

 To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.),
further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too
 To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate
 To compare: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly
 To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though,
however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand,
still, though, yet
 To summarize or conclude: all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in
summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up
 To show time: after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during,
earlier, finally, formerly , immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly,
subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while
 To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on,
here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.)
 To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for
this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus
Isyarat Peralihan
• Untuk menunjukkan penambahan: sekali lagi, dan, selain itu, sama pentingnya, pertama (kedua, dll),
lebih jauh, lebih jauh lagi, selain itu, di tempat pertama, lebih-lebih lagi, seterusnya juga
• Untuk memberi contoh: contohnya, misalnya, sebenarnya, secara khusus, iaitu untuk menggambarkan
• Untuk membandingkan: juga, dengan cara yang sama, juga serupa
• Untuk membezakan: walaupun, dan belum, pada masa yang sama, tetapi, walaupun, walaupun, namun,
sebaliknya, walaupun, sebaliknya, sebaliknya, masih, namun
• Untuk meringkaskan atau membuat kesimpulan: semuanya, kesimpulannya, dengan kata lain,
ringkasnya, dalam
ringkasan, secara keseluruhan, oleh itu, untuk meringkas
• Untuk menunjukkan masa: setelah, sesudahnya, selama, secepat, sebelum, selama, sebelumnya, akhirnya,
sebelumnya, segera, kemudian, sementara itu, seterusnya, sejak, tidak lama, kemudian, kemudian, selepas
itu, sampai, bila, sementara
• Untuk menunjukkan tempat atau arah: di atas, di bawah, di luar, dekat, di tempat lain, lebih jauh di sini,
di sini, berdekatan, bertentangan, ke kiri (utara, dll.)
• Untuk menunjukkan hubungan logik: sesuai, sebagai hasilnya, kerana, akibatnya, untuk alasan ini,
maka, jika, jika tidak, sejak, jadi, maka, oleh itu, maka

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4.2 Paragraph form - topic sentences, supporting details and concluding sentences

Writing Structured Paragraph

For each of the paragraphs, choose the sentence from the list below that would make
the best topic sentence.

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Development of a paragraph

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Review Questions

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Analysis of paragraph

My Nephew

The first thing that you notice about my nephew is that he is extremely tall and portraysstrength
and confidence. His head sticks up almost a foot above everyone else’s. His hairis short, light
brown, and curly, and his eyes are blue. His nose is straight, and his mouthcurls into a smile
easily and often. His casual clothes are typical of young people everywhere T-shirt and jeans. On
the front of his shirt, you can read the name of his schoolin red and blue letters. As your eyes
move down his long legs, you can notice that hispants are a little too short. P erhaps he can’t
buy pants to fit long legs and narrow waist, or perhaps he doesn’t care much about clothes. On his
feet, he wears sneakers. Maybe thesneakers were white when they were new, buy now they are
gray with age and wear.Despite his casual clothes, my nephew is not a casual person. He
stands as tall andstraight as a redwood tree, and you think to yourself, “This is a strong and
confident young man.”
Perkara pertama yang anda perhatikan tentang keponakan saya adalah bahawa dia sangat tinggi dan
menggambarkan kekuatan dan keyakinan. Kepalanya berdiri hampir satu kaki di atas kepala orang lain.
Rambutnya pendek, coklat muda, dan kerinting, dan matanya berwarna biru. Hidungnya lurus, dan mulutnya
tersenyum lebar dan senang. Pakaian kasualnya khas untuk orang muda di mana-mana T-shirt dan seluar jeans.
Di bahagian depan bajunya, anda boleh membaca nama sekolahnya dengan huruf merah dan biru. Semasa mata
anda bergerak ke bawah kakinya yang panjang, anda dapat melihat bahawa seluarnya terlalu pendek. Mungkin
dia tidak dapat membeli seluar agar sesuai dengan kaki panjang dan pinggang yang sempit, atau mungkin dia
tidak terlalu mementingkan pakaian. Di kakinya, dia memakai kasut. Mungkin kasut itu berwarna putih ketika
masih baru, beli sekarang mereka berwarna kelabu dengan usia dan pemakaian. Walaupun pakaian kasualnya,
anak saudara saya bukan orang biasa. Dia berdiri setinggi dan lurus seperti pohon kayu merah, dan anda
berfikir sendiri, "Ini adalah seorang pemuda yang kuat dan yakin."
1. What is the topic sentence ?

2. What is the controlling idea of the topic sentence ?

3. What is the nephew’s most noticeable physical feature ?

4. Which sentence is the concluding sentence ?

5. What word in the topic sentence is repeated in the concluding sentence ?

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Exercise

i. Find a short paragraph from magazine / newspaper.

ii. The paragraph should be at least about 100 - 150 words.

iii. Cut out the paragraph and paste it on a sheet of paper.

iv. Now, find what is the topic and the discussion about the topic.

v. Identify the supporting details and analyze the types of supporting details.

vi. Identify the concluding sentence.

vii. Finally, identify the transi tions that are used in that paragraph.

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