APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS IN

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Shantanu Pradip Dharashivkar

Content
• Cryogenics-Introduction
• Cryogenic Machining
• Need
• History
• Turning
• Grinding
• Rolling
INTRODUCTION
• Definition -
A branch of physics that deals with the production
and effects of very low temperatures. The word cryogenics
comes from the Greek word kryos, meaning “cold”.
Specifically this temperature starts from -150 degree Celsius
i.e. 123K to absolute zero. Cryogenics has played vital role in
aerospace, biomedical and now it is becoming the prominent
part of manufacturing industry,
Cryogenic Machining
• Cryogenic machining presents a method of cooling the cutting tool
and/or part during the machining process.
• Generally, nitrogen fluid is used as the cryogenic coolant. Using it in
machining process, when delivered to the cutting zone, it
immediately evaporates and returns back to the atmosphere, leaving
no residue to contaminate the part, chips, machine tool, or operator.
• Thus, it is eliminating disposal costs related to CLF usage.
• This represents completely clean process in contrast to conventional
oil- based CLFs.
Why Cryogenic Machining ?
• Inability of Conventional Cutting Fluid in high speed machining of
superalloys like titanium, inconel and tantalum.
• Heath and environment problems.
• The storage and proper disposal of conventional cutting fluids require
special processes and extra costs.
History
• In 1953, Bartle used liquid carbon dioxide as the coolant in machining. The
earliest investigation on cryogenic machining with liquid nitrogen (LN2) as
cryogen was carried out by Uehara and Kumagai.
• Liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) were and are
commonly used in cryogenic machining studies. The boiling points of CO2
and N2 are−78.5 ◦C and −196 ◦C.
• Cryogenic science has been applied to almost all kinds of traditional and
non-traditional manufacturing processes including turning (Wang and
Rajurkar, 1997), milling (Hong, 1999), drilling (Bhattacharyya and Horrigan,
1998), grinding (Paul and Chattopadhyay, 2006) and electro discharge
machining (Sundaram et al., 2009) of almost all kind of materials, including
composites (Yildiz and Nalbant, 2008).
• There are basically two options when we are talking about Cryogenic
Machining-
1] Cooling of Workpiece
2] Cooling of Tool insert
Cryogenic cooling system
Cryogenics in Turning
• Hong and his co-workers did a series of systematic studies on
cryogenic turning of titanium alloys in term of tool wear, surface
roughness, cutting forces, friction force, and friction coefficient. In
their studies, liquid nitrogen was injected on the interface of tool and
workpiece, i.e., the liquid nitrogen was directly sprayed onto the tool
and workpiece.
• In 2001, Hong and Ding studied several cooling approaches in
cryogenic machining And They reported that the best cooling
approach was simultaneous cooling rake and flank, followed by
cryogenic cooling at the rake face and cryogenic cooling at the flank
face.
Geometry of Insert
• Beside this, they also concluded that by applying liquid nitrogen, the
tool temperature can be reduced and the cutting speed of
conventional machining of titanium alloys can be increased (around
60 m/min).
Cryogenic Griding
• Cryogenic grinding, also known as freezer milling, freezer grinding,
and cryomilling, is the act of cooling or chilling a material and then
reducing it into a small particle size.
• For example, thermoplastics are difficult to grind to small particle
sizes at ambient temperatures because they soften, adhere in lumpy
masses and clog screens.
• When chilled by dry ice, liquid carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen, the
thermoplastics can be finely ground to powders suitable for
electrostatic spraying and other powder processes.
Freezer Grinding
• Freezer milling is a type of cryogenic milling that uses a
solenoid to mill samples.
• Cryogenic milling using a solenoid has been used for over 50
years.

Solenoid
Cryogenics in Rolling or Cryorolling
• When compared to other rolling processes, cryorolling
offers several benefits, the most notable being strain
hardening retention.
• When metal stock is rolled using hot rolling or cold
rolling, it won’t retain is hardness. Rather, it will lose some
of its hardness after being rolled.
• Cryorolling, on the other hand, offers a superior level of
strain hardening retention when compared to these and
other rolling processes.
Cryogenic Metal Treatment
• Cryogenic treatment is a metal treatment that strengthens and
enhances the mechanical characteristics of metal
materials by using cryogenic temperatures. Subjecting
workpieces to temperatures below -190°C improves properties
like wear resistance and stabilization.
• Heat treating converts the crystal structure of metal
into martensite, but it still leaves a percentage of the
structure as retained austenite. Cryogenic treating can
convert the remaining austenite crystal structure to
martensite, creating a more consistent grain structure
and improving the durability of the material.
Various Cryogenic Treatments
• Cryogenic Deflashing
• Cryogenic Deburring
• Cryogenic Treatment For Extended Wear
• Cryogenic Stress Relieving
Benefits
• Benefits of the cryogenic treatment process include:
• Relieve stresses
• Reduce fatigue failures
• Heat transmissivity
• Enhanced machinability
• Improved toughness and impact resistance
Conclusion
From all the above studies we can conclude that the cryogenic
machining improves the overall manufacturing operation, reduces
machining cost, keeps manufacturing health and environment friendly.
Also it improves mechanical properties when followed by the
tempering.
References
• Cryogenic machining of composites, Y. Y I L D I Z, Dumlupinar
University, Turkey, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
• Roles of Cryogenic Cooling in Turning of Superalloys, Ferrous Metals,
and Viscoelastic Polymers, Tze Chuen Yap, ; Published: 5 September
2019
• https://www.arrowcryogenics.com/cryogenic-services
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_grinding